中国大陆科学钻探孔区的地震波速模型
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摘要
大陆钻探区地震资料的解释正确与否取决于对该区确定地震波速模型,地震波速模型的确定是反射地震处理极为困难的问题.中国大陆科学钻探提供了难得的深孔岩性、构造与地球物理测井资料,可以对结晶岩区地震资料时深转换的精度与地震波速模型的确定进行检验.本文介绍了科学钻探前根据地表资料建立波速模型的方法及钻探后由钻孔资料建立波速模型的方法.由地表资料建立的波速模型其精度分布是不均匀的,其波速反演的方差将随深度成正比地放大,在有钻孔时应尽量根据钻孔资料加以修正.由地球物理测井和岩芯的波速测试结果建立的波速模型结予波速估计值均匀的约束,说明由钻孔资料取得的波速模型可以有效地降低在深部的误差,提高地震反射与岩性变化和波阻抗合成的地震道之间的相关性.为检验波速模型,由测井资料与波速模型作出的合成地震道与反射地震剖面对比时还必须考虑到井孔的实际轨迹,否则对比相关性可能明显减小.
Interpretation of seismic data is dependent on a correct velocity model in the survey area. Determination of the velocity models becomes the most difficult problems in data processes of reflection seismology. During the performance of the Chinese scientific drilling we obtain full cores and well-logging data, providing a good opportunity to build up a correct velocity model for time-depth transfer of the seismic data. This paper introduces first the methods of establishing velocity models based on surface rock measurements before the drilling, and then a method based on cores and well-logging data after the drilling. The accuracy of a velocity model based on surface measurements is not uniform as its variance increases with the depth. The situation can be improved by using drill-hole data. The core measurements and well-logging data give uniform constraints to accuracy of an estimated velocity model, reducing errors of the velocity estimates in deep parts, therefore increasing the fitness between the real seismic profiles and synthetic seismic traces. In order to test the velocity model with best fitness, one has to consider real variation of holes in comparison between the real and the synthetic seismic traces.
Interpretation of seismic data is dependent on a correct velocity model in the survey area. Determination of the velocity models becomes the most difficult problems in data processes of reflection seismology. During the performance of the Chinese scientific drilling we obtain full cores and well-logging data, providing a good opportunity to build up a correct velocity model for time-depth transfer of the seismic data. This paper introduces first the methods of establishing velocity models based on surface rock measurements before the drilling, and then a method based on cores and well-logging data after the drilling. The accuracy of a velocity model based on surface measurements is not uniform as its variance increases with the depth. The situation can be improved by using drill-hole data. The core measurements and well-logging data give uniform constraints to accuracy of an estimated velocity model, reducing errors of the velocity estimates in deep parts, therefore increasing the fitness between the real seismic profiles and synthetic seismic traces. In order to test the velocity model with best fitness, one has to consider real variation of holes in comparison between the real and the synthetic seismic traces.
引文
[1]杨文采.后板块地球内部物理学.北京:地质出版社,1998YangWC.IntroductiontoEarthInteriorPhysicsofPost Plate Tectonics.Beijing:GeologicalPublishingHouse,1998
[1]杨文采,张春贺,朱光明.标定大陆科学钻探孔区地震反射体.地球物理学报,2002,45(3):370～384YangWC,ZhangCH,ZhuGM.Calibrationofseismicreflectors inferredfromobservationsattheChinesecontinentaldrillingarea.ChineseJ.Geophys.(inChinese),2002,45(3):370～384
[3]杨文采,杨午阳,程振炎.中国大陆科学钻探孔区三维地震资料的初步解释.岩石学报,2004,20(1):127～138YangWC,YangWY,ChengZY.Interpretationof3Dseismic reflectiondataintheChineseContinentalScientificDrillingsite.ActaPetrologicaSinica(inChinese),2004,20(1):127～138
[4]CongB,WangQ,ZhaiM,etal.UHPmetamorphicrocksinthe Dabie Suluregion,China:theirformationandexhumation.Island Arc,1994,3:135～150
[5]LiouJG,MaruyamaS,ErnstWG.Seeingamountaininagrainof garnet.Science,1997,27(4):48～49
[6]ErnstWG,MaruyamaS,WallisS.Buoyancy driven,rapid exhumationofultrahigh pressuremetamorphosedcontinentalcrust.Proc.NationalAcademyofSciences,1997,94:9532～9537
[7]HackerBR,SharpT,ZhangRY,etal.Determiningtheoriginof ultra highpressurelherzolites.Science,1997,278(10):702～704
[8]许志琴,张泽民,刘福来等.中国大陆科学钻探主孔1200米构造柱及变形构造初步解析.岩石学报,2004,20(1):53～72XuZQ,ZhangZM,LiuFL,etal.Thestructureprofileof0—1200minthemainborehole,ChineseContinentalScientificDrilling andanalysis.ActaPetrologicaSinica(inChinese),2004,20(1):53～72
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[10]杨文采,程振炎,陈国九等.苏鲁超高压变质带北部地球物理调查(Ⅰ)———深反射地震.地球物理学报,1999,42(1):16～27YangWC,ChengZY,ChenGJ,etal.Geophysicalinvestigations ofnorthernSuluUHPMbelt(Ⅰ):Deepseismicreflection.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1999,42(1):16～27
[11]杨文采,方慧,程振炎等.苏鲁超高压变质带北部地球物理调查(Ⅱ)———非地震方法.地球物理学报,1999,42(2):508～519YangWC,FangH,ChengZY,etal.Geophysicalinvestigationsof northernSuluUHPMbelt(Ⅱ):Non seismicmethods.ChineseJ.Geophys.(inChinese),1999,42(2):508～519
[12]姜枚、王有学、宿和平.宽频地震方法技术在地震探测工作中的应用.地质学报,2003,22(7):536～539JiangM,WangYX,SuHP.Wide frequencyteleseisandits applicationtoseismicexploration.ActaGeologicaSinica(in Chinese),2003,22(7):536～539
[13]YangWC.CrustalstructureanddevelopmentofDabieUHPMTerrane inEast CentralChina.ContinentalDynamics,1998,3(12):86～95
[14]YangWC.Analysisofdeepintracontinentalsubduction.Episodes,2000,23(1):20～24
[15]YangWC.GeophysicalprofilingacrosstheSuluultra high pressure metamorphicbelt,EasternChina.Tectonophysics,2002,354:277～288
[16]YangWC.FlatmantlereflectorsineasternChina:possibleevidence oflithosphericthinning.Tectonophysics,2003,369(34):219～230
[17]杨文采,杨午阳,金振民等.苏鲁超高压变质带岩石圈地震组构.中国科学,2004,34(4):307～319YangWC,YangWY,JinZM,etal.Lithosphericseismicfabrics ofSuluultrahigh pressuremetamorphicbelt.ScienceinChina(in Chinese),2004,34(4):307～319
[18]杨文采,汪集炀.苏鲁地区地壳岩浆底侵的地球物理判识.地质学报,2002,76(2):173～179YangWC,WangJY.Geophysicalevidenceforcrustalmagma underplatinginSuluareaofeastChina.ActaGeologicaSinica(in Chinese),2002,76(2):173～179
[19]KernH,PoppT,GaoS,etal.PandSwavevelocityanddensityof rocksfromDabieUHPMbelt.ContinentalDynamics,1998,3(12):96～102
[20]KernH,JinZ,GaoS,etal.PhysicalpropertiesofUHPMrocks fromtheSuluterrain,easterncentralChina:implicationsforthe seismicstructureatDonghai(CCSD)drillingsite.Tectonophysics,2002,354:315～330
[21]陈意,金振民,欧新功等.韧性剪切带中片麻岩和超高压榴辉岩变形特征及其与地震波速各向异性的关系,岩石学报,2004,20(1):97～108ChenY,JinZM,OuXG,etal.Deformationfeaturesofgneissand UHPeclogitefromductileshearzoneanditsrelationwithseismic velocityanisotropy:Evidencesfromcoresamplesatdepthof6801200ofCCSD ChineseContinentalScientificDrilling.ActaPetrologica Sinica(inChinese),2004,20(1):97～108
[22]金振民,欧新功,徐海军等.中国大陆科学钻探主孔100～2000m岩石弹性波速度:对地震深反射的约束,岩石学报,2004,20(1):81～96JinZM,OuXG,XuHJ,etal.Elasticwavevelocitiesofthe2000mdepthatChineseContinentalScientificDrilling:Constraintson deepseismicreflection.ActaPetrologicaSinica(inChinese),2004,20(1):81～96
[23]杨文采,张春贺,黄秋平等.线形区域的主辅线反射地震调查方法.地球物理学报,2005,48(6):1325～1335YangWC,ZhangCH,HuangQP,etal.Additional observation seismicreflectionmethodforinvestigationoflinearareas.ChineseJ.Geophys.(inChinese),2005,48(6):1325～1335
[24]杨文采,焦富光.利用联合反演进行反射地震波速成像,地球物理学报,1987,30(6):617～627YangWC,JiaoFG.Jointinversionforimagingreflectionseismic velocities.ChineseJ.Geophys.(inChinese),1987,30(6):617～627
[1]杨文采,张春贺,朱光明.标定大陆科学钻探孔区地震反射体.地球物理学报,2002,45(3):370～384YangWC,ZhangCH,ZhuGM.Calibrationofseismicreflectors inferredfromobservationsattheChinesecontinentaldrillingarea.ChineseJ.Geophys.(inChinese),2002,45(3):370～384
[3]杨文采,杨午阳,程振炎.中国大陆科学钻探孔区三维地震资料的初步解释.岩石学报,2004,20(1):127～138YangWC,YangWY,ChengZY.Interpretationof3Dseismic reflectiondataintheChineseContinentalScientificDrillingsite.ActaPetrologicaSinica(inChinese),2004,20(1):127～138
[4]CongB,WangQ,ZhaiM,etal.UHPmetamorphicrocksinthe Dabie Suluregion,China:theirformationandexhumation.Island Arc,1994,3:135～150
[5]LiouJG,MaruyamaS,ErnstWG.Seeingamountaininagrainof garnet.Science,1997,27(4):48～49
[6]ErnstWG,MaruyamaS,WallisS.Buoyancy driven,rapid exhumationofultrahigh pressuremetamorphosedcontinentalcrust.Proc.NationalAcademyofSciences,1997,94:9532～9537
[7]HackerBR,SharpT,ZhangRY,etal.Determiningtheoriginof ultra highpressurelherzolites.Science,1997,278(10):702～704
[8]许志琴,张泽民,刘福来等.中国大陆科学钻探主孔1200米构造柱及变形构造初步解析.岩石学报,2004,20(1):53～72XuZQ,ZhangZM,LiuFL,etal.Thestructureprofileof0—1200minthemainborehole,ChineseContinentalScientificDrilling andanalysis.ActaPetrologicaSinica(inChinese),2004,20(1):53～72
[9]杨文采,胡振远,程振炎等.郯城—涟水综合地球物理剖面.地球物理学报,1999,42(2):206～217YangWC,HuZY,ChengZY,etal.Longprofileofgeophysical investigationfromTanchengtoLianshui,east centralChina.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1999,42(2):206～217
[10]杨文采,程振炎,陈国九等.苏鲁超高压变质带北部地球物理调查(Ⅰ)———深反射地震.地球物理学报,1999,42(1):16～27YangWC,ChengZY,ChenGJ,etal.Geophysicalinvestigations ofnorthernSuluUHPMbelt(Ⅰ):Deepseismicreflection.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1999,42(1):16～27
[11]杨文采,方慧,程振炎等.苏鲁超高压变质带北部地球物理调查(Ⅱ)———非地震方法.地球物理学报,1999,42(2):508～519YangWC,FangH,ChengZY,etal.Geophysicalinvestigationsof northernSuluUHPMbelt(Ⅱ):Non seismicmethods.ChineseJ.Geophys.(inChinese),1999,42(2):508～519
[12]姜枚、王有学、宿和平.宽频地震方法技术在地震探测工作中的应用.地质学报,2003,22(7):536～539JiangM,WangYX,SuHP.Wide frequencyteleseisandits applicationtoseismicexploration.ActaGeologicaSinica(in Chinese),2003,22(7):536～539
[13]YangWC.CrustalstructureanddevelopmentofDabieUHPMTerrane inEast CentralChina.ContinentalDynamics,1998,3(12):86～95
[14]YangWC.Analysisofdeepintracontinentalsubduction.Episodes,2000,23(1):20～24
[15]YangWC.GeophysicalprofilingacrosstheSuluultra high pressure metamorphicbelt,EasternChina.Tectonophysics,2002,354:277～288
[16]YangWC.FlatmantlereflectorsineasternChina:possibleevidence oflithosphericthinning.Tectonophysics,2003,369(34):219～230
[17]杨文采,杨午阳,金振民等.苏鲁超高压变质带岩石圈地震组构.中国科学,2004,34(4):307～319YangWC,YangWY,JinZM,etal.Lithosphericseismicfabrics ofSuluultrahigh pressuremetamorphicbelt.ScienceinChina(in Chinese),2004,34(4):307～319
[18]杨文采,汪集炀.苏鲁地区地壳岩浆底侵的地球物理判识.地质学报,2002,76(2):173～179YangWC,WangJY.Geophysicalevidenceforcrustalmagma underplatinginSuluareaofeastChina.ActaGeologicaSinica(in Chinese),2002,76(2):173～179
[19]KernH,PoppT,GaoS,etal.PandSwavevelocityanddensityof rocksfromDabieUHPMbelt.ContinentalDynamics,1998,3(12):96～102
[20]KernH,JinZ,GaoS,etal.PhysicalpropertiesofUHPMrocks fromtheSuluterrain,easterncentralChina:implicationsforthe seismicstructureatDonghai(CCSD)drillingsite.Tectonophysics,2002,354:315～330
[21]陈意,金振民,欧新功等.韧性剪切带中片麻岩和超高压榴辉岩变形特征及其与地震波速各向异性的关系,岩石学报,2004,20(1):97～108ChenY,JinZM,OuXG,etal.Deformationfeaturesofgneissand UHPeclogitefromductileshearzoneanditsrelationwithseismic velocityanisotropy:Evidencesfromcoresamplesatdepthof6801200ofCCSD ChineseContinentalScientificDrilling.ActaPetrologica Sinica(inChinese),2004,20(1):97～108
[22]金振民,欧新功,徐海军等.中国大陆科学钻探主孔100～2000m岩石弹性波速度:对地震深反射的约束,岩石学报,2004,20(1):81～96JinZM,OuXG,XuHJ,etal.Elasticwavevelocitiesofthe2000mdepthatChineseContinentalScientificDrilling:Constraintson deepseismicreflection.ActaPetrologicaSinica(inChinese),2004,20(1):81～96
[23]杨文采,张春贺,黄秋平等.线形区域的主辅线反射地震调查方法.地球物理学报,2005,48(6):1325～1335YangWC,ZhangCH,HuangQP,etal.Additional observation seismicreflectionmethodforinvestigationoflinearareas.ChineseJ.Geophys.(inChinese),2005,48(6):1325～1335
[24]杨文采,焦富光.利用联合反演进行反射地震波速成像,地球物理学报,1987,30(6):617～627YangWC,JiaoFG.Jointinversionforimagingreflectionseismic velocities.ChineseJ.Geophys.(inChinese),1987,30(6):617～627
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