与地震有关的水文及地球化学变化
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摘要
简要回顾了几十年来对地震发生前、地震过程中和震后地下流体和地球化学变化的研究和成果,这些研究一般都是以探索地震预报可能性为目的的。论述了与地震有关的地下水文及地球化学变化的机理,这些地下流体(包括地下水和气体诸如氢、氧和惰性气体)的起源和迁移流动现象以及详细介绍了早期和近代对有关地震的地下流体和地球化学变化的观测成果。同时指出了对地下流体和地球化学作为地震前兆来观测研究的困难所在以及为了克服这些困难而应该采取的地震前兆观测研究的方向,例如多种手段和多种原理方法,开发有效的地球物理和地球化学模型以及适当的数据分析统计方法等。
In this paper author provides a brief review of the result s of studies on hydrologic and geochemical changes observed before,at the time of,and after earthquake during the past several decades,these studies aim to explore the possibility of earthquake prediction.The origin and migration of fluid in the crust(including hydrogen and oxygen isotopes,dissolved noble gases and the like),the mechanisms for earthquake-related hydrologic and geochemical changes are described and the earlier and recent observations of earthquake-related subsurface fluid flow and geochemical changes are int-roduced.Finally,this paper overviews the difficulties in the observation and research on subsurface fluid and geochemical change taken as some earthquake precursors and proposes the earthquake prediction effort to overcome these difficults,such as adopting a multistage,multisite and multidisciplinary approach;using sensitive telemetered instruments of good long-term stability and fine time resolution;developing sufficiently realistic geophysical and geochemical models;using appropriate statistical methods.
In this paper author provides a brief review of the result s of studies on hydrologic and geochemical changes observed before,at the time of,and after earthquake during the past several decades,these studies aim to explore the possibility of earthquake prediction.The origin and migration of fluid in the crust(including hydrogen and oxygen isotopes,dissolved noble gases and the like),the mechanisms for earthquake-related hydrologic and geochemical changes are described and the earlier and recent observations of earthquake-related subsurface fluid flow and geochemical changes are int-roduced.Finally,this paper overviews the difficulties in the observation and research on subsurface fluid and geochemical change taken as some earthquake precursors and proposes the earthquake prediction effort to overcome these difficults,such as adopting a multistage,multisite and multidisciplinary approach;using sensitive telemetered instruments of good long-term stability and fine time resolution;developing sufficiently realistic geophysical and geochemical models;using appropriate statistical methods.
引文
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[2]Parnell J.(Ed.).Geoflu ids:origin,m igration,and evolution of flu ids in sed im entary basins.Geol.Soc.Spec ial Pub l.78,1994
[3]Parnell J.(Ed.).Dating and duration of flu id flow and flu id rock interactiom.London,Geol.Soc.Spec ialPub l.144,1998
[4]M etcalfe R and Rochelle C A.(Eds.).Chem ical containm ent ofwaste in the geosphere.London,Geol.Soc.Spec ial Pub l.157,1999
[5]H ickm an S,S ibson R and B ruhn R.Introduction to spec ial section:m echan ical involvem ent of flu ids in fau l-ting.J.Geophys.Res.1995,100:12 831-12 840
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[11]Thom as D.Geochem ical precursors to se ism ic activity.Pure App l.Geophys,1988,126:241-266
[12]M a Z,Fu Z and Zhang Y et al.Earthquake pred iction:n ine m ajor earthquakes in Ch ina(1966—76).Be i-jing:Se ismological Press,1990
[13]Igarash i G and W ak ita H.Geochem ical and hydrological observations for earthquake pred iction in Japan.J.Phys.Earth,1995,43,585-598
[14]Roeloffs E A and Qu ilty E G.W ater level and strain changes preced ing and follow ing the August 4,1985 Ket-tlem an H ills,Californ ia,earthquake.Pure App l.Geophys.1995,122:560-582
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[16]B race W F and O range A S.E lectrical resistivity changes in saturated rocks during fracture and frictional slid-ing.J.Geophs.Res.1968,73:1 433-1 445
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[18]HondaM,Kurita K,Ham ano Y and Ozim aM.Experim ental stud ies ofH2and Ar degassing during rock fractu-ring.Earth P lanet.Sc i.Lett.1982,59:429-436
[19]K ita I,M atsuo S and W ak ita H.H2generation by reaction between H2O and crushed rocks:an experim entalstudy in H2degassing from the active fau lt zone.J.Geophys.Res.1982,87:10 789-10 795
[20]K ing C Yand Luo G.Variations of electrical resistance and H2and Rn em issions of concrete b locks under in-creasing un iaxial compression.Pure App l.Geophys.1990,134:45-56
[21]K ing C Y,K ing B S and EvansW C et al.Spatial radon anom alies on active fau lts in Caliform ia.App l.Geo-chem.1996,11:497-510
[22]Fyfe W S,Price N J and Thompson A B.F lu ids in the Earth′s Crust.E lsevier,Am sterdam,1978
[23]Faure G.Princ ip les of Isotope Geology 2nd ed.W iley,New York,1986
[24]Jam tve it B and Yard ley B.(Eds.).F lu id F low and Transport in Rocks.London Chapm an and Hall,1997
[25]Craig H.Isotop ic variations in m eteoric waters.Sc ience 1961,133:1 702-1 703
[26]Dansgaard W.Stab le isotopes in prec ip itation.Tellus 1964,16:436-468
[27]Torgersen T and C larke W B.Helium accumu lation in groundwater.Ⅲ.L im its on helium transfer across theM antle-crust boundary beneath Australia and the m agn itude of m antle degassing.Earth P lanet.Sc i.Lett,1987,84:345-355
[28]Torgersen T,Top Z and C larke B,et al.A new m ethod for physical limnology-tritium-helium-3 ages-resu lts forLakeErie,Huron,and Ontario.L imnol.Oceanogr,1977,22:181-193
[29]Torgersen T.Terrestrial helium degassing fluxes and the atmospheric helium budget:imp lications w ith respectto the degassing processes of continental crust.Chem.Geol.(Isotope Geosc i.),1989,79:1-14
[30]Noguch iN andW ak itaH.A m ethod for continuousm easurem ent of radon in groundwater for earthquake pred ic-tion.J.Geophys.Res,1997,82:1 353-1 357
[32]S ilver P G and Vallette2S ilver N J.Detection of hydrotherm al precursors to large northern Californ ia earth-quakes.Sc ience,1992,257:1 363-1 368
[32]Roeloffs E A.Poroelastic techn iques in the study of earthquake-related hydrologic phenom ena.Adv.Geophys,1996,37:135-195
[33]Roeloffs E A.Persistentwater level changes in a well near Parkfield,Californ ia,due to local and d istant earth-quakes.J.Geopy.Res.1998,103:869-889
[34]W ak ita H.Geochem ical challenge to earthquake pred iction[C].Proc.Natl.Acad.Sc i.USA[A].1996,93:3 781-3 786
[35]K ing C2Y,Azum a S and Igarash i G,et al.Earthquake-related water2 level changes of 16 c losely c lusteredwells inTono,central Japan.J.Geophys.Res,1999,104:13 073-13 082
[36]K ing C2Y,Azum a S and OhnoM,Asai Y,et al.In search of earthquake precursors in the water2 level data of16 c losely c lustered wells at Tono,Japan.Geophys.J.Int.2000,143:469-477
[37]H ill D P,et al.Se ism ic ity remotely triggered by the m agn itude 7.3 Landers,Californ ia,earthquake.Sc ience,1993,260:1 617-1 623
[38]Igarash i G,Saek i T,Takahata N,Sum ikawa K,Tasaka S,Sasak i Y and Sano Y.G roundwater radon anom alybefore the Kobe earthquake in Japan.Sc ience,1995,269:60-61
[39]K ing C2Y,Koixum iN and K itagawa Y.Hydrogeochem ical anom alies and the 1995 Kobe earthquake.Sc ience,1995,269:38-39
[40]Tsunogai U and W ak ita H.Precursory chem ical changes in groundwater:Kobe earthquake Japan.Sc ience,1995,269:61-63
[41]Yasuoka Y and Sh inogiM.Variation of atmospheric radon concentration before and after the southern HyogoPrefectural earthquake.Atmospheric Radon and Environm ental Rad iationⅢ.October,1995,204-206(inJapanese)
[42]Sugisak i R,Ito T,Nagam ine K and Kawabe I.Gas geochem ical changes atm ineral springs assoc iated w ith the1995 southern Hyogo earthquake(M=7.2),Japan.Earth P lanet.Sc i.Lett,1996,139:239-249
[43]Koizum i N,Kano Yand K itagawa Y,G roundwater anom alies assoc iated w ith the 1995 Hyogo2ken Nanbu earth-quake.J.Phys.Earth,1996,44:373-380
[2]Parnell J.(Ed.).Geoflu ids:origin,m igration,and evolution of flu ids in sed im entary basins.Geol.Soc.Spec ial Pub l.78,1994
[3]Parnell J.(Ed.).Dating and duration of flu id flow and flu id rock interactiom.London,Geol.Soc.Spec ialPub l.144,1998
[4]M etcalfe R and Rochelle C A.(Eds.).Chem ical containm ent ofwaste in the geosphere.London,Geol.Soc.Spec ial Pub l.157,1999
[5]H ickm an S,S ibson R and B ruhn R.Introduction to spec ial section:m echan ical involvem ent of flu ids in fau l-ting.J.Geophys.Res.1995,100:12 831-12 840
[6]Jones G,F isher Q J and Kn ipe R J.(Eds.)Fau lting,Fau lt Sealing,and F lu id F low in Hydrocarbon Reser-voirs.Geol.Soc.Spec ial Pub l.147,London.1998
[7]M cCaffrey K,Lonergan L andW ilk inson J.(Eds.).Fractures,flu id flow,and m ineralization.London Geol,Soc.Spec ial Pub l.15,1999
[8]HanebergW C,Mozley P S,Moore J C and Goodw in L B(Eds.).Fau lts and subsurface flu id flow in theshallow crust.Am.Geophys.U,Geophys.Monogr 1999,113
[9]Geller R J.Earthquake pred iction:a critical review.Geophys.J.Int.1997,131:425-450
[10]K ing C Y.Gas geochem istry app lied to earthquake pred iction:An overview[1].J.Geophys.Res.1986,91:12 269-12 281
[11]Thom as D.Geochem ical precursors to se ism ic activity.Pure App l.Geophys,1988,126:241-266
[12]M a Z,Fu Z and Zhang Y et al.Earthquake pred iction:n ine m ajor earthquakes in Ch ina(1966—76).Be i-jing:Se ismological Press,1990
[13]Igarash i G and W ak ita H.Geochem ical and hydrological observations for earthquake pred iction in Japan.J.Phys.Earth,1995,43,585-598
[14]Roeloffs E A and Qu ilty E G.W ater level and strain changes preced ing and follow ing the August 4,1985 Ket-tlem an H ills,Californ ia,earthquake.Pure App l.Geophys.1995,122:560-582
[15]Roeloffs E A.Hydrologic precursors to earthquakes.Pure App l.Geophys,1998,126:177-209
[16]B race W F and O range A S.E lectrical resistivity changes in saturated rocks during fracture and frictional slid-ing.J.Geophs.Res.1968,73:1 433-1 445
[17]G iard in i A A,Subbarayudu G V and M elton C E.The em ission of occ luded gas from rocks as a function ofstress:its possib le use as a tool for pred icting earthquakes.Geophys,Res.Lett.1976,3:355-358
[18]HondaM,Kurita K,Ham ano Y and Ozim aM.Experim ental stud ies ofH2and Ar degassing during rock fractu-ring.Earth P lanet.Sc i.Lett.1982,59:429-436
[19]K ita I,M atsuo S and W ak ita H.H2generation by reaction between H2O and crushed rocks:an experim entalstudy in H2degassing from the active fau lt zone.J.Geophys.Res.1982,87:10 789-10 795
[20]K ing C Yand Luo G.Variations of electrical resistance and H2and Rn em issions of concrete b locks under in-creasing un iaxial compression.Pure App l.Geophys.1990,134:45-56
[21]K ing C Y,K ing B S and EvansW C et al.Spatial radon anom alies on active fau lts in Caliform ia.App l.Geo-chem.1996,11:497-510
[22]Fyfe W S,Price N J and Thompson A B.F lu ids in the Earth′s Crust.E lsevier,Am sterdam,1978
[23]Faure G.Princ ip les of Isotope Geology 2nd ed.W iley,New York,1986
[24]Jam tve it B and Yard ley B.(Eds.).F lu id F low and Transport in Rocks.London Chapm an and Hall,1997
[25]Craig H.Isotop ic variations in m eteoric waters.Sc ience 1961,133:1 702-1 703
[26]Dansgaard W.Stab le isotopes in prec ip itation.Tellus 1964,16:436-468
[27]Torgersen T and C larke W B.Helium accumu lation in groundwater.Ⅲ.L im its on helium transfer across theM antle-crust boundary beneath Australia and the m agn itude of m antle degassing.Earth P lanet.Sc i.Lett,1987,84:345-355
[28]Torgersen T,Top Z and C larke B,et al.A new m ethod for physical limnology-tritium-helium-3 ages-resu lts forLakeErie,Huron,and Ontario.L imnol.Oceanogr,1977,22:181-193
[29]Torgersen T.Terrestrial helium degassing fluxes and the atmospheric helium budget:imp lications w ith respectto the degassing processes of continental crust.Chem.Geol.(Isotope Geosc i.),1989,79:1-14
[30]Noguch iN andW ak itaH.A m ethod for continuousm easurem ent of radon in groundwater for earthquake pred ic-tion.J.Geophys.Res,1997,82:1 353-1 357
[32]S ilver P G and Vallette2S ilver N J.Detection of hydrotherm al precursors to large northern Californ ia earth-quakes.Sc ience,1992,257:1 363-1 368
[32]Roeloffs E A.Poroelastic techn iques in the study of earthquake-related hydrologic phenom ena.Adv.Geophys,1996,37:135-195
[33]Roeloffs E A.Persistentwater level changes in a well near Parkfield,Californ ia,due to local and d istant earth-quakes.J.Geopy.Res.1998,103:869-889
[34]W ak ita H.Geochem ical challenge to earthquake pred iction[C].Proc.Natl.Acad.Sc i.USA[A].1996,93:3 781-3 786
[35]K ing C2Y,Azum a S and Igarash i G,et al.Earthquake-related water2 level changes of 16 c losely c lusteredwells inTono,central Japan.J.Geophys.Res,1999,104:13 073-13 082
[36]K ing C2Y,Azum a S and OhnoM,Asai Y,et al.In search of earthquake precursors in the water2 level data of16 c losely c lustered wells at Tono,Japan.Geophys.J.Int.2000,143:469-477
[37]H ill D P,et al.Se ism ic ity remotely triggered by the m agn itude 7.3 Landers,Californ ia,earthquake.Sc ience,1993,260:1 617-1 623
[38]Igarash i G,Saek i T,Takahata N,Sum ikawa K,Tasaka S,Sasak i Y and Sano Y.G roundwater radon anom alybefore the Kobe earthquake in Japan.Sc ience,1995,269:60-61
[39]K ing C2Y,Koixum iN and K itagawa Y.Hydrogeochem ical anom alies and the 1995 Kobe earthquake.Sc ience,1995,269:38-39
[40]Tsunogai U and W ak ita H.Precursory chem ical changes in groundwater:Kobe earthquake Japan.Sc ience,1995,269:61-63
[41]Yasuoka Y and Sh inogiM.Variation of atmospheric radon concentration before and after the southern HyogoPrefectural earthquake.Atmospheric Radon and Environm ental Rad iationⅢ.October,1995,204-206(inJapanese)
[42]Sugisak i R,Ito T,Nagam ine K and Kawabe I.Gas geochem ical changes atm ineral springs assoc iated w ith the1995 southern Hyogo earthquake(M=7.2),Japan.Earth P lanet.Sc i.Lett,1996,139:239-249
[43]Koizum i N,Kano Yand K itagawa Y,G roundwater anom alies assoc iated w ith the 1995 Hyogo2ken Nanbu earth-quake.J.Phys.Earth,1996,44:373-380
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