地震海洋学研究进展
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摘要
地震海洋学是利用反射地震方法探测海水温盐结构的一门新兴交叉学科.其主要优势在于水平方向的分辨率较高,能够弥补传统物理海洋学观测在时空尺度上的缺陷,为研究温盐结构、海洋动力过程提供了一种可视化手段.本文将追溯地震海洋学的发展历程,详细阐述近年在地震剖面和海水温盐结构的关系、内波、地中海涡旋、潜流等海洋学现象研究以及在海水温度结构反演、地震波模拟等定量研究方面的最新进展.最后展望地震海洋学今后的发展,阐述了未来可能取得突破的7个研究领域,如混合,内波的3D波包等.
Seismic oceanography is a new cross discipline for studies of physical oceanography, which uses conventional low frequency marine seismic reflection techniques.Compared with the traditional physical oceanographic methods, reflection seismology has several advantages, such as enhanced lateral resolution and the ability of imaging a large ocean profile in short time.The technique provides insights into thermohaline structure and ocean dynamical processes.After reviewing the development history of seismic oceanography, the authors elaborate the latest progress of studying of ocean phenomena such as the relation of seismic section and thermohaline structure, meddies and Mediterranean Undercurrent.The full wave inversion of reflection seismic data for temperature profiles and seismic modeling with the PML method are also introduced.Problems that can be addressed by seismic oceanography include the hotspots of mixing occurrence, 3D shapes of internal wave packets and others.
Seismic oceanography is a new cross discipline for studies of physical oceanography, which uses conventional low frequency marine seismic reflection techniques.Compared with the traditional physical oceanographic methods, reflection seismology has several advantages, such as enhanced lateral resolution and the ability of imaging a large ocean profile in short time.The technique provides insights into thermohaline structure and ocean dynamical processes.After reviewing the development history of seismic oceanography, the authors elaborate the latest progress of studying of ocean phenomena such as the relation of seismic section and thermohaline structure, meddies and Mediterranean Undercurrent.The full wave inversion of reflection seismic data for temperature profiles and seismic modeling with the PML method are also introduced.Problems that can be addressed by seismic oceanography include the hotspots of mixing occurrence, 3D shapes of internal wave packets and others.
引文
[1] Ruddick B.Sounding out ocean fine structure[J].Science,2003,301(8) :772～773．
[2] Holbrook W S,Paramo P,Pearse S,etal.Thermohaline Fine Structure in an Oceanographic Front from Seismic Reflection Profiling[J].Science,2003,301(8) :821～824．
[3] 宋海斌,董崇志,陈林,等.用反射地震方法研究物理海洋-地震海洋学简介[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(4) :1156～1164． Song H B,Dong C Z,Chen L,et al.Reflection seismic methods for studying physical oceanography:introduction of seismic oceanography[J].Progress in Geophysics,2008,23 (4) :1156～1164．
[4] Obukhov A M.Scattering of sound in turbulent flow[J]. Dokl.Akad.Nauk.SSSR,1941,30(7) :611～614．
[5] Brandt A.Acoustic returns from density fluctuations in turbulent jets[A].In:Oceans[C].IEEE,Vol.75． IEEE,New York,1975．
[6] Orr M H,Hess F R.Remote acoustic monitoring of natural suspensate distributions,active suspensate and slope/shelf water intrusions[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1978,83(C8) :4062～4068．
[7] Haury L R,Wiebe P H,Orr M H,et al.Tidally generated high-frequency internal wave packets and their effects on plankton in Massachu-setts Bay[J].J.Mar.Res.,1983,41 (1) :65～112．
[8] Munk W H,Wunsch C.Ocean acoustic tomography:a scheme for large scale monitoring[J].Deep-Sea Res,1979,26(2A):123～161．
[9] Hunt J M,Hays E E,Degens E T,et al.Red Sea:Detailed Survey of Hot Brine Areas[J].Science,1967,56(3774) :514～ 516．
[10] Bouma A H,Stelting C E,Feeley M H.“High Resolution Seismic Reflection Profiles[A].In:Seismic Expression of Structural Styles[C].American Association of Petroleum Geologists,Tulsa,1983．
[11] Dugdale Donald.Navy Plays a Listening Game in Search for Soviet Subs[J].Defense Electronics,1986,18(3) :68～74．
[12] Gonella J,Michon D.Ondes internes profondes révélées par sismique réflexion au sein des masses d'eau en Atlantique-Est [J].Acad.Sci.Paris Ser.Ⅱ,1988,306(12) :781～787．
[13] Phillips J D,Dean D F.Multichannel acoustic reflection profiling of ocean water mass temperature/salinity interfaces [A].In:Ocean Variability and Acoustic Propagation[C]. Springer,New York,1991,199～214．
[14] Holbrook W S,Fer I.Ocean internal wave spectra inferred from seismic reflection transects[J].Geophys.Res.Lett. 2005,32,L15604 10． 1029/2005GL023733．
[15] Tsuji T,Noguchi T,Niino H,et al.Two-dimensional mapping of fine structures in the Kuroshio Current using seismic reflection data[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2005,32,L14609,doi:10． 1029/2005GL023095．
[16] Noguchi T,Niino H,Nakamura Y,et al.Thermohaline interleaving in the Kuroshio Extension Front:Seismic reflection imagery and in situ measurements[A].In:Eos Trans.AGU,Ocean Sci.Meet.,Suppl.,Abstract OS14I- 06[C],Vol.87(36) ,Honolulu,2006．
[17] White N,Koenitz D,Hobbs R.Seismic imaging of fronts associated with Antarctic Circumpolar Current near Drake Passage[A].In:Eos Trans.AGU,Ocean Sci.Meet.,Suppl.,Abstract OS14I 04[C],Vol.87(36) ,Honolulu,2006．
[18] Pinheiro L M,Song H,Ruddick B R,et al.Detailed 2-D imaging of the Mediterranean Outflow and Meddies off W Iberia from multichannel seismic data[A].In:Eos Trans. AGU,Ocean Sci.Meet.,Suppl.,Abstract OS13I 02[C],Vol.87(36) ,Honolulu,2006．
[19] Klaeschen D,Papenberg C,Reston T,et al.Seismic images and properties of a Meddy[A].In:Eos Trans.AGU,Ocean Sci.Meet.,Suppl.,Abstract OS13I-03[C],Vol.87(36) ,Honolulu,2006．
[20] Biescas B,Sallares V,Pelegri J L,et al.Imaging meddy finestructure using multichannel seismic reflection data[J]. Geophys.Res.Lett.2008,35,L11609 10． 1029/2008GL033971．
[21] Pinheiro L M,Song H B,Ruddick B,et al.Detailed 2-D imaging of the Mediterranean Outflow and Meddies off W Iberia from Multichannel Seismic Data[J].J Mar Syst,2009,doi:10． 1016/j.jmarsys.2009． 07． 004．
[22] 宋海斌,Pinheiro L M,王东晓,等.海洋中尺度涡与内波的地震图像[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(11) :2775～2780,DOI:10． 3969/j/issn.0001 5733． 2009． 11． 012． Song H B,Pinheiro L M,Wang D X,et al.Seismic images of ocean meso-scale eddies and internal waves[J].Chinese J.Geophys.,2009,52(11) :2775～2780,DOI:10． 3969/j/ issn.0001-5733． 2009． 11． 012．
[23] Bullock A D,Holbrook W S,Ruddick B.Enhanced finestructure around an intrathermocline lens in the Norwegian Sea[A].In:Eos Trans.AGU,Ocean Sci. Meet.,Suppl.,Abstract OS13I04[C],Vol.87(36) ,Honolulu,2006．
[24] Seymour J C,Holbrook W S,Schmitt R W.Velocity structure of a Loop Current eddy using the gradient-current method on a seismic section from the Gulf of Mexico[A]. In:Eos Trans.AGU,Ocean Sci.Meet.,Suppl.,Abstract OS13I-05[C],Vol.87(36) ,Honolulu,2006．
[25] Nandi P,Holbrook W S,Pearse S,et al.Seismic reflection imaging of water mass boundaries in the Norwegian Sea[J]. Geophys.Res.Lett.,2004,31,L23311,doi:10． 1029/ 2004GL021325．
[26] Huthnance J,Hobbs R,Naveira Garabato A.Imaging the time dependence of water boundaries in the Faroe-Shetland Channel[A].In:Eos Trans.AGU,Ocean Sei.Meet.,Suppl.,Abstract OS13I06[C],Vol.87(36) ,Honolulu,2006．
[27] Nandi P,Schmitt R W,Holbrook W S.Seismic imaging of a thermohaline staircase in the western tropical Atlantic,In: Eos Trans[A].AGU,Ocean Sci.Meet.,Suppl.,Abstract OS16I-01[C],Vol.87(36) ,Honolulu,2006．
[28] Ambar I,Bezerra R,Pinheiro L M,et al.Thermohaline staircases viewed by contemporaneous seismic imaging[OL]. 1st ESF.Exploratory Workshop on Seismic Oceanography. November,19-21,2008． Begur,Girona(Spain).http:// www.cmima.csic.es/files/sow/IAmbar.pdf,2008．
[29] 董崇志,宋海斌,郝天珧,等.南海东北部海洋内波的反射地震研究[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(8) :2050～2055,DOI:10． 3969/j.issn.0001 5733． 2009． 08． 013． Dong C Z,Song H B,Hao T Y,et al.Studing of oceanic internal wave spectra in the Northeast South China Sea from seismic reflections[J].Chinese J.Geophys.2009,52(8) : 2050～2055,DOI:10． 3969/j.issn.0001 5733． 2009． 08． 013．
[30] Krahmann G,Brandt P,Klaeschen D,et al.Mid-depth internal wave energy off the Iberian Peninsula estimated from seismic reflection data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113,C12016,doi.10． 1029/2007JC004678．
[31] 宋海斌,拜阳,董崇志,等.南海东北部内波特征-经验模态分解方法应用初探[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(2) :393～400, DOI:10． 3969/j.issn.0001 5733． 2010． 02． 017． Song H B,Bai Y,Dong C Z,et al.A preliminary study of application of Empirical Mode Decomposition method in understanding the features of internal waves in the northeastern South China Sea[J].Chinese J.Geophys.,2010,53(2) :393～400,DOI:10． 3969/j.issn.0001-5733． 2010． 02． 017．
[32] Paramo P,Holbrook W S.Temperature contrasts in the water column inferred from amplitude-versus offset analysis of acoustic reflections[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2005,32,L24611,doi:10． 1029/2005GL024533．
[33] Wood W T,Holbrook W S,Sen M K,et al.Full waveform inversion of reflection seismic data for ocean temperature profiles[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2008,35,L04608 10． 1029/2007GL032359．
[34] Ruddick B,Song H B,Dong C Z,et al.Water column seismic images as smoothed maps of dT/dz[J]. Oceanography,2009,22(1) :192～205．
[35] Buffett G G,Biescas B,Pelegri J L,et al.Seismic reflection along the path of the Mediterranean Undercurrent[J].Continental Shelf Research,2009,Doi:10． 1016/j.csr.2009． 05． 017．
[36] Nedimovic M R,Greenan B W,Louden K E,et al.Rose:coincident seismic and hydrographic survey of the Gulf Stream and slope waters southeast of Nova Scotia[OL].2008 Ocean Sciences Meeting,Abstract ID:2960． http://www.sgmeet.com/aslo/orlando2008/viewabstract2． asp? AbstractID =2960,2008．
[37] Jones S M,Hardy R J,Hardy D,et al.A large legacy seismic reflection dataset from rockall trough:causes and temporal variability of water layer response,and recognition of internal waves[OL].2008 Ocean Sciences Meeting,Abstract ID:1768．
[38] Uenzelmann-Neben G,Klaeschen D,Karhmann G,et al.Seismic reflections within the water column south of south africa:indications for the agulhas retroflection[OL].2008 Ocean Sciences Meeting,Abstract ID:494．
[39] Quentel E,Gutscher M A,Carton X,et al.Mesoscale structures in Mediterranean Outflow Water in the Gulf of Cadiz:analysis of legacy oceanographic and marine seismic data[J].Geophysical Research Abstracts,EGU2008-A 08088,EGU General Assembly,2008,10．
[40] Kormann J,Cobo P,Prieto A.Perfectly matched layers for modelling seismic oceanogrphy experiments[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2008,327(1-2) :354～365．
[41] Chen C T,Millero F J.Speed of sound in seawater at high pressures[J].Journal of the Acoustic Society of America,1977,62(5) :1129～1135．
[42] Holbrook W S.Seismic oceanography:imaging oceanic finestructure with reflection seismology[A].In:Oceanography in 2005:Proceeding of a Workshop[C],The National Academies Press,Washington D.C.,2009,157～162．
[2] Holbrook W S,Paramo P,Pearse S,etal.Thermohaline Fine Structure in an Oceanographic Front from Seismic Reflection Profiling[J].Science,2003,301(8) :821～824．
[3] 宋海斌,董崇志,陈林,等.用反射地震方法研究物理海洋-地震海洋学简介[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(4) :1156～1164． Song H B,Dong C Z,Chen L,et al.Reflection seismic methods for studying physical oceanography:introduction of seismic oceanography[J].Progress in Geophysics,2008,23 (4) :1156～1164．
[4] Obukhov A M.Scattering of sound in turbulent flow[J]. Dokl.Akad.Nauk.SSSR,1941,30(7) :611～614．
[5] Brandt A.Acoustic returns from density fluctuations in turbulent jets[A].In:Oceans[C].IEEE,Vol.75． IEEE,New York,1975．
[6] Orr M H,Hess F R.Remote acoustic monitoring of natural suspensate distributions,active suspensate and slope/shelf water intrusions[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1978,83(C8) :4062～4068．
[7] Haury L R,Wiebe P H,Orr M H,et al.Tidally generated high-frequency internal wave packets and their effects on plankton in Massachu-setts Bay[J].J.Mar.Res.,1983,41 (1) :65～112．
[8] Munk W H,Wunsch C.Ocean acoustic tomography:a scheme for large scale monitoring[J].Deep-Sea Res,1979,26(2A):123～161．
[9] Hunt J M,Hays E E,Degens E T,et al.Red Sea:Detailed Survey of Hot Brine Areas[J].Science,1967,56(3774) :514～ 516．
[10] Bouma A H,Stelting C E,Feeley M H.“High Resolution Seismic Reflection Profiles[A].In:Seismic Expression of Structural Styles[C].American Association of Petroleum Geologists,Tulsa,1983．
[11] Dugdale Donald.Navy Plays a Listening Game in Search for Soviet Subs[J].Defense Electronics,1986,18(3) :68～74．
[12] Gonella J,Michon D.Ondes internes profondes révélées par sismique réflexion au sein des masses d'eau en Atlantique-Est [J].Acad.Sci.Paris Ser.Ⅱ,1988,306(12) :781～787．
[13] Phillips J D,Dean D F.Multichannel acoustic reflection profiling of ocean water mass temperature/salinity interfaces [A].In:Ocean Variability and Acoustic Propagation[C]. Springer,New York,1991,199～214．
[14] Holbrook W S,Fer I.Ocean internal wave spectra inferred from seismic reflection transects[J].Geophys.Res.Lett. 2005,32,L15604 10． 1029/2005GL023733．
[15] Tsuji T,Noguchi T,Niino H,et al.Two-dimensional mapping of fine structures in the Kuroshio Current using seismic reflection data[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2005,32,L14609,doi:10． 1029/2005GL023095．
[16] Noguchi T,Niino H,Nakamura Y,et al.Thermohaline interleaving in the Kuroshio Extension Front:Seismic reflection imagery and in situ measurements[A].In:Eos Trans.AGU,Ocean Sci.Meet.,Suppl.,Abstract OS14I- 06[C],Vol.87(36) ,Honolulu,2006．
[17] White N,Koenitz D,Hobbs R.Seismic imaging of fronts associated with Antarctic Circumpolar Current near Drake Passage[A].In:Eos Trans.AGU,Ocean Sci.Meet.,Suppl.,Abstract OS14I 04[C],Vol.87(36) ,Honolulu,2006．
[18] Pinheiro L M,Song H,Ruddick B R,et al.Detailed 2-D imaging of the Mediterranean Outflow and Meddies off W Iberia from multichannel seismic data[A].In:Eos Trans. AGU,Ocean Sci.Meet.,Suppl.,Abstract OS13I 02[C],Vol.87(36) ,Honolulu,2006．
[19] Klaeschen D,Papenberg C,Reston T,et al.Seismic images and properties of a Meddy[A].In:Eos Trans.AGU,Ocean Sci.Meet.,Suppl.,Abstract OS13I-03[C],Vol.87(36) ,Honolulu,2006．
[20] Biescas B,Sallares V,Pelegri J L,et al.Imaging meddy finestructure using multichannel seismic reflection data[J]. Geophys.Res.Lett.2008,35,L11609 10． 1029/2008GL033971．
[21] Pinheiro L M,Song H B,Ruddick B,et al.Detailed 2-D imaging of the Mediterranean Outflow and Meddies off W Iberia from Multichannel Seismic Data[J].J Mar Syst,2009,doi:10． 1016/j.jmarsys.2009． 07． 004．
[22] 宋海斌,Pinheiro L M,王东晓,等.海洋中尺度涡与内波的地震图像[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(11) :2775～2780,DOI:10． 3969/j/issn.0001 5733． 2009． 11． 012． Song H B,Pinheiro L M,Wang D X,et al.Seismic images of ocean meso-scale eddies and internal waves[J].Chinese J.Geophys.,2009,52(11) :2775～2780,DOI:10． 3969/j/ issn.0001-5733． 2009． 11． 012．
[23] Bullock A D,Holbrook W S,Ruddick B.Enhanced finestructure around an intrathermocline lens in the Norwegian Sea[A].In:Eos Trans.AGU,Ocean Sci. Meet.,Suppl.,Abstract OS13I04[C],Vol.87(36) ,Honolulu,2006．
[24] Seymour J C,Holbrook W S,Schmitt R W.Velocity structure of a Loop Current eddy using the gradient-current method on a seismic section from the Gulf of Mexico[A]. In:Eos Trans.AGU,Ocean Sci.Meet.,Suppl.,Abstract OS13I-05[C],Vol.87(36) ,Honolulu,2006．
[25] Nandi P,Holbrook W S,Pearse S,et al.Seismic reflection imaging of water mass boundaries in the Norwegian Sea[J]. Geophys.Res.Lett.,2004,31,L23311,doi:10． 1029/ 2004GL021325．
[26] Huthnance J,Hobbs R,Naveira Garabato A.Imaging the time dependence of water boundaries in the Faroe-Shetland Channel[A].In:Eos Trans.AGU,Ocean Sei.Meet.,Suppl.,Abstract OS13I06[C],Vol.87(36) ,Honolulu,2006．
[27] Nandi P,Schmitt R W,Holbrook W S.Seismic imaging of a thermohaline staircase in the western tropical Atlantic,In: Eos Trans[A].AGU,Ocean Sci.Meet.,Suppl.,Abstract OS16I-01[C],Vol.87(36) ,Honolulu,2006．
[28] Ambar I,Bezerra R,Pinheiro L M,et al.Thermohaline staircases viewed by contemporaneous seismic imaging[OL]. 1st ESF.Exploratory Workshop on Seismic Oceanography. November,19-21,2008． Begur,Girona(Spain).http:// www.cmima.csic.es/files/sow/IAmbar.pdf,2008．
[29] 董崇志,宋海斌,郝天珧,等.南海东北部海洋内波的反射地震研究[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(8) :2050～2055,DOI:10． 3969/j.issn.0001 5733． 2009． 08． 013． Dong C Z,Song H B,Hao T Y,et al.Studing of oceanic internal wave spectra in the Northeast South China Sea from seismic reflections[J].Chinese J.Geophys.2009,52(8) : 2050～2055,DOI:10． 3969/j.issn.0001 5733． 2009． 08． 013．
[30] Krahmann G,Brandt P,Klaeschen D,et al.Mid-depth internal wave energy off the Iberian Peninsula estimated from seismic reflection data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113,C12016,doi.10． 1029/2007JC004678．
[31] 宋海斌,拜阳,董崇志,等.南海东北部内波特征-经验模态分解方法应用初探[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(2) :393～400, DOI:10． 3969/j.issn.0001 5733． 2010． 02． 017． Song H B,Bai Y,Dong C Z,et al.A preliminary study of application of Empirical Mode Decomposition method in understanding the features of internal waves in the northeastern South China Sea[J].Chinese J.Geophys.,2010,53(2) :393～400,DOI:10． 3969/j.issn.0001-5733． 2010． 02． 017．
[32] Paramo P,Holbrook W S.Temperature contrasts in the water column inferred from amplitude-versus offset analysis of acoustic reflections[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2005,32,L24611,doi:10． 1029/2005GL024533．
[33] Wood W T,Holbrook W S,Sen M K,et al.Full waveform inversion of reflection seismic data for ocean temperature profiles[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2008,35,L04608 10． 1029/2007GL032359．
[34] Ruddick B,Song H B,Dong C Z,et al.Water column seismic images as smoothed maps of dT/dz[J]. Oceanography,2009,22(1) :192～205．
[35] Buffett G G,Biescas B,Pelegri J L,et al.Seismic reflection along the path of the Mediterranean Undercurrent[J].Continental Shelf Research,2009,Doi:10． 1016/j.csr.2009． 05． 017．
[36] Nedimovic M R,Greenan B W,Louden K E,et al.Rose:coincident seismic and hydrographic survey of the Gulf Stream and slope waters southeast of Nova Scotia[OL].2008 Ocean Sciences Meeting,Abstract ID:2960． http://www.sgmeet.com/aslo/orlando2008/viewabstract2． asp? AbstractID =2960,2008．
[37] Jones S M,Hardy R J,Hardy D,et al.A large legacy seismic reflection dataset from rockall trough:causes and temporal variability of water layer response,and recognition of internal waves[OL].2008 Ocean Sciences Meeting,Abstract ID:1768．
[38] Uenzelmann-Neben G,Klaeschen D,Karhmann G,et al.Seismic reflections within the water column south of south africa:indications for the agulhas retroflection[OL].2008 Ocean Sciences Meeting,Abstract ID:494．
[39] Quentel E,Gutscher M A,Carton X,et al.Mesoscale structures in Mediterranean Outflow Water in the Gulf of Cadiz:analysis of legacy oceanographic and marine seismic data[J].Geophysical Research Abstracts,EGU2008-A 08088,EGU General Assembly,2008,10．
[40] Kormann J,Cobo P,Prieto A.Perfectly matched layers for modelling seismic oceanogrphy experiments[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2008,327(1-2) :354～365．
[41] Chen C T,Millero F J.Speed of sound in seawater at high pressures[J].Journal of the Acoustic Society of America,1977,62(5) :1129～1135．
[42] Holbrook W S.Seismic oceanography:imaging oceanic finestructure with reflection seismology[A].In:Oceanography in 2005:Proceeding of a Workshop[C],The National Academies Press,Washington D.C.,2009,157～162．
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