韩国的气候和农业(1799-1825)
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摘要
文章主要依据《朝鲜王朝实录》、《朝鲜古代观测记录》和年轮年代学有关材料 ,阐明了 1799-182 5年韩国的气候与农业生产之间的相互关系。根据气温、降雨日和降雨量的变动 ,从历史文献和年轮年代学材料都可以看出 ,在这一期间 ,韩国也与同时期的其他国家一样 ,经历了“小冰期”的气候异常。旱灾、洪水、强雪、冰雹、地震、海啸等异常气候现象 ,不仅严重影响了当时的农业生产 ,也引发了严重的生存危机
This paper is basically performed to clarify the correlation of the cl imate and agriculture of Korea during the period of 1799~1825. In the viewpoint s of climatic and agricultural history, there are several books which were util ized for this papers, especially Chao-xian-wang-chao-shi-lu(朝 鲜王朝实录),Chao-xian-gu-dai-guan-ce-ji-lu(朝鲜古代观 测记录),and‘Tree-ring research data(Dend rochronology)’as main materials. The main interests were imposed on‘temperatur e’,‘rainfall’, and‘rainy days’.The results of‘historical documents’ and‘ tree-ring research’turned out to be almost the same, it's absolutely sure that Korea of this period(1799-1825) suffered from the climatic catastrophes, based on‘Little Ice Age’.Due to ‘Climatic catastrophes’,‘production decreases and failures’,‘famines’,‘epidemics’,‘popular uprisings’,‘social disorders’ ,etc., there is no doubt that this period deserves to be named ‘Subsistence Cri sis’.
This paper is basically performed to clarify the correlation of the cl imate and agriculture of Korea during the period of 1799~1825. In the viewpoint s of climatic and agricultural history, there are several books which were util ized for this papers, especially Chao-xian-wang-chao-shi-lu(朝 鲜王朝实录),Chao-xian-gu-dai-guan-ce-ji-lu(朝鲜古代观 测记录),and‘Tree-ring research data(Dend rochronology)’as main materials. The main interests were imposed on‘temperatur e’,‘rainfall’, and‘rainy days’.The results of‘historical documents’ and‘ tree-ring research’turned out to be almost the same, it's absolutely sure that Korea of this period(1799-1825) suffered from the climatic catastrophes, based on‘Little Ice Age’.Due to ‘Climatic catastrophes’,‘production decreases and failures’,‘famines’,‘epidemics’,‘popular uprisings’,‘social disorders’ ,etc., there is no doubt that this period deserves to be named ‘Subsistence Cri sis’.
引文
[1]H .H .Lamb.LittieIceage:backgroundtohistoryofsixteenthandseventeencenturies.Climate,historyandmordernworld[M].London:Metheuen&co,1982.
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[3]罗钟一.17世纪危机论和韩国史[J].历史学报,第94、95合辑,1982.
[4]金莲玉.韩国的小冰期气候-接近历史气候学试论[J].地理学科地理教育,14,1984.
[5]金莲玉.朝鲜时代的气候环境-史料分析为中心.地理学论文[J].第14集,1987.
[6]金莲玉.韩国的气候和文化[M].3版,梨花女子大学校出版部,1994.
[7]李泰镇.外界衡击,大灾难说(Neo-Catastrophism)和人类历史的新的解释[J].历史学报,第164集,1999.
[8]李泰镇.小冰期(1500-1750)天灾研究和《朝鲜王朝实录》-globalhistory中的一章[J].历史学报.第149集,1996.
[9]金连熙.关于朝鲜时代的气候和农业变动的研究[D].庆北大学经济学硕士学位论文,1996.
[10]崔钟南,柳根培,朴元圭.利用亚寒带针叶树林年轮年代纪使中部山间地域的古气候复原[A].韩国第四期学会志[C],6册1号,1992.
[11]C .E .P .Brooks.Climatethroughtheages[M].NewYork,1949.
[12]GustavUtterstrm m.ClimaticFluctuationsandPopulationsinEarlyModemHistory[A].TheScandinavianEcon[C],Hist,Rev.3,1955.
[13]EmmanuelLeRoyLadurie.TimesofFeast,TimesofFamine:AHistoryofClimateSincetheYear1000[M].NewYork:TheNoondaypress,StrausandGiroux,1988.
[14]H .H .Lamb.Climate,historyandmordernworld[M].
[15]F .Braudel.物质文明和资本主义I-1日常生活构造(上)[M].朱京哲(译).图书出版(喜鹊),1995.
[16]H .H .Lamb.Climate:Present,PastandFuture[M].London:Methuen&co,1977.
[17]H .H .Lamb.VolcanicDustintheAtmosphere:WithaChronologyandanAssessmentofitsMeteorologicalSignificance[A].Philo sophicalTransactionsoftheRoyalSociety[C],Ser,A ,266,1970.
[18]WillisI.Milham.Theyear1816,theCausesofAbnormalities[A].MonthlyweatherReview52[C],December,1924.
[19]JeanMeuvret.DemographicCrisisinFrancefromtheSixteentotheEighteenthCentury[A].In:D .V .GlassandD .E .C .Ever sley,eds..PopulationinHistory[C].London,1965.
[20]ChesterDewey.ResultsofMeteorologicalObservationsMadeatWilliamstown,Massachusetts[A].MemoirsoftheAmericanAcad emyofArtsandSciences[C].4,1818-1821.
[21]纯祖实录.12册.纯祖9年12月7日.户曹判书.李晚秀.
[22]纯祖实录.17册.纯祖13年11月11日.
[23]纯祖实录.5册.纯祖3年2月16日.
[24]增补文献备考.象伟正.10-物异.2.地震编
[2]JohnDPost.ThelastGreatSubsistenceCrisisinthewesternworld[M].Baltimore:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,1977.
[3]罗钟一.17世纪危机论和韩国史[J].历史学报,第94、95合辑,1982.
[4]金莲玉.韩国的小冰期气候-接近历史气候学试论[J].地理学科地理教育,14,1984.
[5]金莲玉.朝鲜时代的气候环境-史料分析为中心.地理学论文[J].第14集,1987.
[6]金莲玉.韩国的气候和文化[M].3版,梨花女子大学校出版部,1994.
[7]李泰镇.外界衡击,大灾难说(Neo-Catastrophism)和人类历史的新的解释[J].历史学报,第164集,1999.
[8]李泰镇.小冰期(1500-1750)天灾研究和《朝鲜王朝实录》-globalhistory中的一章[J].历史学报.第149集,1996.
[9]金连熙.关于朝鲜时代的气候和农业变动的研究[D].庆北大学经济学硕士学位论文,1996.
[10]崔钟南,柳根培,朴元圭.利用亚寒带针叶树林年轮年代纪使中部山间地域的古气候复原[A].韩国第四期学会志[C],6册1号,1992.
[11]C .E .P .Brooks.Climatethroughtheages[M].NewYork,1949.
[12]GustavUtterstrm m.ClimaticFluctuationsandPopulationsinEarlyModemHistory[A].TheScandinavianEcon[C],Hist,Rev.3,1955.
[13]EmmanuelLeRoyLadurie.TimesofFeast,TimesofFamine:AHistoryofClimateSincetheYear1000[M].NewYork:TheNoondaypress,StrausandGiroux,1988.
[14]H .H .Lamb.Climate,historyandmordernworld[M].
[15]F .Braudel.物质文明和资本主义I-1日常生活构造(上)[M].朱京哲(译).图书出版(喜鹊),1995.
[16]H .H .Lamb.Climate:Present,PastandFuture[M].London:Methuen&co,1977.
[17]H .H .Lamb.VolcanicDustintheAtmosphere:WithaChronologyandanAssessmentofitsMeteorologicalSignificance[A].Philo sophicalTransactionsoftheRoyalSociety[C],Ser,A ,266,1970.
[18]WillisI.Milham.Theyear1816,theCausesofAbnormalities[A].MonthlyweatherReview52[C],December,1924.
[19]JeanMeuvret.DemographicCrisisinFrancefromtheSixteentotheEighteenthCentury[A].In:D .V .GlassandD .E .C .Ever sley,eds..PopulationinHistory[C].London,1965.
[20]ChesterDewey.ResultsofMeteorologicalObservationsMadeatWilliamstown,Massachusetts[A].MemoirsoftheAmericanAcad emyofArtsandSciences[C].4,1818-1821.
[21]纯祖实录.12册.纯祖9年12月7日.户曹判书.李晚秀.
[22]纯祖实录.17册.纯祖13年11月11日.
[23]纯祖实录.5册.纯祖3年2月16日.
[24]增补文献备考.象伟正.10-物异.2.地震编
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