汶川地震山地灾害遥感快速提取及其分布特点分析
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摘要
针对泥石流滑坡灾害体特有的物质组成与活动特点,通过比较分析其在不同遥感影像的光谱特征差异,选择ETM+影像作为主要数据源,提取湿度指数与绿度指数,利用ETM+的穗帽变换、影像差值增强、密度分割和掩膜技术建立了泥石流滑坡山地灾害快速提取模型,并用于汶川地震。通过灾害体的提取,分析了本次地震山地次生灾害的分布规律,利用空间叠加进行了成因的分析。本次地震山地灾害具有如下特点:(1)沿主要地表破裂带分布;(2)山地灾害主要出现在8度—9度地震烈度区,随着烈度的降低,山地灾害的总面积也相应的减少;(3)山地灾害主要发生在海拔高度1000—2500m的地带;(4)主要发生在坡度20°—50°之间的边坡上;(5)地震及余震期间以崩塌滑坡滚石为主,后期以泥石流滑坡为主;(6)具有河流左右两岸呈不对称分布等特点。结果表明,利用ETM+影像建立基于湿度指数与绿度指数的快速提取模型,对于大规模泥石流滑坡提取效果较好,进行大区域山地灾害的遥感快速提取是可行的。
The deadly Wenchuan Earthquake hit Wengchuan,a small city southwest of Sichuan Province,China,with a magnitude of 8.0,at 14∶28 local time of May 12.It shook more than half of China and brought devastation to more than fifty counties.The earthquake has not only caused numerous personnel casualties and destroyed kinds of facility directly,but also induced a lot of mountain hazards,and superimposed the hazards more severely.The extraction of earthquake-induced moutain hazards using remote sensing images has important significance for earthquake relief,assessment of bearing capacity of disaster area and reconstruction work after earthquake.The extraction of disaster area is realized by a method combination of information enhancement,information fusion and visual interpretation.According to the active characteristic and material combination of debris flows and landslides,we compare and analyze the spectral feature difference of different images and take ETM+ image as main data source.Debris flows and landslides have two distinct properties of higher water content and lower vegetation cover.The reflective features on remote sensing images are soil moisture and vegetation coverage,which can be reflected by wetness index and green index.After the extraction of wetness index and green index,tasseled cap transformation,image difference reinforcement,density slide and mask technology are used to build the quick extraction model for debris flows and landslides.The model is used to extract mountain hazards induced by Wenchuan earthquake.The distribution rule and feature of geo-hazard and genesis are analyzed by spatial overlay.Mountain hazards induced by the earthquake distribute mainly along Longmenshan Mountain earthquake zones and rivers on both hillsides.They have the following characteristics: 1.The types of mountain hazards are diverse,including collapses,landslides,rockfalls,imprisoned lakes,debris flows and so on.2.The relation is closed between the strong level of the action and the intensity of the earthquake.The mountain hazards are mainly present in the earthquake intensity area from 8 degree to 11 degree.With the intensity reduced,the gross area of geo-hazard decreased.3.The mountain hazards mainly occurred in areas 1000m to 2500m altitude.4.The gradient of the slop of generating geo-hazard mainly varied in the range from 20 to 50 degree.5.In quantity by collapseds,landslides,rockfalls primarily during aftershock and landslides,debris flows primarily during anaphase.6.Pair of ecological environment destruction is enormous.
The deadly Wenchuan Earthquake hit Wengchuan,a small city southwest of Sichuan Province,China,with a magnitude of 8.0,at 14∶28 local time of May 12.It shook more than half of China and brought devastation to more than fifty counties.The earthquake has not only caused numerous personnel casualties and destroyed kinds of facility directly,but also induced a lot of mountain hazards,and superimposed the hazards more severely.The extraction of earthquake-induced moutain hazards using remote sensing images has important significance for earthquake relief,assessment of bearing capacity of disaster area and reconstruction work after earthquake.The extraction of disaster area is realized by a method combination of information enhancement,information fusion and visual interpretation.According to the active characteristic and material combination of debris flows and landslides,we compare and analyze the spectral feature difference of different images and take ETM+ image as main data source.Debris flows and landslides have two distinct properties of higher water content and lower vegetation cover.The reflective features on remote sensing images are soil moisture and vegetation coverage,which can be reflected by wetness index and green index.After the extraction of wetness index and green index,tasseled cap transformation,image difference reinforcement,density slide and mask technology are used to build the quick extraction model for debris flows and landslides.The model is used to extract mountain hazards induced by Wenchuan earthquake.The distribution rule and feature of geo-hazard and genesis are analyzed by spatial overlay.Mountain hazards induced by the earthquake distribute mainly along Longmenshan Mountain earthquake zones and rivers on both hillsides.They have the following characteristics: 1.The types of mountain hazards are diverse,including collapses,landslides,rockfalls,imprisoned lakes,debris flows and so on.2.The relation is closed between the strong level of the action and the intensity of the earthquake.The mountain hazards are mainly present in the earthquake intensity area from 8 degree to 11 degree.With the intensity reduced,the gross area of geo-hazard decreased.3.The mountain hazards mainly occurred in areas 1000m to 2500m altitude.4.The gradient of the slop of generating geo-hazard mainly varied in the range from 20 to 50 degree.5.In quantity by collapseds,landslides,rockfalls primarily during aftershock and landslides,debris flows primarily during anaphase.6.Pair of ecological environment destruction is enormous.
引文
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[2]Garwood NC,Janos D P,BrokawN.Earthquake-Caused Land-slides:A Major Disturbance to Tropic Forests[J].Science,1979,205:997—999
[3]Keefer D K.Landslides Caused by Earthquakes[J].GeologicalSociety American Bulletin,1984,95:406—421.
[4]Tang C,Huang C X,Wan Y.Lijiang Earthquake and the In-duced Rockfalls and Slumps in Yunnan[J].Journal ofNaturalDisasters,1997,6(3):76—84.[唐川,黄楚兴,万晔.云南省丽江大地震及其诱发的崩塌滑坡灾害特征[J].自然灾害学报,1997,6(3):76—84.]
[5]Cui P,Wei F Q,He S M,et al.Mountain Disasters Induced bythe Earthquake of May12 in Wenchuan and the Disasters Mitiga-tion[J].Journal ofMountain Science,2008,26(3):280—282.[崔鹏,韦方强,何思明等.5.12汶川地震诱发的山地灾害及减灾措施[J].山地学报,2008,26(3):280—282.]
[6]Cui P,Wei F Q,Chen X Q,et al.Geo-Hazard in WenchuanEarthquake Area and Countermeasure for Disaster Reduction[J].S&Tfor Disaster Relief,2008,23(4):317—323.[崔鹏,韦方强,陈晓清等.汶川地震次生山地灾害及其减灾对策[J].中国科学院院刊,2008,23(4):317—323.]
[7]Wang Z H.Remote Sensing for Landslides in China[J].RemoteSensing for Land&Resources,2005,63(1):1—7.[王治华.中国滑坡遥感[J].国土资源遥感,2005,63(1):1—7.]
[8]Wang Z H.RS+GCPs Select Basic Information of Landslide[J].The Chinese Journal ofGeological Hazard and Control,2004,15(1):94—101.[王治华.RS+GCPs获取滑坡基本信息[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2004,15(1):94—101]
[9]Li TF,Xu Y R,Pan M,et al.Study on Interpretation of Rain-Induced Group ShallowLandslides Based on Multi-Period SPOT-5 Remote Sensing Images[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Uni-versitatis Pekinensis,2007,1(3):1—7.[李铁锋,徐岳仁,潘懋等.基于多期SPOT-5影像的降雨型浅层滑坡遥感解译研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版):2007,1(3):1—7.]
[10]An Q M,Ding LF,Wang HZ,et al.Research of Property andActivity of Longmen Mountain Fault Zone[J].Grustal Deforma-tion and Earthquake,2004,24(2),115—119.[安其美,丁立丰,王海忠等.龙门山断裂带的性质与活动性研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2004,24(2),115—119.]
[11]Costa J,E,Schuster R I.The Formation and Failure of NaturalDams[J].Geogicall Sco America bulletin,1998,100,1054—1068.
[12]Chai HJ,Liu HC,Zhang Z Y.The Temporal-Soatial Distribu-tion of Damming Landslides in China[J].Journal ofMountainScience,2000,18(Suppl.):51—54.
[13]Kallen D,Xiang W,Rohn E D.Landslides at Qingjiang Riverin the Downstream Area of Shuibuya Dam Site,China[J].Journal ofChina UniversityofGeosciences,2006,17(2):158—162.
[14]Yang C J,Liu J Y,Hang H,et al.Correlation Analysis of theBiomass of the Tropical Forest Vegetation,Meteorological Dataand Topographical data[J].Geographical Research,2005,24(3):473—479.[杨存建,刘纪远,黄河等.热带森林植被生物量与遥感地学数据之间的相关性分析[J].地理研究,2005,24(3):473—479.]
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