中国大陆岩石圈厚度分布研究
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摘要
利用不同物理性质所估计的岩石圈厚度可能具有不同的地球动力学意义。大陆岩石圈等效弹性厚度往往只与岩石圈内部的某些岩层相关,因此它可能不代表一般意义上的岩石圈厚度。地震学岩石圈厚度虽然有较高的精度,但依赖于人为地对岩石圈的定义;并且其具有的短时间尺度效应决定了它与长时间尺度的岩石圈概念不一致。热学岩石圈厚度体现了长时间尺度上的岩石圈热学作用,因此其厚度定义的标准是较合理的。地震-热学岩石圈厚度研究利用地震波速反演得到的温度数据按照热学岩石圈标准来对岩石圈厚度进行研究,具有地震学和热学岩石圈厚度两者的优点,是较合理的对岩石圈厚度的估计。中国大陆地震-热学岩石圈厚度分布有如下特点:(1)中国东部岩石圈较薄,厚度约100 km,其中包括中国东北、中朝克拉通、扬子克拉通东部和华南造山带;(2)青藏高原和塔里木克拉通以南地区的厚度变化较大,厚度约在160~220 km;(3)三大克拉通的岩石圈厚度有较大区别,扬子克拉通的核心最厚达约170 km,塔里木克拉通的核心厚度约140 km,中朝克拉通的厚度约100 km;(4)昆仑秦岭造山带的岩石圈上地幔内部较复杂,可能有大面积的部分熔融;(5)整个大陆岩石圈厚度分布并没有显示出与地壳年龄的线性相关关系,却表现出了与大地构造格局的直接关系。受板块碰撞强烈影响的地区,岩石圈较厚;受大洋俯冲带影响较强的地区,岩石圈较薄。
Lithospheric thicknesses determined from different physical properties have different geodynamic significances.The effective elastic thickness of continent can correspond to only a part of the lithosphere,not to the total lithosphere.Seismic information of the lithosphere provides high resolution,but a short-time elastic effect.Thermal information of the lithosphere shows long-time effects, and therefore the thermal definition of the base of the lithosphere is better than the definition using other information.A seismic-thermal definition of the base of the lithosphere uses temperature from inverted seismic velocities,and thus has advantages of thermal and seismic definitions,and provides a more reasonable estimate of lithosphere thickness.The distribution of the seismic-thermal lithosphere thickness within the Chinese continent is very complex and shows the following properties:(1) eastern China,including the northeast China,the Sino-Korean craton,the east Yangtze craton and the south China orogen,has thin lithosphere with a thickness of ~100 km;(2) the lithospheric bases of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and south to the Tarim craton are at a depth range of about 160～220 km and show strong lateral variation;(3) the lithospheric thicknesses of three large China cratons are different,e.g.,~170 km for the core of the Yangtze,~140 km for the Tarim,and ~100 km for the Sino-Korean;(4) the variations in lithospheric thickness do not show obvious correlation with crustal geologic age,but do show dependence on tectonic settings.
Lithospheric thicknesses determined from different physical properties have different geodynamic significances.The effective elastic thickness of continent can correspond to only a part of the lithosphere,not to the total lithosphere.Seismic information of the lithosphere provides high resolution,but a short-time elastic effect.Thermal information of the lithosphere shows long-time effects, and therefore the thermal definition of the base of the lithosphere is better than the definition using other information.A seismic-thermal definition of the base of the lithosphere uses temperature from inverted seismic velocities,and thus has advantages of thermal and seismic definitions,and provides a more reasonable estimate of lithosphere thickness.The distribution of the seismic-thermal lithosphere thickness within the Chinese continent is very complex and shows the following properties:(1) eastern China,including the northeast China,the Sino-Korean craton,the east Yangtze craton and the south China orogen,has thin lithosphere with a thickness of ~100 km;(2) the lithospheric bases of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and south to the Tarim craton are at a depth range of about 160～220 km and show strong lateral variation;(3) the lithospheric thicknesses of three large China cratons are different,e.g.,~170 km for the core of the Yangtze,~140 km for the Tarim,and ~100 km for the Sino-Korean;(4) the variations in lithospheric thickness do not show obvious correlation with crustal geologic age,but do show dependence on tectonic settings.
引文
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[3]ZHAO Lihong,JIANG Xiaodian,JIN Yu,et al.Effective e-lastic thickness of continental lithosphere in western China[J].Earth Sci—J China Univ Geosci,2004,29(2):183-190(in Chinese).
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[5]ARTEMIEVA I M,MOONEY W D.Thermal thickness andevolution of Precambrian lithosphere:a global study[J].JGeophys Res,2001,106(B8):16387-16414.
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[8]BASSIN C,LASKE G,MASTERS G.The current limits ofresolution for surface wave tomography in North America[J].EOS Trans AGU,2000,81:F897.
[9]WANG Yang,WANG Jiyang,XIONG Liangping,et al.Lithospheric geothermics of major geotectonic units in Chinamainland[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,2001,22(1):17-22(in Chinese).
[10]ZHU Jieshou,CAO Jiamin,CAI Xuelin,et al.High resolu-tion surface wave tomography in East Asia and West Pacificmarginal seas[J].Chinese J Geophys,2002,45(5):646-664(in Chinese).
[11]TENG Jiwen.The seismic study of lithospheric physics inChina[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,1994,37(Suppl I):140-159(in Chinese).
[12]WATTS A B,BUROV E B.Lithospheric strength and itsrelationshipto the elastic and seismogeniclayer thickness[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,2003,213:113-131.
[13]LYON-CAEN H,MOLNAR P.Gravity anomalies and thestructure of the western Tibet and the southern Tari m basin[J].Geophys Res Lett,1984,11:1251-1254.
[14]McNUTT M K,DI AMENT M,KOGAN M G.Variationsof elastic thickness at continental thrust belts[J].J GeophysRes,1988,93:8825-8838.
[15]LYON-CAEN H,MOLNAR P.Constraints on the structureof the Hi malaya froman analysis of gravity anomalies and aflexural model of the lithosphere[J].J Geophys Res,1983,88:8171-8192.
[16]JI N Y,McNUTT M K,ZHU Y S.Mapping the descent ofIndian and Eurasian plates beneath the Tibetan plateau fromgravity anomalies[J].J Geophys Res,1996,101(B5):11275-11290.
[17]BUROV E B,DI AMENT M.The effective elastic thickness(Te)of continental lithosphere:what doesit really mean[J]?J Geophys Res,1995,100(B3):3905-3927.
[18]JAUPART C,MARESCHAL J C.The thermal structureand thickness of continental roots[J].Lithos,1999,48:93-114.
[19]MARECHAL J C,JAUPART C.Variations of surface heatflowand lithospheric thermal structure beneaththe North A-merican craton[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,2004,223:65-77.
[20]POWELL WG,CHAPMAN DS,BALLI NG N,et al.Con-tinental heat flowdensity[M]//HAENEL R,RYBACH L,STEGENS L.Handbook of terrestrial heat-flow density de-termination.Hingham,Mass:Kluwer Academic,1988:167-222.
[21]CULL J P.An appraisal of Australian heat-flow data[J].BMRJ Austral Geol Geophys,1982,7:11-21.
[22]van der LEE S.High-resolution esti mates of lithospherethickness from Missouri to Massachusetts,USA[J].EarthPlanet Sci Lett,2002,203:15-23.
[23]FREDERIKSEN A W,BOSTOCK M G,CASSIDY J F.S-wave velocity structure of the Canadian upper mantle[J].Phys Earth Planet Ints,2001,124:175-191.
[24]FENG Mei,ASSUMPCA O MS,van der LEE S.Group-ve-locity tomography and lithospheric S-velocity structure of theSouth American continent[J].Phys Earth Planet Ints,2004,147:315-331.
[25]POLLACK H N,CHAPMAN D S.On the regional variationof heat flow,geotherms,andlithospheric thickness[J].Tec-tonophysics,1977,38:279-296.
[26]GOES S,GOVERS R,VACHER P.Shallow mantle temper-atures under Europe from P and S wave tomography[J].JGeophys Res,2000,105(B5):11153-11169.
[27]GOES S,van der LEE S.Thermal structure of the North A-merican uppermost mantle inferred fromseismic tomography[J].J Geophys Res,2002,107(B3):2050.
[28]CAMMARANO F,GOES S,VACHER P,et al.Inferringupper-mantle temperatures from seismic velocities[J].PhysEarth Planet Ints,2003,138(3/4):197-222.
[29]R HM A H E,SNIEDER R,GOES S,et al.Thermalstructure of continental upper mantle inferred from S-wavevelocity and surface heat flow[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,2000,181:395-407.
[30]AN Meijian,SHI Yaolin.Lithospheric thickness of the Chi-nese continent[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,2006(submitted).
[31]van der VOO R,SPAKMAN W,BIJ WAARD H.Tethyansubducted slabs under India[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,1999,171:7-20.
[32]SU Wei,PENG Yanju,ZHENG Yuejun,et al.Crust and up-per mantle shear velocity structure beneath the Tibetan plat-eau and adjacent areas[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,2002,23(3):193-200(in Chinese).
[33]HUANG Zhongxian,SU Wei,PENG Yanju,et al.Rayleighwave tomography of China and adjacent regions[J].J Geo-phys Res,2003,108(B2):2073.
[34]RODGERS AJ,SCHWARTZ S Y.Lithospheric structure ofthe Qiangtang Terrane,northern Tibetan Plateau,fromcomplete regional waveform modeling:evidence for partialmelt[J].J Geophys Res,1998,103(B4):7137-7152.
[1]任纪舜,王作勋,陈炳蔚,等.从全球看中国大地构造———中国及邻区大地构造图简要说明[M].北京:地质出版社,1999:1-50.
[3]赵俐红,姜效典,金煜,等.中国西部大陆岩石圈的有效弹性厚度研究[J].地球科学———中国地质大学学报,2004,29(2):183-190.
[4]王勇,许厚泽.中国大陆及其邻区岩石层挠曲强度变化和均衡补偿机制[J].地球物理学报,1996,39(增刊):105-113.
[7]滕吉文,尹周勋,刘宏兵,等.青藏高原岩石层三维和二维结构与大陆动力学[J].地球物理学报,1994,37(增刊II):117-130.
[9]汪洋,汪集,熊亮萍,等.中国大陆主要地质构造单元岩石圈地热特征[J].地球学报,2001,22(1):17-22.
[10]朱介寿,曹家敏,蔡学林,等.东亚及西太平洋边缘海高分辨率面波层析成像[J].地球物理学报,2002,45(5):646-664.
[11]滕吉文.中国岩石层物理的地震学研究[J].地球物理学报,1994,37(增刊I):140-159.
[32]苏伟,彭艳菊,郑月军,等.青藏高原及其邻区地壳上地幔S波速度结构[J].地球学报,2002,23(3):193-200.
[2]BRAITENBERG C,WANG Y,FANG J,et al.Spatial vari-ations of flexure parameters over the Tibet-Qinghai plateau[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,2003,205:211-224.
[3]ZHAO Lihong,JIANG Xiaodian,JIN Yu,et al.Effective e-lastic thickness of continental lithosphere in western China[J].Earth Sci—J China Univ Geosci,2004,29(2):183-190(in Chinese).
[4]WANG Yong,XU Houze.The variations of lithosphericflexural strength and isostatic compensation mechanisms be-neath the continent of China and vicinity[J].Chinese J Geo-phys,1996,39(Suppl):105-113(in Chinese).
[5]ARTEMIEVA I M,MOONEY W D.Thermal thickness andevolution of Precambrian lithosphere:a global study[J].JGeophys Res,2001,106(B8):16387-16414.
[6]WANG J Y.Geothermics in China[M].Beijing:Seismologi-cal Press,1996:1-300.
[7]TENG Jiwen,YIN Zhouxun,LIU Hongbin,et al.The 2Dand 3D lithosphere structure and continental dynamics ofQinghai-Xizang plateau[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,1994,37(Suppl II):117-130(in Chinese).
[8]BASSIN C,LASKE G,MASTERS G.The current limits ofresolution for surface wave tomography in North America[J].EOS Trans AGU,2000,81:F897.
[9]WANG Yang,WANG Jiyang,XIONG Liangping,et al.Lithospheric geothermics of major geotectonic units in Chinamainland[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,2001,22(1):17-22(in Chinese).
[10]ZHU Jieshou,CAO Jiamin,CAI Xuelin,et al.High resolu-tion surface wave tomography in East Asia and West Pacificmarginal seas[J].Chinese J Geophys,2002,45(5):646-664(in Chinese).
[11]TENG Jiwen.The seismic study of lithospheric physics inChina[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,1994,37(Suppl I):140-159(in Chinese).
[12]WATTS A B,BUROV E B.Lithospheric strength and itsrelationshipto the elastic and seismogeniclayer thickness[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,2003,213:113-131.
[13]LYON-CAEN H,MOLNAR P.Gravity anomalies and thestructure of the western Tibet and the southern Tari m basin[J].Geophys Res Lett,1984,11:1251-1254.
[14]McNUTT M K,DI AMENT M,KOGAN M G.Variationsof elastic thickness at continental thrust belts[J].J GeophysRes,1988,93:8825-8838.
[15]LYON-CAEN H,MOLNAR P.Constraints on the structureof the Hi malaya froman analysis of gravity anomalies and aflexural model of the lithosphere[J].J Geophys Res,1983,88:8171-8192.
[16]JI N Y,McNUTT M K,ZHU Y S.Mapping the descent ofIndian and Eurasian plates beneath the Tibetan plateau fromgravity anomalies[J].J Geophys Res,1996,101(B5):11275-11290.
[17]BUROV E B,DI AMENT M.The effective elastic thickness(Te)of continental lithosphere:what doesit really mean[J]?J Geophys Res,1995,100(B3):3905-3927.
[18]JAUPART C,MARESCHAL J C.The thermal structureand thickness of continental roots[J].Lithos,1999,48:93-114.
[19]MARECHAL J C,JAUPART C.Variations of surface heatflowand lithospheric thermal structure beneaththe North A-merican craton[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,2004,223:65-77.
[20]POWELL WG,CHAPMAN DS,BALLI NG N,et al.Con-tinental heat flowdensity[M]//HAENEL R,RYBACH L,STEGENS L.Handbook of terrestrial heat-flow density de-termination.Hingham,Mass:Kluwer Academic,1988:167-222.
[21]CULL J P.An appraisal of Australian heat-flow data[J].BMRJ Austral Geol Geophys,1982,7:11-21.
[22]van der LEE S.High-resolution esti mates of lithospherethickness from Missouri to Massachusetts,USA[J].EarthPlanet Sci Lett,2002,203:15-23.
[23]FREDERIKSEN A W,BOSTOCK M G,CASSIDY J F.S-wave velocity structure of the Canadian upper mantle[J].Phys Earth Planet Ints,2001,124:175-191.
[24]FENG Mei,ASSUMPCA O MS,van der LEE S.Group-ve-locity tomography and lithospheric S-velocity structure of theSouth American continent[J].Phys Earth Planet Ints,2004,147:315-331.
[25]POLLACK H N,CHAPMAN D S.On the regional variationof heat flow,geotherms,andlithospheric thickness[J].Tec-tonophysics,1977,38:279-296.
[26]GOES S,GOVERS R,VACHER P.Shallow mantle temper-atures under Europe from P and S wave tomography[J].JGeophys Res,2000,105(B5):11153-11169.
[27]GOES S,van der LEE S.Thermal structure of the North A-merican uppermost mantle inferred fromseismic tomography[J].J Geophys Res,2002,107(B3):2050.
[28]CAMMARANO F,GOES S,VACHER P,et al.Inferringupper-mantle temperatures from seismic velocities[J].PhysEarth Planet Ints,2003,138(3/4):197-222.
[29]R HM A H E,SNIEDER R,GOES S,et al.Thermalstructure of continental upper mantle inferred from S-wavevelocity and surface heat flow[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,2000,181:395-407.
[30]AN Meijian,SHI Yaolin.Lithospheric thickness of the Chi-nese continent[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,2006(submitted).
[31]van der VOO R,SPAKMAN W,BIJ WAARD H.Tethyansubducted slabs under India[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,1999,171:7-20.
[32]SU Wei,PENG Yanju,ZHENG Yuejun,et al.Crust and up-per mantle shear velocity structure beneath the Tibetan plat-eau and adjacent areas[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,2002,23(3):193-200(in Chinese).
[33]HUANG Zhongxian,SU Wei,PENG Yanju,et al.Rayleighwave tomography of China and adjacent regions[J].J Geo-phys Res,2003,108(B2):2073.
[34]RODGERS AJ,SCHWARTZ S Y.Lithospheric structure ofthe Qiangtang Terrane,northern Tibetan Plateau,fromcomplete regional waveform modeling:evidence for partialmelt[J].J Geophys Res,1998,103(B4):7137-7152.
[1]任纪舜,王作勋,陈炳蔚,等.从全球看中国大地构造———中国及邻区大地构造图简要说明[M].北京:地质出版社,1999:1-50.
[3]赵俐红,姜效典,金煜,等.中国西部大陆岩石圈的有效弹性厚度研究[J].地球科学———中国地质大学学报,2004,29(2):183-190.
[4]王勇,许厚泽.中国大陆及其邻区岩石层挠曲强度变化和均衡补偿机制[J].地球物理学报,1996,39(增刊):105-113.
[7]滕吉文,尹周勋,刘宏兵,等.青藏高原岩石层三维和二维结构与大陆动力学[J].地球物理学报,1994,37(增刊II):117-130.
[9]汪洋,汪集,熊亮萍,等.中国大陆主要地质构造单元岩石圈地热特征[J].地球学报,2001,22(1):17-22.
[10]朱介寿,曹家敏,蔡学林,等.东亚及西太平洋边缘海高分辨率面波层析成像[J].地球物理学报,2002,45(5):646-664.
[11]滕吉文.中国岩石层物理的地震学研究[J].地球物理学报,1994,37(增刊I):140-159.
[32]苏伟,彭艳菊,郑月军,等.青藏高原及其邻区地壳上地幔S波速度结构[J].地球学报,2002,23(3):193-200.
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