电磁学手法在地震研究中的应用
摘要
电磁学手法在研究地震的孕育和发生过程方面发挥了重要作用,并因此而形成了地震电磁学这一新兴学科。迄今的地震电磁学观测与研究已初步证实了孕震过程中的电磁现象是客观存在的。日本在地震电磁学观测与研究方面在国际上处于前沿地位,并建立了一个世界上最稠密、最先进的数字化遥测电磁观测台网,可以准确地捕捉到地震孕育过程中的各种电磁现象的变化信息。本文以日本等国的研究成果为例,介绍了相关的研究进展,并针对当前地震电磁学研究中所存在的具体问题进行了讨论,提出了电磁信号传播的地壳波导、大气层波导模型及室内模拟电磁信号在地壳、大气层中传播特征的实验方法,并对现有的同震电场观测资料进行了合理的解释。文中提出的室内模拟实验方法为研究电磁信号在地壳与大气层中的传播特征提供了一种途径。
引文
[1]钱家栋,陈有发,金安忠.地电阻率在地震预报中的应用.北京:地震出版社,1985
[2]赵玉林,卢军。张洪魁,钱卫,钱复业.电测量在中国地震预报中的应用.地震地质,2001,23:277~285
[3]Zhao Y and Qian F.Geoelectric precursors to strong earthquakes in China.Tectonophysics,1994,233:99~113
[4]Sobolev G A.Application of electric method to the tentative short-term forecast of Kamchatka earthquakes.Pure Appl Geophys,1975,113:229~235
[5]Varatos P and Alexopoulos K.Physical properties of the variations of the electric field of the earth preceding earthquakes.Tectonophysics,1984,110:73~98
[6]Varotsos P,Alexopoulos K and Lazaridou M.Latest aspects of earthquake prediction in Greece based on seismic electric signals(II).Tectonophysics,1993,224:1~37
[7]Varotsos P,Lazaridou M,Eftaxias K,Antonopoulos G.Makris J and Kopanas J.Short term earthquake prediction in Greece by seismic electric signals.A Critical Review of VAN:Earthquake Prediction from Seismic Electrical Signals(Edited by Lighthill S J),Singapore:World Scientific Press,1996,29~76
[8]Geller R J.Debate on VAN.Geophys Res Lett,Special issue,1996,23(11):1291-1452
[9]Lighthill S J.A Critical Review of VAN:EarthquakePrediction from Seismic Electrical Signals,Singapore:World Scientific Press,1996
[10]丁鉴海,卢振业,黄雪香.地震地磁学.北京:地震出版社,1994
[11]Fraser-Smith A C,Bernardi A.McGill P R.Bowen M M,Ladd M E,Hellwell R A and VillardJr O G.Low-frequency magnetic field measurements near the epicenter of the Ms7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake.Geophys Res Lett,1990,17:1465-1468
[12]Kopytenko Y A,Matishvili T G,Voronov P M,Kop-ytenko E A and Molchanov O A.Detection of ultra-low-frequency emissions connected with the Spitak earthquake and its aftershock activity,based on geomagnetic pulsations data at Dusheti and Vardzia observatories.Phys Earth Planet Inter,1993,77:85-95
[13]Uyeda S,Hayakawa M,Nagao T,Molchanov O,Hat-tori K,Orihara Y.Gotoh K.Akinaga Y and Tanaka H.Electric and magnetic phenomena observed before the volcano-seismic activity in 2000 in the Izu Island Region.Proc Nat Acad Sci USA,2002,99(11):7352-7355
[14]Hayakawa M.Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes,Tokyo:Terra Scientific Pub Comp,1999
[15]Nagao T.Enomoto Y.Fujinawa Y.Hata M,Hayakawa M,Huang Q.Izutsu J.Kushida Y.Maeda K,Oike K,Uyeda S and Yoshino T.Electromagnetic anomalies associated with 1995 Kobe earthquake.J Geo-dyn,2002,33(4-5),401-411
[16]Matsumoto H,Ikeya M and Yamanaka C.Analysis of barber-pole color and speckle noises recorded 6 and a half hours before the Kobe earthquake.Jpn J Appl Phys,1998,37(11B):1409-1411
[17]Electromagnetic Research Group for the 1995 Hyo-go ken Nanbu Earthquake.Tectonoelectric signal related with the occurrence of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake(M7.2)and preliminary results of electromagnetic observation around the focal area.J Phys Earth,1997,45(2):91-104
[18]Nagao T,Orihara Y,Yamaguchi Y.Takahashi I,Hat-tori K,Noda Y and Sayanagi K.Co-seismic geoelec-tric potential changes observed in Japan.Geophys Res Lett,2000,27(10):1535~1538
[19]Skordas E,Kapiris P.Bogris N,and Varotsos P.Field experimentation on the detectability of co-seismic electric signals.Proc Japan Acad,2000,76(B4):51-56
[20]Uyeda S,Nagao T,Orihara Y,Yamaguchi T and Ta-kahashi I.Geoelectric potential changes:Possible precursors to earthquakes in Japan.Proc Nat Acad Sci USA,2000,97(9):4561~4566
[21]Huang Q.One possible generation mechanism of co-seismic electric signals.Proc Japan Acad,2002,78(B7):173~178
[22]Tuck G,Stacy F D and Starkey J.A search for the piezoelectric effect in quartz-bearing rocks.Tectono-physics,1977,39:7-11
[23]Ghomshei M M and Templeton T L.Piezoelectric and a-axes fabric along a quartz vein.Phys Earth Planet Inter,1989,55:374~386
[24]Yoshida S,Uyeshima M and Nakatani M.Electric potential changes associated with slip failure of granite:Preseismic and coseismic signals.J Geophys Res,1997,102(B7):14883~14897
[25]Sasaoka H,Yamanaka C and Ikeya M.Measurements of electric potential variation by piezoelectricity of granite.Geophys Res Lett,1998,25(12):2225~2228
[26]Varotsos P,Sarlis N,Lazaridou M and Kapiris P.Transmission of stress induced signals in dielectric media.J Appl Phys,1998,83(1),60-70
[27]Sarlis N,Lazaridou M,Kapiris P and Varotsos P.Numerical model of the selectivity effect and the △V/L criterion.Geophys Res Lett,1999,26(21):3245~3248
[28]Huang Q and Ikeya M. Seismic electromagnetic signals (SES)explained by a simulation experiment using electromagnetic waves.Phys Earth Planet Inter, 1998,109(3-4):107~114
[29]Mizutani H,Ishido T.Yokokura T and Ohnishi S. Electrokinetic phenomena associated with earthquakes. Geophys Res Lett, 1976,3(7):365~368
[30]Sasai Y. Tectonomagnetic modeling based on thepiezomagnetism:a review. Annali di Geofisica,2001, 44(2):361~368
[31]Sasai Y and Ishikawa Y. Seismomagnetic models for earthquakes in the eastern part of the Izu peninsula, central Japan. Annali di Geofisica, 1997,XL(2):463~478
[2]赵玉林,卢军。张洪魁,钱卫,钱复业.电测量在中国地震预报中的应用.地震地质,2001,23:277~285
[3]Zhao Y and Qian F.Geoelectric precursors to strong earthquakes in China.Tectonophysics,1994,233:99~113
[4]Sobolev G A.Application of electric method to the tentative short-term forecast of Kamchatka earthquakes.Pure Appl Geophys,1975,113:229~235
[5]Varatos P and Alexopoulos K.Physical properties of the variations of the electric field of the earth preceding earthquakes.Tectonophysics,1984,110:73~98
[6]Varotsos P,Alexopoulos K and Lazaridou M.Latest aspects of earthquake prediction in Greece based on seismic electric signals(II).Tectonophysics,1993,224:1~37
[7]Varotsos P,Lazaridou M,Eftaxias K,Antonopoulos G.Makris J and Kopanas J.Short term earthquake prediction in Greece by seismic electric signals.A Critical Review of VAN:Earthquake Prediction from Seismic Electrical Signals(Edited by Lighthill S J),Singapore:World Scientific Press,1996,29~76
[8]Geller R J.Debate on VAN.Geophys Res Lett,Special issue,1996,23(11):1291-1452
[9]Lighthill S J.A Critical Review of VAN:EarthquakePrediction from Seismic Electrical Signals,Singapore:World Scientific Press,1996
[10]丁鉴海,卢振业,黄雪香.地震地磁学.北京:地震出版社,1994
[11]Fraser-Smith A C,Bernardi A.McGill P R.Bowen M M,Ladd M E,Hellwell R A and VillardJr O G.Low-frequency magnetic field measurements near the epicenter of the Ms7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake.Geophys Res Lett,1990,17:1465-1468
[12]Kopytenko Y A,Matishvili T G,Voronov P M,Kop-ytenko E A and Molchanov O A.Detection of ultra-low-frequency emissions connected with the Spitak earthquake and its aftershock activity,based on geomagnetic pulsations data at Dusheti and Vardzia observatories.Phys Earth Planet Inter,1993,77:85-95
[13]Uyeda S,Hayakawa M,Nagao T,Molchanov O,Hat-tori K,Orihara Y.Gotoh K.Akinaga Y and Tanaka H.Electric and magnetic phenomena observed before the volcano-seismic activity in 2000 in the Izu Island Region.Proc Nat Acad Sci USA,2002,99(11):7352-7355
[14]Hayakawa M.Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes,Tokyo:Terra Scientific Pub Comp,1999
[15]Nagao T.Enomoto Y.Fujinawa Y.Hata M,Hayakawa M,Huang Q.Izutsu J.Kushida Y.Maeda K,Oike K,Uyeda S and Yoshino T.Electromagnetic anomalies associated with 1995 Kobe earthquake.J Geo-dyn,2002,33(4-5),401-411
[16]Matsumoto H,Ikeya M and Yamanaka C.Analysis of barber-pole color and speckle noises recorded 6 and a half hours before the Kobe earthquake.Jpn J Appl Phys,1998,37(11B):1409-1411
[17]Electromagnetic Research Group for the 1995 Hyo-go ken Nanbu Earthquake.Tectonoelectric signal related with the occurrence of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake(M7.2)and preliminary results of electromagnetic observation around the focal area.J Phys Earth,1997,45(2):91-104
[18]Nagao T,Orihara Y,Yamaguchi Y.Takahashi I,Hat-tori K,Noda Y and Sayanagi K.Co-seismic geoelec-tric potential changes observed in Japan.Geophys Res Lett,2000,27(10):1535~1538
[19]Skordas E,Kapiris P.Bogris N,and Varotsos P.Field experimentation on the detectability of co-seismic electric signals.Proc Japan Acad,2000,76(B4):51-56
[20]Uyeda S,Nagao T,Orihara Y,Yamaguchi T and Ta-kahashi I.Geoelectric potential changes:Possible precursors to earthquakes in Japan.Proc Nat Acad Sci USA,2000,97(9):4561~4566
[21]Huang Q.One possible generation mechanism of co-seismic electric signals.Proc Japan Acad,2002,78(B7):173~178
[22]Tuck G,Stacy F D and Starkey J.A search for the piezoelectric effect in quartz-bearing rocks.Tectono-physics,1977,39:7-11
[23]Ghomshei M M and Templeton T L.Piezoelectric and a-axes fabric along a quartz vein.Phys Earth Planet Inter,1989,55:374~386
[24]Yoshida S,Uyeshima M and Nakatani M.Electric potential changes associated with slip failure of granite:Preseismic and coseismic signals.J Geophys Res,1997,102(B7):14883~14897
[25]Sasaoka H,Yamanaka C and Ikeya M.Measurements of electric potential variation by piezoelectricity of granite.Geophys Res Lett,1998,25(12):2225~2228
[26]Varotsos P,Sarlis N,Lazaridou M and Kapiris P.Transmission of stress induced signals in dielectric media.J Appl Phys,1998,83(1),60-70
[27]Sarlis N,Lazaridou M,Kapiris P and Varotsos P.Numerical model of the selectivity effect and the △V/L criterion.Geophys Res Lett,1999,26(21):3245~3248
[28]Huang Q and Ikeya M. Seismic electromagnetic signals (SES)explained by a simulation experiment using electromagnetic waves.Phys Earth Planet Inter, 1998,109(3-4):107~114
[29]Mizutani H,Ishido T.Yokokura T and Ohnishi S. Electrokinetic phenomena associated with earthquakes. Geophys Res Lett, 1976,3(7):365~368
[30]Sasai Y. Tectonomagnetic modeling based on thepiezomagnetism:a review. Annali di Geofisica,2001, 44(2):361~368
[31]Sasai Y and Ishikawa Y. Seismomagnetic models for earthquakes in the eastern part of the Izu peninsula, central Japan. Annali di Geofisica, 1997,XL(2):463~478
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