1973～1976年四川松潘强震序列的应力触发过程
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摘要
本文计算和研究了1 973～1976年四川松潘4次强震组成的序列引起的库仑应力变化图像,分析了由该序列各次事件引起的近场应力变化及其与后续强震发生以及余震分布的关系,同时分析了该序列引起的远场应力变化与随后25年区域中-强地震活动的关系.结果显示:1973年8月11日松潘黄龙6.5级地震导致虎牙断裂带中段上库仑应力的显著增加并触发了1976年8月16日的7.2级地震;此后,又沿断层向南相继触发了1 976年8月22日的6.7级地震和8月23日的7.2级地震.该序列的绝大多数余震主要发生在主震发震断层的近场库仑应力增加区.另外,在该强震序列发生后的25年中、在距该序列发震断层中部约200 km范围内,6次5.0～6.6级地震均发生在由该序列引起的远场、微量的库仑应力变化增加区中.
In this paper, the patterns of Coulomb stress change induced by a sequence of 4 strong earthquakes occurred in Songpan County, Sichuan province in 1973 and 1976 are calculated and studied. We analyze the near-field stress changes induced by each event in the sequence and their relationship to the occurrence of the succeeding events and to the aftershock distribution. Moreover, we evaluate the far-field effect of stress change that was also induced by this sequence on the regional seismicity of moderate-strong earthquakes occurred in the following 25 years. Our results suggest, firstly, that the M_S 6. 5 Huanglong, Songpan earthquake of Aug. 11, 1973 raised Coulomb stress on the mid-segment of the Huya fault and then triggered the M_S 7. 2 event of Aug. 16, 1976, and further successively triggered the M_S 6. 7 event of Aug. 22, 1976 and the M_S 7. 2 event of Aug. 23, 1976 southward along the fault. Secondly, we find that most aftershocks of the sequence occurred in areas where Coulomb stress has been increased along the near-field zones of the seismogenic fault-segments of the mainshocks. Thirdly, in the 25 years following the sequence and within an about 200 km radius area centered at the mid-segment of the seismogenic Huya fault of the sequence, 6 events with magnitudes 5. 0 to 6. 6 all occurred in those far-field zones with very small amount of increase in Coulomb stress induced by the sequence.
In this paper, the patterns of Coulomb stress change induced by a sequence of 4 strong earthquakes occurred in Songpan County, Sichuan province in 1973 and 1976 are calculated and studied. We analyze the near-field stress changes induced by each event in the sequence and their relationship to the occurrence of the succeeding events and to the aftershock distribution. Moreover, we evaluate the far-field effect of stress change that was also induced by this sequence on the regional seismicity of moderate-strong earthquakes occurred in the following 25 years. Our results suggest, firstly, that the M_S 6. 5 Huanglong, Songpan earthquake of Aug. 11, 1973 raised Coulomb stress on the mid-segment of the Huya fault and then triggered the M_S 7. 2 event of Aug. 16, 1976, and further successively triggered the M_S 6. 7 event of Aug. 22, 1976 and the M_S 7. 2 event of Aug. 23, 1976 southward along the fault. Secondly, we find that most aftershocks of the sequence occurred in areas where Coulomb stress has been increased along the near-field zones of the seismogenic fault-segments of the mainshocks. Thirdly, in the 25 years following the sequence and within an about 200 km radius area centered at the mid-segment of the seismogenic Huya fault of the sequence, 6 events with magnitudes 5. 0 to 6. 6 all occurred in those far-field zones with very small amount of increase in Coulomb stress induced by the sequence.
引文
[1] Scholz C.The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.1990． 439
[2] King G C P,Stein R S,Lin J.Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes.Bull.Seismo.Soc.Arner.,1994,84(3) :935～953
[3] Stein R S.The role of stress transfer in earthquake occurrence.Nature,1999,402(9) :605～609
[4] Pollitz F F,Sacks I S.Stress triggering of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquakeby transient deformation following the 1992 Landers earthquake.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Amer.,2002,92 (4) :1487～1496
[5] Deng J,Sykes L R.Evolution of the stress field in southern California and triggering of moderate-size earthquakes:A 200-year perspective.J.Geophys.Res.,1997,103:9859 ～ 9886
[6] Stein R S,Barka A A,Dieterich J H.Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault since 1939 by earthquake stress triggering.Geophys.J.Int.,1997,128:594 ～604
[7] Papadimitriou E E,Sykes L R.Evolution of the stress field in the northern Aegean Sea(Greece).Geophys.J.Int.,2001,146:747～759
[8] 马瑾,马胜利,刘力强等.断层相互作用型式的实验研究.自然科学进展,2002,12(5) :503～508Ma J,Ma S L,Liu L Q,et al.Experimental study on patterns of fault interaction.Progress in Natural Sciences (in Chinese),2002,12(5) :503～508
[9] 闻学泽,马胜利.唐山大地震对相邻断裂段地震复发的影响.自然科学进展,2006,16(10) :1346～1350Wen X Z,Ma S L.Effect of the large Tangshan earthquake on earthquake recurrence of an adjacent fault segment.Progress in Natural Sciences (in Chinese),2006,16 (10) :1346～1350
[10] 沈正康,万永革,甘卫军等.东昆仑活动断裂带大地震之间的黏弹性应力触发研究.地球物理学报,2003,46(6) :786～795Shen Z K,Wan Y G,Gan W J,et al.Viscoelastic triggering among large earthquakes along the east Kunlun fault system.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2003,46(6) :786～795
[11] 万永革,沈正康,曾跃华等.青藏高原东北部的库仑应力积累演化对大地震发生的影响.地震学报,2007,29(2) :115～129Wan Y G,Shen Z K,Zeng Y H,et al.Evolution of cumulative Coulomb failure stress in northeastern Qinghai Xizang (Tibetan) plateau and its effect on large earthquake occurrence.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2007,29 (2) :115～129
[12] Papadimitriou E E,Wen X,Karakostas V,et al.Earthquake triggering along the Xianshuihe fault zone of western Sichuan,China.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2004,161:1683 ～ 1701
[13] 吴小平,虎雄林,Michel Bouchon等.云南澜沧耿马M_s7． 6地震的完全库仑破裂应力变化与后续地震的动态、静态应力触发.中国科学(D辑),2007,37(6) :746～752Wu X P,Hu X L,Bouchon M,et al.Complete Coulomb stress changes induced by the M_s7． 6 earthquake in Lancang-Gengma,Yunnan and triggering of aftershocks by dynamic and static stress.Science in China (Series D),2007,50(11) :1655～1665
[14] 吴小平,付虹,Michel Bouchon等.完全库仑破裂应力变化与云南龙陵震群序列的应力触发.地球物理学报,2007,50 (4) :1111～1122Wu X P,Fu H,Bouchon M,et al.Complete Coulomb failure stress changes and stress triggering of Yunnan Longling earthquake sequence.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(4) :1111～1122
[15] Harris R A.Introduction to special section:Stress triggers,stress shadows,and implications for seismic hazard.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103:24347～24358
[16] Okada Y.Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Amer.,1992,82(2) :1018～1040
[17] Jones L M,Han W,Haoksson E,et al.Focal Mechanisms and aftershock locations of the Songpan earthquakes of August 1976 in Sichuan,China.J.Geophys.Res.,1984,89(B9) :7697～7707
[18] Jaeger J C,Cook N G W.Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics,3rd ed.New York:Chapman and Hall,1979
[19] 张培震,邓起东,张国民等.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(增刊):12～20Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Zhang G M,et al.Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquake activities in the continent of China.Science in China (Series D),46(Suppl.):13～24
[20] http://quake.usgs.gov/research/deformation/modeling/ coulomb/index.html
[21] 四川地震资料汇编编辑组编.四川地震资料汇编(第二卷).成都:四川人民出版社,1981． 1～224Editor Group of the Data Compilation of Earthquakes in Sichuan (EGDCES).The Data Compilation of Earthquakes in Sichuan (Book 2) (in Chinese).Chengdu.:Sichuan People's Publishing House,1981． 1～224
[22] 成尔林.四川及其邻区现代构造应力场和现代构造运动特征.地震学报,1981,3(3) :231～241Cheng E L.Recent tectonic stress field and tectonic movement of the Sichuan province and its vicinity.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),1981,3(3) :231～241
[23] 闻学泽.活动断裂地震潜势的定量评估.北京:地震出版社, 1995． 150Wen X Z.Quantitive Estimates of Seismic Potential on Active Faults(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1995． 150
[24] King G,Oppenheimer D,Amelung F.Block versus continuum deformation in the western United States.Earth Planet Sci.Lett.,1994,128:55～64
[25] 张培震,沈正康,王敏等.青藏高原及周边现今构造变形的运动学.地震地质,2004,26(3) :367～377Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,Wang M,et al.Kinematics of present-day tectonic deformation of the Tibetan plateau and its vicinities.Seismology and Geology (in Chinese),2004,26 (3) :367～377
[26] 肖丽珠,石特临,张秀珍.1987年1月8日甘肃省迭部5． 9级地震.见:中国震例(1986～1988) .北京:地震出版社,1999． 128～141Xiao L Z,Shi T L,Zhang X Z.The Diebu,Gansu province,earthquake of M5． 9 of January 8,1987． In:Earthquake cases in China(1986 ～ 1988) (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1999． 128～141
[27] 任昭明,李桂芳,程 式.1978年7月13日四川省黑水5． 4 级地震.见:中国震例(1976～1980) .北京:地震出版社, 1990． 264～274Ren Z M,Li G F,Cheng S.The Heishui,Sichuan province,earthquake of M5． 4 of July 13,1978． In:Earthquake Cases in China(1976 ～ 1980) (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1990． 264～274
[28] 四川省地震局.1989年四川小金地震.成都:四川科学技术 出版社,1993． 1～13Earthquake Administration of Sichuan Province.The Xiaojin,Sichuan Province,Earthquake of 1989 (in Chinese).Chengdu:The Science and Technology Publishing House of Sichuan,1993． 1～13
[29] 吴 江,杜方,孙毅等.1999年9月14日和11月30日四川省绵竹两次5． 0级地震.见:中国震例(1997～1999) .北 京:地震出版社,2003． 317～346WuJ,Du F,Sun Y,et al.Mianzhu earthquakes of M_s5． 0 on 14 Sept.and 30 Nov.1999 in Sichuan province.In:Earthquake Cases in China (1997 ～ 1999) (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,2003． 317～346
[30] 赵珠,汪碧澜,龙思胜.1999年四川绵竹5． 0级地震序列揭示的孕震结构.中国地震,2001,17(4) :386～391Zhao Z,Wang B L,Long S S.Earthquake-generating structure revealed by 1999 Mianzhu earthquake sequence with Ms=5． 0 in Sichuan.Earthquake Research in China (in Chinese),2001,17(4) :386 ～ 391
[2] King G C P,Stein R S,Lin J.Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes.Bull.Seismo.Soc.Arner.,1994,84(3) :935～953
[3] Stein R S.The role of stress transfer in earthquake occurrence.Nature,1999,402(9) :605～609
[4] Pollitz F F,Sacks I S.Stress triggering of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquakeby transient deformation following the 1992 Landers earthquake.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Amer.,2002,92 (4) :1487～1496
[5] Deng J,Sykes L R.Evolution of the stress field in southern California and triggering of moderate-size earthquakes:A 200-year perspective.J.Geophys.Res.,1997,103:9859 ～ 9886
[6] Stein R S,Barka A A,Dieterich J H.Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault since 1939 by earthquake stress triggering.Geophys.J.Int.,1997,128:594 ～604
[7] Papadimitriou E E,Sykes L R.Evolution of the stress field in the northern Aegean Sea(Greece).Geophys.J.Int.,2001,146:747～759
[8] 马瑾,马胜利,刘力强等.断层相互作用型式的实验研究.自然科学进展,2002,12(5) :503～508Ma J,Ma S L,Liu L Q,et al.Experimental study on patterns of fault interaction.Progress in Natural Sciences (in Chinese),2002,12(5) :503～508
[9] 闻学泽,马胜利.唐山大地震对相邻断裂段地震复发的影响.自然科学进展,2006,16(10) :1346～1350Wen X Z,Ma S L.Effect of the large Tangshan earthquake on earthquake recurrence of an adjacent fault segment.Progress in Natural Sciences (in Chinese),2006,16 (10) :1346～1350
[10] 沈正康,万永革,甘卫军等.东昆仑活动断裂带大地震之间的黏弹性应力触发研究.地球物理学报,2003,46(6) :786～795Shen Z K,Wan Y G,Gan W J,et al.Viscoelastic triggering among large earthquakes along the east Kunlun fault system.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2003,46(6) :786～795
[11] 万永革,沈正康,曾跃华等.青藏高原东北部的库仑应力积累演化对大地震发生的影响.地震学报,2007,29(2) :115～129Wan Y G,Shen Z K,Zeng Y H,et al.Evolution of cumulative Coulomb failure stress in northeastern Qinghai Xizang (Tibetan) plateau and its effect on large earthquake occurrence.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2007,29 (2) :115～129
[12] Papadimitriou E E,Wen X,Karakostas V,et al.Earthquake triggering along the Xianshuihe fault zone of western Sichuan,China.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2004,161:1683 ～ 1701
[13] 吴小平,虎雄林,Michel Bouchon等.云南澜沧耿马M_s7． 6地震的完全库仑破裂应力变化与后续地震的动态、静态应力触发.中国科学(D辑),2007,37(6) :746～752Wu X P,Hu X L,Bouchon M,et al.Complete Coulomb stress changes induced by the M_s7． 6 earthquake in Lancang-Gengma,Yunnan and triggering of aftershocks by dynamic and static stress.Science in China (Series D),2007,50(11) :1655～1665
[14] 吴小平,付虹,Michel Bouchon等.完全库仑破裂应力变化与云南龙陵震群序列的应力触发.地球物理学报,2007,50 (4) :1111～1122Wu X P,Fu H,Bouchon M,et al.Complete Coulomb failure stress changes and stress triggering of Yunnan Longling earthquake sequence.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(4) :1111～1122
[15] Harris R A.Introduction to special section:Stress triggers,stress shadows,and implications for seismic hazard.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103:24347～24358
[16] Okada Y.Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Amer.,1992,82(2) :1018～1040
[17] Jones L M,Han W,Haoksson E,et al.Focal Mechanisms and aftershock locations of the Songpan earthquakes of August 1976 in Sichuan,China.J.Geophys.Res.,1984,89(B9) :7697～7707
[18] Jaeger J C,Cook N G W.Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics,3rd ed.New York:Chapman and Hall,1979
[19] 张培震,邓起东,张国民等.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(增刊):12～20Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Zhang G M,et al.Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquake activities in the continent of China.Science in China (Series D),46(Suppl.):13～24
[20] http://quake.usgs.gov/research/deformation/modeling/ coulomb/index.html
[21] 四川地震资料汇编编辑组编.四川地震资料汇编(第二卷).成都:四川人民出版社,1981． 1～224Editor Group of the Data Compilation of Earthquakes in Sichuan (EGDCES).The Data Compilation of Earthquakes in Sichuan (Book 2) (in Chinese).Chengdu.:Sichuan People's Publishing House,1981． 1～224
[22] 成尔林.四川及其邻区现代构造应力场和现代构造运动特征.地震学报,1981,3(3) :231～241Cheng E L.Recent tectonic stress field and tectonic movement of the Sichuan province and its vicinity.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),1981,3(3) :231～241
[23] 闻学泽.活动断裂地震潜势的定量评估.北京:地震出版社, 1995． 150Wen X Z.Quantitive Estimates of Seismic Potential on Active Faults(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1995． 150
[24] King G,Oppenheimer D,Amelung F.Block versus continuum deformation in the western United States.Earth Planet Sci.Lett.,1994,128:55～64
[25] 张培震,沈正康,王敏等.青藏高原及周边现今构造变形的运动学.地震地质,2004,26(3) :367～377Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,Wang M,et al.Kinematics of present-day tectonic deformation of the Tibetan plateau and its vicinities.Seismology and Geology (in Chinese),2004,26 (3) :367～377
[26] 肖丽珠,石特临,张秀珍.1987年1月8日甘肃省迭部5． 9级地震.见:中国震例(1986～1988) .北京:地震出版社,1999． 128～141Xiao L Z,Shi T L,Zhang X Z.The Diebu,Gansu province,earthquake of M5． 9 of January 8,1987． In:Earthquake cases in China(1986 ～ 1988) (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1999． 128～141
[27] 任昭明,李桂芳,程 式.1978年7月13日四川省黑水5． 4 级地震.见:中国震例(1976～1980) .北京:地震出版社, 1990． 264～274Ren Z M,Li G F,Cheng S.The Heishui,Sichuan province,earthquake of M5． 4 of July 13,1978． In:Earthquake Cases in China(1976 ～ 1980) (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1990． 264～274
[28] 四川省地震局.1989年四川小金地震.成都:四川科学技术 出版社,1993． 1～13Earthquake Administration of Sichuan Province.The Xiaojin,Sichuan Province,Earthquake of 1989 (in Chinese).Chengdu:The Science and Technology Publishing House of Sichuan,1993． 1～13
[29] 吴 江,杜方,孙毅等.1999年9月14日和11月30日四川省绵竹两次5． 0级地震.见:中国震例(1997～1999) .北 京:地震出版社,2003． 317～346WuJ,Du F,Sun Y,et al.Mianzhu earthquakes of M_s5． 0 on 14 Sept.and 30 Nov.1999 in Sichuan province.In:Earthquake Cases in China (1997 ～ 1999) (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,2003． 317～346
[30] 赵珠,汪碧澜,龙思胜.1999年四川绵竹5． 0级地震序列揭示的孕震结构.中国地震,2001,17(4) :386～391Zhao Z,Wang B L,Long S S.Earthquake-generating structure revealed by 1999 Mianzhu earthquake sequence with Ms=5． 0 in Sichuan.Earthquake Research in China (in Chinese),2001,17(4) :386 ～ 391
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