地震预测中的电磁卫星
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摘要
地震孕育和发生过程中往往会产生低频电磁波(300kHz以下),监测低频电磁信号异常,已成为一种重要的地震短临预测方法。简要介绍了卫星观测到的震前电磁信号异常现象,分析了在地面进行电磁观测存在的局限性和通过地震电磁卫星进行电磁观测的优势。同时,通过比较已有的电磁卫星,提出了发展中国地震电磁卫星的一些基本设想。
Abnormal low-frequency (<300 kHz) electromagnetic emission is usually generated during earthquake preparation and occurrence.Monitoring the seismo-electromagnetic waves(SEM)has been considered as one of important ways for the short-imminent term earthquake prediction. In this paper, some phenomena of abnormal low-frequency electromagnetic emission observed by satellites are listed,the disadvantages of the groundbased electromagnetic observation and the advantages of satellitebased measurement are analysed. At the same time, we put forward the basic thoughts of developing seismo-electromagnetic satellite in China after comparing it with the seismo-electromagnetic satellites launched in the world.
Abnormal low-frequency (<300 kHz) electromagnetic emission is usually generated during earthquake preparation and occurrence.Monitoring the seismo-electromagnetic waves(SEM)has been considered as one of important ways for the short-imminent term earthquake prediction. In this paper, some phenomena of abnormal low-frequency electromagnetic emission observed by satellites are listed,the disadvantages of the groundbased electromagnetic observation and the advantages of satellitebased measurement are analysed. At the same time, we put forward the basic thoughts of developing seismo-electromagnetic satellite in China after comparing it with the seismo-electromagnetic satellites launched in the world.
引文
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7ZhaoGuozeandLuJianxun.Monitoring&analysisof earthquakephenomenabyartificialSLFwaves[J].Engi neeringScience,2003,5:27-33.
8OgawaT,OikeKandMiuraT.Electromagneticradia tionsfromrock[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1985,90:6245-6249.
9CressGO,BradyBTandRowellGA.Sourcesofelec tromagneticradiationfromfractureofrocksamplesinthe laboratory[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1987,14:331-334.
10ScholzCH.Microfracturingandtheinelasticdeforma tionofrockincompression[J].J.Geophy.Res.,1968,73:1417-1432.
11钱书清,张以勤,曹惠馨,等.岩石破裂时产生的电磁脉冲的观测与研究[J].地震学报,1986,8:301～307.11QianShuqing,ZhangYiqin,CaoHuixin,etal.Electro magneticradiationgeneratedbytherockruptureduring anundergoundexplosion[J].ActaSeismologicaSinica,1986,8(3):301-307.(inChinese)
12曹惠馨,钱书清,吕智.岩石破裂过程中超长波段的电、磁信号和声发射的实验研究[J].地震学报,1994,16:235～241.
12CaoHuixin,QianShuqingandLuZhi.Experimental studyofultralongwavebandelectromagneticsignals andacousticemissionduringrockfracture[J].Acta SeismologicaSinica,1994,16(2):235-241.(inChi nese)
13钱书清,张以勤,曹惠馨.花岗岩洞爆破时伴随岩石破裂的电磁辐射[J].地球物理学报,1983,26(增刊):887～893.13QianShuqing,ZhangYiqinandCaoHuixin.Electro magneticradiationgeneratedbytherockruptureduring aexplosioninagranitecave[J].ActaGeophysicaSini ca,1983,26(Supp.):887-893.(inChinese)
14王继军,赵国泽,詹艳等.中国地震电磁现象的岩石实验研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(2):22～28.14WangJijun,ZhaoGuoze,ZhanYan,etal.Rockexperi mentsforresearchonseismicelectromagneticphenome nainChina[J].JournalofGeodesyandGeodunamics,2005,25(2):22-28.(inChinese)
15郭宝昌,邹环宇,等.电磁辐射异常与岫岩地震[J],东北地震研究,2001,17(2):23～27.15GuoBaochang,ZhouHuanyu,etal.Relationbetween electromagneticradiationanomaliesandtheXiuYan earthquake[J].SeismologicalResearchofNortheast China,2001,17(2):23-27.(inChinese)
16杨兆旺,沈海宝.电磁辐射异常信息的分析与思考[J].地震学刊,1997,4:17～21.16YangZhaowangandShenHaibao.Analysisandthink ingofanomalyinformationofelectromagneticradiation[J].JournalofSeismology,1997,4:17-21.(inChi nese)
17LarkinaVI,NalivaykoAV,GershenzonNI,Gokh bergMB,LiperovskyVAandShalimovSL.Observa tionsofVLFemissionrelatedwithseismicactivityon theInterkosmos19satellite[J].Geomagn.Aeron.,1983,23:684-687.
18SerebryakovaON,BdichenkoSV,ChmyrevVM,Par rotM,RauchJL,LefeuvreFandPokhotelovOA.E lectromagneticELFradiationfromearthquakeregionsas observedbylow altitudesatellites[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1992,19:91-94.
19ChmyrevVM,IsaevNV,BilichenkoSV,etal.Obser vationbyspace bornedetectorsofelectricfieldsandhy dromagneticwavesintheionosphereoveranearthquake centre[J].Phys.EarthPlanet.Inter.,1989,57:110-114.
20ParrotM.StatisticalstudyofELF/VLFemissionsre cordedbyalowaltitudesatelliteduringseismicevents[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1994,99:23339-23345.
21MolchanovOA,MazhaevaOA,GoliavinANand HayakawaM.ObservationbytheIntercosmos-24sat elliteofELF VLFelectromagneticemissionsassociated withearthquakes[J].Ann.Geophys.,1993,11:431-440.
22ParrotM,LefeuvreF,CorcuffFY,GodefroyP.Obser vationsofemissionsatthetimeofearthquakesinthe Kerguelen1985Modellingtheionosphericdisturbance causedbyanexplosionontheground[J].Ann.Geo phys.,1985,3:695-704.
23LarkinaVI,MigulinVV,MolchanovOA,KharkovI P,InchinASandSchvetcovaVB.Somestatisticalre sultsonverylowfrequencyradiowaveeissionsinthe upperionosphereoverearthquakezones[J].Phys.EarthPlanet.Inter.,1989,57:100-109.
24ParrotM.VLFemissionsassociatedwithearthquakes andobservedintheionosphereandthemagnetosphere[J].PhysicsofTheEarthandPlanetaryInteriors,1989,57:86-99.
25http://smsc.cnes.fr/DEMETER26王庆志,于世昌,等.近震电磁信息异常特点及分析[J].东北地震研究,1998,14:36～39.
26WangQingzhi,YuShichang,etal.Characteristicsofe lectromagneticanomalyinformationofnear shock[J].SeismologicalResearchOfNortheastChina,1998,14:36-39.(inChinese)
27关华平,韩凤银,等.超低频(ULF)电磁辐射观测与资料处理方法[J].地震,2003,23(2):85～93.27GuanHuaping,HanFenyin,etal.ULFelectromagnetic radiationobservationandprocessingmethods[J].Earthquake,2003,23(2):85-93.(inChinese)
28ChuoYJ,ChenYI,LiuJYandPulinetsSA.Iono sphericfof2variationspriortostrongearthquakesin Taiwanarea[J].AdvancesinSpaceResearch,2001,27:1305-1310.
29吴云,乔学军,周义炎.利用GPS探测震前电离层TEC异常[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(2):36～40.29WuYun,QiaoXuejunandZhouYiyan.Preseismicxion osphericTECanomalydetectedbyground basedGPS[J].JournalofGeodesyandGeodynamic,2005,25(2):36-40.(inChinese)
30PulinetsSA.Strongearthquakepredictionpossibility withthehelpoftopsidesoundingfromsatellites[J].AdvancesinSpaceResearch,1998,21:455-458.
31ParrotM.Useofsatellitestodetectseismo electromag neticeffects[J].AdvancesinSpaceResearch,1995,15:27-35.
2杨少峰,陈宝生,杜爱民,等.新疆喀什地区地震前地磁脉动异常分析[J].地球物理学报,1998,41:334-341.2YangShaofeng,ChenBaosheng,DuAimin,etal.Abnor malityofgeomagneticpulsationsbeforeearthquakesat KashiregioninXinJiang[J].ActaGeophysicaSinica,1998,41:334-341.(inChinese)
3HayakawaMandTetsuyaI.ULFelectromagneticpre cursorsforanearthquakeatBiak,IndonesiaonFebruary17,1996[J].GeophysRes.Lett.,2000,27:1531-1534.
4于世昌,王波,等.张北6.2级地震前的电磁前兆信号的特征[J].东北地震研究,1999,15:33～36.4YuShichang,WangBo,etal.Anomaliesofelectromag neticforewarningsignalspriortotheZhangBeiMs6.2earthquake[J].SeismologicalResearchofNortheastChi na,1999,15:33-36.(inChiese)
5钱书清,郝锦绮,周建国,等.1999年9月21日台湾集集Ms7.4地震前ULF电磁信号及其与模拟实验结果的比较[J].地震学报,2001,23:322～327.5QianShuqing,HaoJinqi,ZhouJianguo,etal.ULFelec tromagneticprecursorsbefore1999Jiji,Taiwanearth quakeandthecomparisonwithresultsofsimulatingex periments[J].ActaSeismologicaSinica,2001,23(3):322-327.(inChinese)
6王继军,赵国泽,詹艳,等.中国地震电磁现象的观测与研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(2):11～21.6WangJijun,ZhaoGuoze,ZhanYan,etal.Observations andstuidiesonemphenomenacausesbyearthquakein China[J].JournalofGeodesyandGeodunamics,2005,25(2):11-21.(inChinese)7赵国泽,陆建勋.用人工源超低频电磁波监测地震的试验与分祈[J].中国工程科学,2003,5:27～33.
7ZhaoGuozeandLuJianxun.Monitoring&analysisof earthquakephenomenabyartificialSLFwaves[J].Engi neeringScience,2003,5:27-33.
8OgawaT,OikeKandMiuraT.Electromagneticradia tionsfromrock[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1985,90:6245-6249.
9CressGO,BradyBTandRowellGA.Sourcesofelec tromagneticradiationfromfractureofrocksamplesinthe laboratory[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1987,14:331-334.
10ScholzCH.Microfracturingandtheinelasticdeforma tionofrockincompression[J].J.Geophy.Res.,1968,73:1417-1432.
11钱书清,张以勤,曹惠馨,等.岩石破裂时产生的电磁脉冲的观测与研究[J].地震学报,1986,8:301～307.11QianShuqing,ZhangYiqin,CaoHuixin,etal.Electro magneticradiationgeneratedbytherockruptureduring anundergoundexplosion[J].ActaSeismologicaSinica,1986,8(3):301-307.(inChinese)
12曹惠馨,钱书清,吕智.岩石破裂过程中超长波段的电、磁信号和声发射的实验研究[J].地震学报,1994,16:235～241.
12CaoHuixin,QianShuqingandLuZhi.Experimental studyofultralongwavebandelectromagneticsignals andacousticemissionduringrockfracture[J].Acta SeismologicaSinica,1994,16(2):235-241.(inChi nese)
13钱书清,张以勤,曹惠馨.花岗岩洞爆破时伴随岩石破裂的电磁辐射[J].地球物理学报,1983,26(增刊):887～893.13QianShuqing,ZhangYiqinandCaoHuixin.Electro magneticradiationgeneratedbytherockruptureduring aexplosioninagranitecave[J].ActaGeophysicaSini ca,1983,26(Supp.):887-893.(inChinese)
14王继军,赵国泽,詹艳等.中国地震电磁现象的岩石实验研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(2):22～28.14WangJijun,ZhaoGuoze,ZhanYan,etal.Rockexperi mentsforresearchonseismicelectromagneticphenome nainChina[J].JournalofGeodesyandGeodunamics,2005,25(2):22-28.(inChinese)
15郭宝昌,邹环宇,等.电磁辐射异常与岫岩地震[J],东北地震研究,2001,17(2):23～27.15GuoBaochang,ZhouHuanyu,etal.Relationbetween electromagneticradiationanomaliesandtheXiuYan earthquake[J].SeismologicalResearchofNortheast China,2001,17(2):23-27.(inChinese)
16杨兆旺,沈海宝.电磁辐射异常信息的分析与思考[J].地震学刊,1997,4:17～21.16YangZhaowangandShenHaibao.Analysisandthink ingofanomalyinformationofelectromagneticradiation[J].JournalofSeismology,1997,4:17-21.(inChi nese)
17LarkinaVI,NalivaykoAV,GershenzonNI,Gokh bergMB,LiperovskyVAandShalimovSL.Observa tionsofVLFemissionrelatedwithseismicactivityon theInterkosmos19satellite[J].Geomagn.Aeron.,1983,23:684-687.
18SerebryakovaON,BdichenkoSV,ChmyrevVM,Par rotM,RauchJL,LefeuvreFandPokhotelovOA.E lectromagneticELFradiationfromearthquakeregionsas observedbylow altitudesatellites[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1992,19:91-94.
19ChmyrevVM,IsaevNV,BilichenkoSV,etal.Obser vationbyspace bornedetectorsofelectricfieldsandhy dromagneticwavesintheionosphereoveranearthquake centre[J].Phys.EarthPlanet.Inter.,1989,57:110-114.
20ParrotM.StatisticalstudyofELF/VLFemissionsre cordedbyalowaltitudesatelliteduringseismicevents[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1994,99:23339-23345.
21MolchanovOA,MazhaevaOA,GoliavinANand HayakawaM.ObservationbytheIntercosmos-24sat elliteofELF VLFelectromagneticemissionsassociated withearthquakes[J].Ann.Geophys.,1993,11:431-440.
22ParrotM,LefeuvreF,CorcuffFY,GodefroyP.Obser vationsofemissionsatthetimeofearthquakesinthe Kerguelen1985Modellingtheionosphericdisturbance causedbyanexplosionontheground[J].Ann.Geo phys.,1985,3:695-704.
23LarkinaVI,MigulinVV,MolchanovOA,KharkovI P,InchinASandSchvetcovaVB.Somestatisticalre sultsonverylowfrequencyradiowaveeissionsinthe upperionosphereoverearthquakezones[J].Phys.EarthPlanet.Inter.,1989,57:100-109.
24ParrotM.VLFemissionsassociatedwithearthquakes andobservedintheionosphereandthemagnetosphere[J].PhysicsofTheEarthandPlanetaryInteriors,1989,57:86-99.
25http://smsc.cnes.fr/DEMETER26王庆志,于世昌,等.近震电磁信息异常特点及分析[J].东北地震研究,1998,14:36～39.
26WangQingzhi,YuShichang,etal.Characteristicsofe lectromagneticanomalyinformationofnear shock[J].SeismologicalResearchOfNortheastChina,1998,14:36-39.(inChinese)
27关华平,韩凤银,等.超低频(ULF)电磁辐射观测与资料处理方法[J].地震,2003,23(2):85～93.27GuanHuaping,HanFenyin,etal.ULFelectromagnetic radiationobservationandprocessingmethods[J].Earthquake,2003,23(2):85-93.(inChinese)
28ChuoYJ,ChenYI,LiuJYandPulinetsSA.Iono sphericfof2variationspriortostrongearthquakesin Taiwanarea[J].AdvancesinSpaceResearch,2001,27:1305-1310.
29吴云,乔学军,周义炎.利用GPS探测震前电离层TEC异常[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(2):36～40.29WuYun,QiaoXuejunandZhouYiyan.Preseismicxion osphericTECanomalydetectedbyground basedGPS[J].JournalofGeodesyandGeodynamic,2005,25(2):36-40.(inChinese)
30PulinetsSA.Strongearthquakepredictionpossibility withthehelpoftopsidesoundingfromsatellites[J].AdvancesinSpaceResearch,1998,21:455-458.
31ParrotM.Useofsatellitestodetectseismo electromag neticeffects[J].AdvancesinSpaceResearch,1995,15:27-35.
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