建筑结构倒塌过程模拟与防倒塌设计
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摘要
针对结构性能的数值模拟方法进行了综合分析,基于离散单元法提出了结构倒塌分析的理论模型。通过试验研究了混凝土块体间碰撞的力学行为,并结合扩展的数值分析建立了混凝土块体在不同碰撞形式下的计算模型。针对建筑物内的局部爆炸作用,在分析构件反应的基础上采用离散单元法对结构平面及空间倒塌过程进行了数值模拟。建立了适用于任意加载路径的材料弹簧力-位移本构关系,据此分析了地震作用下钢筋混凝土框架结构以及砌体结构空间倒塌过程。采用基于OpenGL的图形建模技术,实现了结构倒塌过程数值模拟结果的三维可视化。模拟结果与振动台模型试验结果及工程实测结果比较表明,所采用的离散单元法适合结构大变形阶段的分析。为提高计算效率和精度,有必要采用多尺度的模拟分析。另外,对不同荷载及作用下建筑结构抗倒塌设计方法进行了总结。并指出结构参数对抗连续倒塌性能的影响、结构倒塌机理、实用的防连续倒塌设计方法以及地震作用下结构防倒塌定量设计方法等方面尚待深入研究,以便建立相应的防倒塌设计规范。
Numerical methods for simulating structural behavior of buildings are reviewed and analyzed.Based on discrete element method (DEM) in which the structural elements are discretized reasonably,a new numerical simulation model is employed in this paper to analyze the collapse process of building structures.Theoretical model to calculate the impact action between discrete concrete blocks or elements is proposed through collision tests.By studying the structural responses under blast loads,both plane and spatial collapse processes of reinforced concrete frame structures are simulated.By defining the constitutive relationships with failure criterion for springs in material level under arbitrary loading paths,the numerical simulation of spatial collapse process for reinforced concrete frame structures and masonry structures are also performed.Comparing with the shaking table tests and the results obtained from the practical project,it can be concluded that the proposed DEM based simulation method can be commendably used to simulate the collapse process of building structures by choosing rational discretization plan and reasonable impact model.To improve the simulation accuracy and increase the speed of calculation,it is better to adopt the multi-scale simulation technology in the future.The design method to resist progressive collapse is also discussed.According to the state of the art,further research is recognized to be needed to identify the structural parameters influencing the progressive collapse behavior and the collapse mechanism of building structures.The practical design method for progressive collapse resistant design and the quantitative design method to resist collapse of building structures under earthquake should be developed and implemented in future code.
Numerical methods for simulating structural behavior of buildings are reviewed and analyzed.Based on discrete element method (DEM) in which the structural elements are discretized reasonably,a new numerical simulation model is employed in this paper to analyze the collapse process of building structures.Theoretical model to calculate the impact action between discrete concrete blocks or elements is proposed through collision tests.By studying the structural responses under blast loads,both plane and spatial collapse processes of reinforced concrete frame structures are simulated.By defining the constitutive relationships with failure criterion for springs in material level under arbitrary loading paths,the numerical simulation of spatial collapse process for reinforced concrete frame structures and masonry structures are also performed.Comparing with the shaking table tests and the results obtained from the practical project,it can be concluded that the proposed DEM based simulation method can be commendably used to simulate the collapse process of building structures by choosing rational discretization plan and reasonable impact model.To improve the simulation accuracy and increase the speed of calculation,it is better to adopt the multi-scale simulation technology in the future.The design method to resist progressive collapse is also discussed.According to the state of the art,further research is recognized to be needed to identify the structural parameters influencing the progressive collapse behavior and the collapse mechanism of building structures.The practical design method for progressive collapse resistant design and the quantitative design method to resist collapse of building structures under earthquake should be developed and implemented in future code.
引文
[1]Luccioni B M,Ambrosini R D,Danesi R F.Analysis of building collapse under blast loads[J].Engineering Structures,2004,26(1):63-71.
[2]梁益,陆新征,李易,等.国外RC框架抗连续倒塌设计方法的检验与分析[J].建筑结构,2010,40(2):8-12.(Liang Yi,Lu Xinzheng,Li Yi,et al.Veriation and analysis on foreign progressive collapse prevention design methods of RC frame structures[J].Building Structure,2010,40(2):8-12.(in Chinese))
[3]Cundall P A.A computer methods for simulating progressive large scale movements in blocky rock systems[C]//Proceedings of the symposium of the International society of rock mechanics,Nancy,France:International Society of rock mechanics,1971:151-169.
[4]Huang Q H,Gu X L,Zhang Q.Simulation system for collapse responses of reinforced concrete frame structures[C]//Proceedings of the9th International Conference on Inspection Appraisal,Repairs&Maintenance of Structures.Singapore:CI-Premier Conference Organization,2006:223-230.
[5]顾祥林,黄庆华,吴周偲.钢筋混凝土柱考虑损伤累积的反复荷载-位移关系分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,2006,26(4):68-74.(Gu Xianglin,Huang Qinghua,Wu Zhousi.Analysis of load-displacement relationship for RC columns under reversed load considering accumulative damage[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration.2006,26(4):68-74.(in Chinese))
[6]Gu X L,Li C.Computer simulation for reinforced concrete structures demolished by controlled explosion[C]//Computing in Civil and Building Engineering.Stanford,USA:ASCE,2000:82-89.
[7]侯健,顾祥林,林峰.混凝土块体碰撞过程中的动能损耗[J].同济大学学报:自然科学版,2008,36(7):880-884.(Hou Jian,Gu Xianglin,Lin Feng.Kinetic energy loss in impact action between concrete blocks[J].Journal of Tongji University:Natural Science,2008,36(7):880-884.(in Chinese))
[8]侯健,林峰,顾祥林.描述混凝土块体间碰撞性能的冲量模型[J].振动与冲击,2007,26(10):1-5.(Hou Jian,Lin Feng,Gu Xianglin.Impulse model of impact between concrete blocks[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2007,26(10):1-5.(in Chinese))
[9]Yin X J,Lin F,Kuang X X,et al.Rupture criteria of reinforced concrete walls and columns subjected to blast loads[C]//Proceedings of the8th International Conference on Shock&Impact Loads on Structures.Singapore:CI-Premier Conference Organization,2009:747-753.[10]Yin X J,Gu X L,Lin F,et al.Numerical analysis of blast loads inside buildings[C]//Proceedings of the8th International Conference on Shock&Impact Loads on Structures.Singapore:CI-Premier Conference Organization,2009:681-690.
[11]苗吉军,顾祥林,张伟平,等.地震作用下砌体结构倒塌反应的数值模拟计算分析[J].土木工程学报,2005,38(9):45-52.(Miao Jijun,Gu Xianglin,Zhang Weiping,et al.Numerical simulation analysis for the collapse response of masonry structures under earthquakes[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2005,38(9):45-52.(in Chinese))
[12]彭斌,顾祥林,苗吉军,等.砌体结构倒塌反应的图形仿真技术[J].同济大学学报:自然科学版,2004,32(10):21-26.(Peng Bin,Gu Xianglin,Miao Jijun,et al.Graphic simulation technology for collapse response analysis of masonry structures[J].Journal of Tongji University:Natural Science,2004,32(10):21-26.(in Chinese))
[13]彭斌,顾祥林,黄庆华.建筑结构仿真分析中的可视化技术[J].上海理工大学学报,2008,30(5):414-420.(Peng Bin,Gu XiangLin,Huang Qinghua.3dimensional visualization technologies for simulation analysis of building structures[J].Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,2008,30(5):414-420.(in Chinese))
[14]王英,林峰,顾祥林.结构抗连续倒塌设计方法评述[J].结构工程师,2009,25(5):142-148.(Wang Ying,Lin Feng,Gu Xianglin.Design methods for buildings to resist progressive collapse[J].Structural Engineers,2009,25(5):142-148.(in Chinese))
[15]师燕超,李忠献,郝洪.爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土框架结构的连续倒塌分析[J].解放军理工大学学报:自然科学版,2007,8(6):652-658.(Shi Yanchao,Li Zhongxian,Hao Hong.Numerical analysis of progressive collapse of reinforced concrete frame under blast loading[J].Journal of PLA University of Science and Technology:Natural Science Edition,2007,8(6):652-658.(in Chinese))
[16]赵新源,林峰,顾祥林,等.局部爆炸作用下混凝土框架结构抗连续倒塌设计[J].结构工程师,2009,25(6):12-18.(Zhao Xinyuan,Lin Feng,Gu Xianglin,et al.Design of reinforced concrete frame structures to resist progressive collapse under blast loading[J].Structural Engineers,2009,25(6):12-18(in Chinese))
[17]GSA2003Progressive collapse analysis and design guidelines for new federal office buildings and major modernization project[S].U.S.General Services Administration,2003.
[18]Marjanishvili S,Agnew E.Comparison of variousprocedures for progressive collapse analysis[J].Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities,2006,20(4):365-374.
[19]金丰年,贾金刚,徐迎,等.基于GSA规范改进方法的框架结构连续性倒塌分析[J].解放军理工大学学报:自然科学版,2009,10(2):144-150.(Jin Fengnian,Jia Jingang,Xu Ying,et al.Progressive collapse of concrete frame buildings based on U.S.improved general serviced administration guidelines[J].Journal of PLA University of Science and Technology:Natrual Science Edition,2009,10(2):144-150.(in Chinese))
[20]梁益,陆新征,李易,等.3层RC框架的抗连续倒塌设计[J].解放军理工大学学报,2007,8(6):659-664.(Liang Yi,Lu Xinzheng,Li Yi,et al.Design method to resist progressive collapse for a three story RC frame[J].Journal of PLA University of Science and Technology:Natrual Science Edition,2007,8(6):659-664.(in Chinese))
[21]王英,林峰,顾祥林.爆炸荷载作用下材料强度设计值的确定方法[J].建筑结构学报,2010,31(增刊2):220-225.(WANG Ying,LIN Feng,GU Xianglin.Method to determinate the design value of material strength for structures under blast load[J].Journal of Building Structures,2010,31(Suppl.2):220-225.(in Chinese))
[2]梁益,陆新征,李易,等.国外RC框架抗连续倒塌设计方法的检验与分析[J].建筑结构,2010,40(2):8-12.(Liang Yi,Lu Xinzheng,Li Yi,et al.Veriation and analysis on foreign progressive collapse prevention design methods of RC frame structures[J].Building Structure,2010,40(2):8-12.(in Chinese))
[3]Cundall P A.A computer methods for simulating progressive large scale movements in blocky rock systems[C]//Proceedings of the symposium of the International society of rock mechanics,Nancy,France:International Society of rock mechanics,1971:151-169.
[4]Huang Q H,Gu X L,Zhang Q.Simulation system for collapse responses of reinforced concrete frame structures[C]//Proceedings of the9th International Conference on Inspection Appraisal,Repairs&Maintenance of Structures.Singapore:CI-Premier Conference Organization,2006:223-230.
[5]顾祥林,黄庆华,吴周偲.钢筋混凝土柱考虑损伤累积的反复荷载-位移关系分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,2006,26(4):68-74.(Gu Xianglin,Huang Qinghua,Wu Zhousi.Analysis of load-displacement relationship for RC columns under reversed load considering accumulative damage[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration.2006,26(4):68-74.(in Chinese))
[6]Gu X L,Li C.Computer simulation for reinforced concrete structures demolished by controlled explosion[C]//Computing in Civil and Building Engineering.Stanford,USA:ASCE,2000:82-89.
[7]侯健,顾祥林,林峰.混凝土块体碰撞过程中的动能损耗[J].同济大学学报:自然科学版,2008,36(7):880-884.(Hou Jian,Gu Xianglin,Lin Feng.Kinetic energy loss in impact action between concrete blocks[J].Journal of Tongji University:Natural Science,2008,36(7):880-884.(in Chinese))
[8]侯健,林峰,顾祥林.描述混凝土块体间碰撞性能的冲量模型[J].振动与冲击,2007,26(10):1-5.(Hou Jian,Lin Feng,Gu Xianglin.Impulse model of impact between concrete blocks[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2007,26(10):1-5.(in Chinese))
[9]Yin X J,Lin F,Kuang X X,et al.Rupture criteria of reinforced concrete walls and columns subjected to blast loads[C]//Proceedings of the8th International Conference on Shock&Impact Loads on Structures.Singapore:CI-Premier Conference Organization,2009:747-753.[10]Yin X J,Gu X L,Lin F,et al.Numerical analysis of blast loads inside buildings[C]//Proceedings of the8th International Conference on Shock&Impact Loads on Structures.Singapore:CI-Premier Conference Organization,2009:681-690.
[11]苗吉军,顾祥林,张伟平,等.地震作用下砌体结构倒塌反应的数值模拟计算分析[J].土木工程学报,2005,38(9):45-52.(Miao Jijun,Gu Xianglin,Zhang Weiping,et al.Numerical simulation analysis for the collapse response of masonry structures under earthquakes[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2005,38(9):45-52.(in Chinese))
[12]彭斌,顾祥林,苗吉军,等.砌体结构倒塌反应的图形仿真技术[J].同济大学学报:自然科学版,2004,32(10):21-26.(Peng Bin,Gu Xianglin,Miao Jijun,et al.Graphic simulation technology for collapse response analysis of masonry structures[J].Journal of Tongji University:Natural Science,2004,32(10):21-26.(in Chinese))
[13]彭斌,顾祥林,黄庆华.建筑结构仿真分析中的可视化技术[J].上海理工大学学报,2008,30(5):414-420.(Peng Bin,Gu XiangLin,Huang Qinghua.3dimensional visualization technologies for simulation analysis of building structures[J].Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,2008,30(5):414-420.(in Chinese))
[14]王英,林峰,顾祥林.结构抗连续倒塌设计方法评述[J].结构工程师,2009,25(5):142-148.(Wang Ying,Lin Feng,Gu Xianglin.Design methods for buildings to resist progressive collapse[J].Structural Engineers,2009,25(5):142-148.(in Chinese))
[15]师燕超,李忠献,郝洪.爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土框架结构的连续倒塌分析[J].解放军理工大学学报:自然科学版,2007,8(6):652-658.(Shi Yanchao,Li Zhongxian,Hao Hong.Numerical analysis of progressive collapse of reinforced concrete frame under blast loading[J].Journal of PLA University of Science and Technology:Natural Science Edition,2007,8(6):652-658.(in Chinese))
[16]赵新源,林峰,顾祥林,等.局部爆炸作用下混凝土框架结构抗连续倒塌设计[J].结构工程师,2009,25(6):12-18.(Zhao Xinyuan,Lin Feng,Gu Xianglin,et al.Design of reinforced concrete frame structures to resist progressive collapse under blast loading[J].Structural Engineers,2009,25(6):12-18(in Chinese))
[17]GSA2003Progressive collapse analysis and design guidelines for new federal office buildings and major modernization project[S].U.S.General Services Administration,2003.
[18]Marjanishvili S,Agnew E.Comparison of variousprocedures for progressive collapse analysis[J].Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities,2006,20(4):365-374.
[19]金丰年,贾金刚,徐迎,等.基于GSA规范改进方法的框架结构连续性倒塌分析[J].解放军理工大学学报:自然科学版,2009,10(2):144-150.(Jin Fengnian,Jia Jingang,Xu Ying,et al.Progressive collapse of concrete frame buildings based on U.S.improved general serviced administration guidelines[J].Journal of PLA University of Science and Technology:Natrual Science Edition,2009,10(2):144-150.(in Chinese))
[20]梁益,陆新征,李易,等.3层RC框架的抗连续倒塌设计[J].解放军理工大学学报,2007,8(6):659-664.(Liang Yi,Lu Xinzheng,Li Yi,et al.Design method to resist progressive collapse for a three story RC frame[J].Journal of PLA University of Science and Technology:Natrual Science Edition,2007,8(6):659-664.(in Chinese))
[21]王英,林峰,顾祥林.爆炸荷载作用下材料强度设计值的确定方法[J].建筑结构学报,2010,31(增刊2):220-225.(WANG Ying,LIN Feng,GU Xianglin.Method to determinate the design value of material strength for structures under blast load[J].Journal of Building Structures,2010,31(Suppl.2):220-225.(in Chinese))
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