昆仑山地震(M_w7.8)破裂行为、变形局部化特征及其构造内涵讨论
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摘要
地震地表破裂是地壳弹性应变转化为永久性构造变形的表现形式.2001年昆仑山地震在东昆仑断裂带库赛湖段产生的地表破裂带整体长426km,由西部剪切走滑破裂段、中部张剪切破裂段和东部剪切走滑破裂段等3个相对独立的地表破裂段组成,即昆仑山地震由震级为Mw=6.8,Mw=6.2和Mw≤7.8的3次地震破裂事件组成,其中东段Mw≤7.8级地震为昆仑山地震主震,由4次更次级地震事件组成.野外测量表明,不同段落上单条地表破裂宽度一般介于数米至15m,最大不超过30m;组合地表破裂带的宽度主要取决于几何结构,特别是次级地表破裂带斜列区的宽度,具有变形局部化的基本特征.结合东昆仑断裂带第四纪地质速率与GPS监测应变速率一致性,2001年昆仑山地震地表破裂局部化特征说明,青藏高原北部巴颜喀拉与祁连-柴达木两大块体间的构造变形主要表现为东昆仑断裂带宽度有限的剪切走滑错动,东昆仑山断裂带南北两侧块体具有整体运动特征.地震破裂局部化特征对确定重大工程、居民住宅和生命线工程等免遭走滑断层同震地表错动引起直接破坏的避让带宽度具有十分重要现实意义.
引文
1Scholz C H.The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting.New York:Cambridge Univ Press,1990.389
2Sibson R H.Fault rocks and fault mechanism.J Geol Soc London,1997,133:191—213
3Yeats R S,Sieh K,Allen C R.The Geology of Earthquakes.Oxford:Oxford Univ Press,1997.568
4邓起东,于贵华,叶文华.地震地表破裂参数与震级关系的研究.活动构造研究,1992,2:247—264
5Wells D L,Coppersmith.New empirical relationships among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupture area,and surface displacement.BSSA,1994,84(4):974—1002
6蒋海昆,郑建常,吴琼,等.中国大陆中强以上地震余震分布尺度的统计特征.地震学报,2007,29(2):151—164
7Xu X W,Chen W B,Ma W T,et al.Surface rupture of the Kunlun earthquake(Ms8.1),Northern Tibetan Plateau,China.Seismol Res Lett,2002,73(6):884—892
8徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华,等.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(Ms8.1)地表破裂带基本特征.地震地质,2002,24(1):1—13
9乔学军,王琪,杜瑞林,等.昆仑山口西Ms8.1地震的地壳变形特征.大地测量与地球动力学,2002,22(4):6—11
10陈杰,陈宇坤,丁国瑜,等.2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震地表破裂带.第四纪研究,2003,23(6):629—639
11许力生,陈运泰.从全球长周期波形资料反演2001年11月14日昆仑山口地震时空破裂过程.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2004,34(3):256—264
12万永革,王敏,沈正康,等.利用GPS和水准测量资料反演2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震的同震滑动分布.地震地质,2004,26(3):393—404
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14Bowman D,King G,Tapponnier P.Slip partinioning by elastoplastic propagation of oblique slip at depth.Sci-ence,2003,300:1121—1123
15Bouchon M,Vallée M.Observation of long supershear rupture during the MS=8.1Kunlunshan earthquake.Sci-ence,2003,301:824—826
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19Rice J R.Localization of plastic deformation,14.International Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechan-ics,30Aug1976,Delft,Netherlands,report No.COO-3084/43,CONF-760835-1
20Aifantis,Elias C.On the role of gradients in the localization of deformation and fracture.Int J Eng Sci,1992,30(10):1279—1299
21徐锡伟,于贵华,陈桂华,等.青藏高原北部大型走滑断裂带进地表地质便形带特征分析.地震地质,2007,29(2):201—217
22Rockwell T K,Ben-Zion Y.High localization of primary slip zones in large earthquakes from paleoseismic trenches:observations and implicarions for earthquake physics.J Geophy Re,2007,112,B10304,doi:10.1029/2006JB004764
23Tim D,Ken Mc.Analog modeling of pull-apart basins.AAPG Bull,1997,81(11):1804—1826
24Basile C,Brun J P.Transtensional faulting patterns ranging from pull-apart basins to transform continental margins:an experimental investigation.J Struct Geol,1999,21(1):23—37
25Lettis W,Bachhuber J,Witter R,et al.Influence of releasing step-overs on surface fault rupture and fault seg-mentation:examples from the17August1999Izmit earthquake on the North Anatolian Fault,Turkey.Bull Seism Soc Am,2002,92(1):19—42
26Tamer Y D,Omer E,Ahmet D,et al.Step-over and bend structures along the1999Duzce earthquake surface rupture,North Anatolian Fault,Turkey.Bull Seism Soci Am,2005,95(4):1250—1262,doi:10.1785/0120040082.
27Rahe B,Ferrill D A,Morris A P.Physical analog modeling of pull-apart basin evolution.Tectonophysics,1998,285(1):21—40
28Harris R A,Day S M.Dynamic3D simulations of earthquakes on en echelon faults.Geophy Res Lett,199,26(14):2089—2092,9,GL900377
29Antolik M,Abercrombie R E,Ekstrom G.The14November2001Kokoxili(Kunlunshan),Tibet earthquake:rup-ture transfer through a large extensional step-over.Bull Seism Soc Am,2004,94:1173—1194
30Tocheport A,Rivera L,van der Woerd J.A study of the14November Kokoxili earthquake:history and geome-try of the rupture from teleseismic data and field observations.Bull Seism Soc Am,2006,96(5):1729—1741,doi:10.1785/0120050200
31Donald L,Wells,Kevin J.Coppersmith.New empirical relationships among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupture area,and surface displacement.Bull Seism Soc Am,1994,84:974—1002
32李松林,张先康,樊计昌.利用断层围陷波研究昆仑山口西8.1级地震破裂面.地震学报,2005,27(1):42—50
33楼海,王椿镛,丁志峰,等.昆仑山断层围陷波的分析与研究.地球物理学报,2006,49(3):788—796
34青海省地震局,中国地震局地壳应力研究所.东昆仑活动断裂带.北京:地震出版社,1999.186
35Peltzer G,CrampéF,et al.Evidence of nonlinear elasticity of the crust from Mw7.6Manyi(Tibet)earthquake.Science,1999,286:273—276
36徐锡伟.藏北玛尼地震科学考察.中国地震年鉴.北京:地震出版社,2000.327—329
37van der Woerd J,Ryerson F J,Tapponnier P,et al.The uniform slip-rate along the Kunlun fault:implications for seismic behaviour and large-scale tectonics.Geophys Res Lett,2000,27(16):2353—2356
38Holt W E,Chamot-Rooke N,Le Pichon X,et al.Velocity field in Asia inferred from Quaternary fault slip rates and Global Positioning System observations.J Geophys Res,2000,105,(B8):19,185,2000JB900045
39Zhang P,Shen Z,Wang M,et al.Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from Global Positioning Sys-tem data.Geology,2004,32:809—812
40吴章明,汪一鹏,任金卫,等.青藏高原北部金沙江、澜沧江缝合线晚第四纪的活动性.地震地质,1993,15(1):28—31
41邓起东,主编.中国活动构造图(1:4000000).北京:地震出版社,2007
42任金卫,王敏.GPS观测的2001年昆仑山口西Ms8.1级地震地壳变形.第四纪研究,2005,25(1):34—44
43徐锡伟,于贵华,马文涛,等.活断层地震地表破裂“避让带”宽度确定的依据与方法.地震地质,2002,24(4):470—482
44韩竹军,冉勇康,徐锡伟.隐伏活断层未来地表破裂宽度与位错量初步研究.地震地质,2002,24(4):483—494
2Sibson R H.Fault rocks and fault mechanism.J Geol Soc London,1997,133:191—213
3Yeats R S,Sieh K,Allen C R.The Geology of Earthquakes.Oxford:Oxford Univ Press,1997.568
4邓起东,于贵华,叶文华.地震地表破裂参数与震级关系的研究.活动构造研究,1992,2:247—264
5Wells D L,Coppersmith.New empirical relationships among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupture area,and surface displacement.BSSA,1994,84(4):974—1002
6蒋海昆,郑建常,吴琼,等.中国大陆中强以上地震余震分布尺度的统计特征.地震学报,2007,29(2):151—164
7Xu X W,Chen W B,Ma W T,et al.Surface rupture of the Kunlun earthquake(Ms8.1),Northern Tibetan Plateau,China.Seismol Res Lett,2002,73(6):884—892
8徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华,等.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(Ms8.1)地表破裂带基本特征.地震地质,2002,24(1):1—13
9乔学军,王琪,杜瑞林,等.昆仑山口西Ms8.1地震的地壳变形特征.大地测量与地球动力学,2002,22(4):6—11
10陈杰,陈宇坤,丁国瑜,等.2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震地表破裂带.第四纪研究,2003,23(6):629—639
11许力生,陈运泰.从全球长周期波形资料反演2001年11月14日昆仑山口地震时空破裂过程.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2004,34(3):256—264
12万永革,王敏,沈正康,等.利用GPS和水准测量资料反演2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震的同震滑动分布.地震地质,2004,26(3):393—404
13Lin A,Fu B,Guo J,et al.Co-seismic strike-slip and rupture length produced by the2001Ms8.1central Kunlun earthquake.Science,2002,296:2015—2017
14Bowman D,King G,Tapponnier P.Slip partinioning by elastoplastic propagation of oblique slip at depth.Sci-ence,2003,300:1121—1123
15Bouchon M,Vallée M.Observation of long supershear rupture during the MS=8.1Kunlunshan earthquake.Sci-ence,2003,301:824—826
16Lasserre C,Peltzer G,Crampe J F,et al.Coseismic deformation of the Mw=7.8Kokoxili earthquake in Tibet,measured by synthetic aperture radar interferometry.J Geophys Res,2005,110,B12408,doi:10.1029/2004JB003500
17Klinger Y,Xu X,Tapponnier P,et al.High-resolution satellite imagery mapping of the surface rupture and slip distribution of the Mw~7.8,14Novembre2001Kokoxili earthquake,Kunlun fault,northern Tibet,China.Bull Seis Soc Am,2005,95(5):1970—1987
18XU X W,YU G H,Klinger Y,et al.Re-evaluation of surface rupture parameters and faulting segmentation of the2001Kunlunshan earthquake(Mw7.8),Northern Tibetan Plateau,China.J Geophy Res,2006,111,B05316,doi:10.1029/2004JB003488
19Rice J R.Localization of plastic deformation,14.International Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechan-ics,30Aug1976,Delft,Netherlands,report No.COO-3084/43,CONF-760835-1
20Aifantis,Elias C.On the role of gradients in the localization of deformation and fracture.Int J Eng Sci,1992,30(10):1279—1299
21徐锡伟,于贵华,陈桂华,等.青藏高原北部大型走滑断裂带进地表地质便形带特征分析.地震地质,2007,29(2):201—217
22Rockwell T K,Ben-Zion Y.High localization of primary slip zones in large earthquakes from paleoseismic trenches:observations and implicarions for earthquake physics.J Geophy Re,2007,112,B10304,doi:10.1029/2006JB004764
23Tim D,Ken Mc.Analog modeling of pull-apart basins.AAPG Bull,1997,81(11):1804—1826
24Basile C,Brun J P.Transtensional faulting patterns ranging from pull-apart basins to transform continental margins:an experimental investigation.J Struct Geol,1999,21(1):23—37
25Lettis W,Bachhuber J,Witter R,et al.Influence of releasing step-overs on surface fault rupture and fault seg-mentation:examples from the17August1999Izmit earthquake on the North Anatolian Fault,Turkey.Bull Seism Soc Am,2002,92(1):19—42
26Tamer Y D,Omer E,Ahmet D,et al.Step-over and bend structures along the1999Duzce earthquake surface rupture,North Anatolian Fault,Turkey.Bull Seism Soci Am,2005,95(4):1250—1262,doi:10.1785/0120040082.
27Rahe B,Ferrill D A,Morris A P.Physical analog modeling of pull-apart basin evolution.Tectonophysics,1998,285(1):21—40
28Harris R A,Day S M.Dynamic3D simulations of earthquakes on en echelon faults.Geophy Res Lett,199,26(14):2089—2092,9,GL900377
29Antolik M,Abercrombie R E,Ekstrom G.The14November2001Kokoxili(Kunlunshan),Tibet earthquake:rup-ture transfer through a large extensional step-over.Bull Seism Soc Am,2004,94:1173—1194
30Tocheport A,Rivera L,van der Woerd J.A study of the14November Kokoxili earthquake:history and geome-try of the rupture from teleseismic data and field observations.Bull Seism Soc Am,2006,96(5):1729—1741,doi:10.1785/0120050200
31Donald L,Wells,Kevin J.Coppersmith.New empirical relationships among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupture area,and surface displacement.Bull Seism Soc Am,1994,84:974—1002
32李松林,张先康,樊计昌.利用断层围陷波研究昆仑山口西8.1级地震破裂面.地震学报,2005,27(1):42—50
33楼海,王椿镛,丁志峰,等.昆仑山断层围陷波的分析与研究.地球物理学报,2006,49(3):788—796
34青海省地震局,中国地震局地壳应力研究所.东昆仑活动断裂带.北京:地震出版社,1999.186
35Peltzer G,CrampéF,et al.Evidence of nonlinear elasticity of the crust from Mw7.6Manyi(Tibet)earthquake.Science,1999,286:273—276
36徐锡伟.藏北玛尼地震科学考察.中国地震年鉴.北京:地震出版社,2000.327—329
37van der Woerd J,Ryerson F J,Tapponnier P,et al.The uniform slip-rate along the Kunlun fault:implications for seismic behaviour and large-scale tectonics.Geophys Res Lett,2000,27(16):2353—2356
38Holt W E,Chamot-Rooke N,Le Pichon X,et al.Velocity field in Asia inferred from Quaternary fault slip rates and Global Positioning System observations.J Geophys Res,2000,105,(B8):19,185,2000JB900045
39Zhang P,Shen Z,Wang M,et al.Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from Global Positioning Sys-tem data.Geology,2004,32:809—812
40吴章明,汪一鹏,任金卫,等.青藏高原北部金沙江、澜沧江缝合线晚第四纪的活动性.地震地质,1993,15(1):28—31
41邓起东,主编.中国活动构造图(1:4000000).北京:地震出版社,2007
42任金卫,王敏.GPS观测的2001年昆仑山口西Ms8.1级地震地壳变形.第四纪研究,2005,25(1):34—44
43徐锡伟,于贵华,马文涛,等.活断层地震地表破裂“避让带”宽度确定的依据与方法.地震地质,2002,24(4):470—482
44韩竹军,冉勇康,徐锡伟.隐伏活断层未来地表破裂宽度与位错量初步研究.地震地质,2002,24(4):483—494
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