地震诱发山洪形成机理与评估指标初探
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摘要
地震诱发山洪是危害极大的地震次生灾害之一.国内外大量的野外现场调查与研究表明,地震滑坡堵江形成堰塞湖在山区河流广泛发育.滑坡堵江堰塞湖存在坝体的渗透变形、稳定性、不均匀沉降和砂土液化等工程地质问题的同时,还存在水力学与河床演变的科学技术问题.本文从地震诱发山洪形成机理初步分析出发,对堰塞湖诱发山洪评估指标进行初步探索.包括堰塞湖排险泄洪明渠粗化保护层形成过程及"拟混凝土"形成条件研究;堰塞湖排险泄洪明渠粗化保护层破坏条件;堰塞湖排险泄洪明渠动态平衡水力几何形态;堰塞湖排险泄洪明渠从下游出口开始的溯源冲刷过程及动态平衡纵横剖面.建议进一步的研究目标是:制订确保堰塞湖安全平稳泄洪排险的指标体系;确定堰塞湖排险泄洪明渠粗化保护层形成与破坏条件的定量化方法;确定堰塞湖下游人员安全避险撤离的时机与优化方案;因势利导,对堰塞湖进行分类重建,为制订《地震地质灾害堰塞湖排险技术规范》提供成套技术的科学支撑.
Flash flood induced by earthquakes is one of the most serious secondary disasters of earthquakes,which involve science and technology areas in geology,hydraulics and fluvial processes. Studies on mechanism and assessment factors for flash flood induced by earthquakes are conducted in several problems in this paper,including: emerging conditions and processes of armoring layer of risk-excluding channels with uniform gravel and pebble bed for damming lakes,the critical condition of the armoring layer’s breakage,hydraulic geometry of the flood sluice channel during dynamic equilibrium,retrogressive scouring processes,longitudinal and cross-section shapes of flood sluice channels. Finally,system of assessment factors for flash floods induced by damming lakes are suggested preliminary.
Flash flood induced by earthquakes is one of the most serious secondary disasters of earthquakes,which involve science and technology areas in geology,hydraulics and fluvial processes. Studies on mechanism and assessment factors for flash flood induced by earthquakes are conducted in several problems in this paper,including: emerging conditions and processes of armoring layer of risk-excluding channels with uniform gravel and pebble bed for damming lakes,the critical condition of the armoring layer’s breakage,hydraulic geometry of the flood sluice channel during dynamic equilibrium,retrogressive scouring processes,longitudinal and cross-section shapes of flood sluice channels. Finally,system of assessment factors for flash floods induced by damming lakes are suggested preliminary.
引文
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[2]中国水利水电科学研究院水利史研究室,1933年岷江叠溪地震堰塞湖的形成及次生灾害[J].中国水利,2008,10:88-92.
[3]周魁一,苏克忠,贾振文,等.十四世纪以来我国地震次生水灾的研究[J].自然灾害学报,1992,1(3):83-91.
[4]朱兵,四川力争三年内恢复灾区水利基础设施[EB].水利部网站,2008,08,21.
[5]陈雷.在水利部抗震救灾干部大会上的讲话[EB].水利部网站,2008,07,17.
[6]刘兴年.沙卵石推移质运动及模拟研究[D].四川大学博士论文,2004.
[7]曹叔尤,刘兴年.山区河流泥沙运动[M].王光谦胡春宏主编:泥沙研究进展,中国水利水电出版社,2006:416-445.
[8]王涛,刘兴年,等.卵石河床清水冲刷粗化层破坏临界条件试验研究[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2008,(4).
[9]曹叔尤,杜国翰.细沙淤积的溯源冲刷试验研究[M].杜国翰:枢纽工程泥沙研究与实践,北京:中国水利水电出版社,2008:508-520.
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