汶川大地震对四川卧龙国家自然保护区大熊猫栖息地的影响
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摘要
卧龙国家自然保护区是中国最重要的大熊猫栖息地之一,距2008-05-12汶川大地震震中约30 km。此次里氏8.0级、烈度11级汶川大地震除造成人员巨大伤亡和财产损失外,对该保护区内生态环境已造成了严重破坏。根据世界上和5.12汶川大地震的破坏性,讨论分析了震区森林植被、竹类生长、地形、土壤理化性质及生物多样性可能发生的相应变化和对大熊猫生存威胁潜在的可能性,多种环境因子受地震干扰的原理及现状,为开展震区森林生态学、竹木生长研究提供思路和保护与修复大熊猫栖息地提供参考依据。
Wolong National Nature Reserve in the northern Sichuan province is one of most important giant panda habitats in China,and is about 30 km away from the epicenter of Wenchuan earthquake occurred in May 12,2008.In the disaster region,the 8.0-magnitude catastrophic earthquake with 11-degree quake intensity terrifyingly damaged locally ecological environment except for a large number of people were died and injured,and properties were damaged.Based on the ruinousness of strong earthquakes in Wenchuan as well as in the world,this paper reviews and discusses effects of strong earthquake on forest vegetation,bamboo growth,geomorphology,soil chemical and physical properties,biodiversity,giant panda habitats,and environmental factors.That information is useful and helpful for ecologists to consider researches on how forest ecology and bamboo growth will change in the future after the earthquake,and on how to do ecological restoration and the habitat restoration in the Reserve.
Wolong National Nature Reserve in the northern Sichuan province is one of most important giant panda habitats in China,and is about 30 km away from the epicenter of Wenchuan earthquake occurred in May 12,2008.In the disaster region,the 8.0-magnitude catastrophic earthquake with 11-degree quake intensity terrifyingly damaged locally ecological environment except for a large number of people were died and injured,and properties were damaged.Based on the ruinousness of strong earthquakes in Wenchuan as well as in the world,this paper reviews and discusses effects of strong earthquake on forest vegetation,bamboo growth,geomorphology,soil chemical and physical properties,biodiversity,giant panda habitats,and environmental factors.That information is useful and helpful for ecologists to consider researches on how forest ecology and bamboo growth will change in the future after the earthquake,and on how to do ecological restoration and the habitat restoration in the Reserve.
引文
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[21]Chen,F.B.,Mackinnon,J.R.,Lu,Z.,Zhao,et al.SichuanGiant Panda Sanctuary[M].Sichuan Press,2002:131
[22]Schaller,G.B.,Hu,J.,Pan,W.,Zhu,J.The giant pandas ofWolong[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1985,IL
[23]Johnson,K.G.,Schaller,G.B.,Hu,J.Responses of giant pan-das to a bamboo die-off[J].Natural Geographic Research,1988,4,161~171
[24]Qin,Z.S.,Zhang,Y.,Cai,X.S.,et al.Influence of ecologicalfactors on growth and development of Bashania Fanqiana[J].Journal ofSichuan Normal College,1993,14(1):51~54[秦自生,张炎,蔡绪慎,等.生长因子对冷箭竹生长发发育的影响[J].四川师范学院学报,1993,14(1):51~54]
[25]Huang,D.Y.,Li,Y.W.,Liang,S.L.,et al.Bamboo cultiva-tion model on degraded soil[J].Guangxi ForestryScience,2007,36(2):86~89[黄大勇,李耀斌,梁嗣柳,等.退化土壤竹子栽培模式研究[J].广西林业科学,2007,36(2):86~88]
[26]Song,L.X.,Tao,J.P.,Wang,W,et al.The ramet populationstructure of the clonal bamboo Fargesia nitida in different canopyconditions of subalpine dark coniferous forest in Wolong Nature Re-serve[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26:370~376
[27]Wei,X,Kitaya,Y.,Shibuya,T.,Kiyota,M.Soil respiration ina bamboo forest as affected by soil temperatures and soil moisturecontents[J].Phyton-Annales Rei Botanicae,2005,45:295~298
[28]Fukuzawa,K.,Shibata,H.,Takagi,K.,Satoh,F.,Koike,T.,Sasa,K.Vertical distribution and seasonal pattern of fine-rootdynamics in a cool-temperate forest in northern Japan[J].Implica-tion ofthe understory vegetation,Sasa dwarfbamboo.EcologicalResearch,2007,22:485~495
[29]Gratani,L.,Crescente,M.F.,Varone,L,et al.Growth patternand photosynthetic activity of different bamboo species growing inthe Botanical Garden of Rome[R].FLORA,2008,203:77~83
[2]Small,R.J.,Clark,M.J.Slopes and Weathering[M].London:Cambridge University Press,1982:112
[3]Geertsma,M.Hydrogeomorphic Hazards in Northern British Colum-bia[A].In:185 Netherlands Geographical Studies 341,Utrecht[C].The Netherlands,2006.
[4]Rapp,A.,Axelsson,V.,Berry,L.,Hammond Murray-Rust,D.Soil erosion and sediment transport in the Morogoro River catchment[J].Geografiska Annaler,1972,54A:3~4,125~155
[5]Schuster,R.L.,Highland,L.M.Overview of the effects of masswasting on the natural environment[J].Environmental and Engi-neering Geoscience,2007,13:25~44
[6]Temple,P.H.,Rapp,R.Landslides in the Mgeta area,westernUluguru Mountains[J].Geografiska Annaler,1972,54A:3~4,157~194
[7]Liu,C.P.,Sheu,B.H.Effects of the 921 earthquake on the waterquality in the upper stream at the Guandaushi experimental forest[J].Water,Air and Soil Pollution,2007,179:19~27
[8]Vittoz,P.,Stewart,Glenn,H.Duncan,R.P.,Earthquake im-pacts in old-growth Nothofagus forests in New Zealand[J].JournalofVegetation Science,2001,12:417~426
[9]Montgomery,J.N.,Eve,H.D.Preliminary notes on the recentearthquake in NewGuinea[J].Australian Geographer,1935,2:12~15
[10]Marshall,A.J.1937,Northern New Guinea[J].GeographicalJournal,1936,89(6):489~506
[11]Guariguata,M.R.Landslide disturbance and forest regeneration inthe Upper Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico[J].Journal Ecolo-gy,1990,78:814~832
[12]Pain,C.F.,Bowler,J.M.Denudation following the November1970 earthquake at Madang,Papua New Guinea[J].Zeitschriftfuer Geomorphologie,Supplementband,1973,18:92~104
[13]Garwood,N.C.,Janos,D.P.,Brokaw,N.Earthquake-inducedlandslides:A major disturbance to tropical soils[J].Science,1979,205:997~999
[14]Figueroa,E.,Oviedo,G.,Vela,C.,et al.Evaluaci幃n del Im-pacto Ambiental del Seismo en la Amazon?a.Fundaci幃n NaturaQuito[R].1987.
[15]Stern,M.J.Vegetarian recovery on earthquake-triggered landslidesites in the Ecuadorian Andes:In S.P.Churchill,H.Balslev,E.Forero,J.L.Luteyn,editorsProceedings,Biodiversity and Conser-vation of Neotropical Montane Forests Symposium[R].New York:New York Botanical Garden Bronx,1995:207~220
[16]Kessler,M.Plant species richness and endemism during naturallandslide succession in a perhumid montane forest in the BolivianAndes[J].Ecotropica,1999,5:123~136
[17]Ohl,C.Vegetation on Natural Landslides in the Tropical MountainForest of Southern Ecuador,with Special Consideration of the Alti-tudinal Gradient[R].Diploma thesis#673,Geographical Institu-te,University of Saarland Saarbr櫣cken,Germany,2000.
[18]Rozell,N.Avalanches,landslides,good for some:Alaska ScienceForum[R].Geophysical Institute,University of Alaska FairbanksJune 16,3,1998.
[19]Ran Jianghong,Liu Sahaoying,Wang Hongjia.Habitat selectionby giant pandas and grazing livestock in the XiaoxianglingMountains of Sichuan Province[J],Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(11):2253~2259[冉江洪,刘少英,王鸿加.小相岭大熊猫与放牧家畜的生境选择.生态学报,2003,23(11):2253~2259]
[20]Ran Jianghong,Zeng Zongyong,Wang Hao.A comparative studyon habitat preference of giant pandas in primary and secondary for-ests[J].Journal ofBeijing Forestry University,2004,26(4):8~14[冉江洪,曾宗永,王昊.大熊猫在原始林和次生林中生境利用的比较研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2004,26(4):8~14]
[21]Chen,F.B.,Mackinnon,J.R.,Lu,Z.,Zhao,et al.SichuanGiant Panda Sanctuary[M].Sichuan Press,2002:131
[22]Schaller,G.B.,Hu,J.,Pan,W.,Zhu,J.The giant pandas ofWolong[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1985,IL
[23]Johnson,K.G.,Schaller,G.B.,Hu,J.Responses of giant pan-das to a bamboo die-off[J].Natural Geographic Research,1988,4,161~171
[24]Qin,Z.S.,Zhang,Y.,Cai,X.S.,et al.Influence of ecologicalfactors on growth and development of Bashania Fanqiana[J].Journal ofSichuan Normal College,1993,14(1):51~54[秦自生,张炎,蔡绪慎,等.生长因子对冷箭竹生长发发育的影响[J].四川师范学院学报,1993,14(1):51~54]
[25]Huang,D.Y.,Li,Y.W.,Liang,S.L.,et al.Bamboo cultiva-tion model on degraded soil[J].Guangxi ForestryScience,2007,36(2):86~89[黄大勇,李耀斌,梁嗣柳,等.退化土壤竹子栽培模式研究[J].广西林业科学,2007,36(2):86~88]
[26]Song,L.X.,Tao,J.P.,Wang,W,et al.The ramet populationstructure of the clonal bamboo Fargesia nitida in different canopyconditions of subalpine dark coniferous forest in Wolong Nature Re-serve[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26:370~376
[27]Wei,X,Kitaya,Y.,Shibuya,T.,Kiyota,M.Soil respiration ina bamboo forest as affected by soil temperatures and soil moisturecontents[J].Phyton-Annales Rei Botanicae,2005,45:295~298
[28]Fukuzawa,K.,Shibata,H.,Takagi,K.,Satoh,F.,Koike,T.,Sasa,K.Vertical distribution and seasonal pattern of fine-rootdynamics in a cool-temperate forest in northern Japan[J].Implica-tion ofthe understory vegetation,Sasa dwarfbamboo.EcologicalResearch,2007,22:485~495
[29]Gratani,L.,Crescente,M.F.,Varone,L,et al.Growth patternand photosynthetic activity of different bamboo species growing inthe Botanical Garden of Rome[R].FLORA,2008,203:77~83
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