SH波地形效应特征的研究
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摘要
许多实际的地震中已经观测到地表地形对地表地震动产生影响(地形效应),这种影响背后的成因、影响因素、影响规律至今还不太清楚,因此地震学中、地震工程学中都围绕这一课题展开了相应的研究.本文以地震波模拟为手段,以点力源激发下的SH横波地震波传播为对象,研究地形形态、震源的物理特征对SH波地表地震动的影响,研究内容主要包括:地形陡度和地形复杂度对地形效应的作用;震源所处位置、震源频率与地形效应的关系,揭示出地形效应的成因受局部地表张角的控制,张角越小地形的放大作用越强.
In many practical earthquakes some topography effects on the ground motion have been observed.However the cause,the factor and rules of these effects are not clear.Thus,many studies on this topic have been implemented. In the present paper,based on the SH waves simulation due to a point force,the effects of the geometry of topography and the physical property of the source on SH wares are discussed.Then some conclusions are obtained which include mainly the effect of topographical dip,the location of the source and the source frequency.It is also found that one controlling factor of topographical effect is the slope angle.
In many practical earthquakes some topography effects on the ground motion have been observed.However the cause,the factor and rules of these effects are not clear.Thus,many studies on this topic have been implemented. In the present paper,based on the SH waves simulation due to a point force,the effects of the geometry of topography and the physical property of the source on SH wares are discussed.Then some conclusions are obtained which include mainly the effect of topographical dip,the location of the source and the source frequency.It is also found that one controlling factor of topographical effect is the slope angle.
引文
[1] 周正华,张艳梅,孙平善,等.断层对震害影响的研究[J].自然 灾害学报.2003,12(4) :20～24． Zhou Z H,Zhang Y M,Sun P S,Yang B P. Study on effect of fault on seismic damage[J]. J. Nature Disasters, 2003, 12 (4) : 20～24．
[2] Celebi M. Topographic and geological amplification determined from strong-motion and aftershock records of 3 March 1985 Chinese earthquake[J]. Bull. Seis. Soc Am. , 1987,77 : 1147 ～ 1107．
[3] Hartzell S H, Carver D L. King K W. Initial investigation of site and topographic effects at Robinwood ridge, California [J]. Bull. Seis. Soc Am. 1994, 84:1336～ 1349．
[4] 薛东川,王尚旭,焦淑静.起伏地表复杂介质波动方程有限元数值模拟方法[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22:522～529． Xue D C, Wang S X, Jiao S J. Wave equation finite-element modeling including rugged topography and complicated medium [J]. Prog. InGeophys. ,2007,22:522～529．
[5] 李振春,孙小东,刘洪.复杂地表条件下共反射面元(CRS)叠加方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(6) :1794～1801 Li Z C,Sun X D,Liu H. Common reflection surface stack for rugged surface topography [J]. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese) ,2006,49(6) :1794 ～1801．
[6] Geli L, Bard P Y, Jullien B. The effects of topography on earthquake ground motion: A review and new results [J]. Bull. Seis. Soc Am, 1988,78:42～63．
[7] Sanchez-Sesma F J, Campillo M. Diffraction of P, SV, and Rayleigh waves by topographic features: A boundary integral formulation[J]. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 1991, 81: 2234～ 2253．
[8] Sanchez-Sesma F J, Campillo M. Topography effects for incident P, SV and Rayleigh waves [J]. Tectonophysics, 1993, 218: 113～125．
[9] Wong H L. Diffraction of P-SV and Rayleigh waves by surface topographies. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 1982,72:1167～1184．
[10] 曹军,盖增喜,张坚,等.用于不规则界面多层介质的地震波方法比较研究:不规则地形问题[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(3) :495～503． Cao J, Ge Z X, Zhang J, et al . A comparative study on seismic wave methods for multi-layered media with irregular interfaces: Irregular topography problem [J]. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese) ,2004,47(3) :495～503．
[11] Kawase H. Time-domain response of a semicircle canyon for incident SV, P, and Rayleigh waves calculated by the discrete wave-number boundary element method [J]. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 1988, 78: 1415～1437．
[12] Gaffet S,Bouchon M. Effect of two-dimensional topographies using the discrete wavenumber boundary integral equation method in P-SV case [J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1989,85: 2277～2283．
[13] 周红,陈晓非.不同尺度地形的SH波频率域响应特征研究[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(1) :205～211． Zhou H, Chen X F. A study on frequency responses of topography with different scales due to incident SH wave [J].ChineseJ. Geophys. (in Chinese) , 2006 , 49 (1) :205～ 211．
[14] 周红,陈晓非.凹陷地形对Rayleigh面波传播影响的研究[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(4) :1182～1189． Zhou H, Chen XF. A study on the effect of depressed topography on Rayleigh surface wave [J ]. Chinese J.Geophys. (in Chinese) ,2007,50(4) :1182～1189．
[15] 李伟华,赵成刚.具有饱和土沉积层的充水河谷队平面波的 散射[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(1) :212～224． Li W H,Zhao C G. Scattering of plane waves by circular-arc alluvial valley [J]. Chinese J . Geophys. (in Chinese) , 2006,49(1) : 212 ～ 224．
[16] Komititsch D, Tromp J. Introduction to the Spectral Seismic Wave Propagation[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 1999,139, 806～ 822．
[2] Celebi M. Topographic and geological amplification determined from strong-motion and aftershock records of 3 March 1985 Chinese earthquake[J]. Bull. Seis. Soc Am. , 1987,77 : 1147 ～ 1107．
[3] Hartzell S H, Carver D L. King K W. Initial investigation of site and topographic effects at Robinwood ridge, California [J]. Bull. Seis. Soc Am. 1994, 84:1336～ 1349．
[4] 薛东川,王尚旭,焦淑静.起伏地表复杂介质波动方程有限元数值模拟方法[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22:522～529． Xue D C, Wang S X, Jiao S J. Wave equation finite-element modeling including rugged topography and complicated medium [J]. Prog. InGeophys. ,2007,22:522～529．
[5] 李振春,孙小东,刘洪.复杂地表条件下共反射面元(CRS)叠加方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(6) :1794～1801 Li Z C,Sun X D,Liu H. Common reflection surface stack for rugged surface topography [J]. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese) ,2006,49(6) :1794 ～1801．
[6] Geli L, Bard P Y, Jullien B. The effects of topography on earthquake ground motion: A review and new results [J]. Bull. Seis. Soc Am, 1988,78:42～63．
[7] Sanchez-Sesma F J, Campillo M. Diffraction of P, SV, and Rayleigh waves by topographic features: A boundary integral formulation[J]. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 1991, 81: 2234～ 2253．
[8] Sanchez-Sesma F J, Campillo M. Topography effects for incident P, SV and Rayleigh waves [J]. Tectonophysics, 1993, 218: 113～125．
[9] Wong H L. Diffraction of P-SV and Rayleigh waves by surface topographies. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 1982,72:1167～1184．
[10] 曹军,盖增喜,张坚,等.用于不规则界面多层介质的地震波方法比较研究:不规则地形问题[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(3) :495～503． Cao J, Ge Z X, Zhang J, et al . A comparative study on seismic wave methods for multi-layered media with irregular interfaces: Irregular topography problem [J]. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese) ,2004,47(3) :495～503．
[11] Kawase H. Time-domain response of a semicircle canyon for incident SV, P, and Rayleigh waves calculated by the discrete wave-number boundary element method [J]. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 1988, 78: 1415～1437．
[12] Gaffet S,Bouchon M. Effect of two-dimensional topographies using the discrete wavenumber boundary integral equation method in P-SV case [J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1989,85: 2277～2283．
[13] 周红,陈晓非.不同尺度地形的SH波频率域响应特征研究[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(1) :205～211． Zhou H, Chen X F. A study on frequency responses of topography with different scales due to incident SH wave [J].ChineseJ. Geophys. (in Chinese) , 2006 , 49 (1) :205～ 211．
[14] 周红,陈晓非.凹陷地形对Rayleigh面波传播影响的研究[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(4) :1182～1189． Zhou H, Chen XF. A study on the effect of depressed topography on Rayleigh surface wave [J ]. Chinese J.Geophys. (in Chinese) ,2007,50(4) :1182～1189．
[15] 李伟华,赵成刚.具有饱和土沉积层的充水河谷队平面波的 散射[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(1) :212～224． Li W H,Zhao C G. Scattering of plane waves by circular-arc alluvial valley [J]. Chinese J . Geophys. (in Chinese) , 2006,49(1) : 212 ～ 224．
[16] Komititsch D, Tromp J. Introduction to the Spectral Seismic Wave Propagation[J]. Geophys. J. Int., 1999,139, 806～ 822．
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