与地震有关的水文及地球化学变化(英文)
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摘要
简要回顾了几十年来对地震发生前、地震过程中和震后地下流体和地球化学变化的研究和成果 ,这些研究一般都是以探索地震预报可能性为目的的。论述了与地震有关的地下水文及地球化学变化的机理 ,这些地下流体 (包括地下水和气体诸如氢、氧和惰性气体 )的起源和迁移流动现象以及详细介绍了早期和近代对有关地震的地下流体和地球化学变化的观测成果。同时指出了对地下流体和地球化学作为地震前兆来观测研究的困难所在以及为了克服这些困难而应该采取的地震前兆观测研究的方向 ,例如多种手段和多种原理方法 ,开发有效的地球物理和地球化学模型以及适当的数据分析统计方法等。
In this paper author provides a brief review of the results of studies on hydrologic and geochemical changes observed before,at the time of, and after earthquake during the past several decades,these studies aim to explore the possibility of earthquake prediction.The origin and migration of fluid in the crust (including hydrogen and oxygen isotopes,dissolved noble gases and the like),the mechanisms for earthquake related hydrologic and geochemical changes are described and the earlier and recent observations of earthquabe related subsurface fluid flow and geochemical changes are introduced.Finally,this paper overviews the difficulties in the observation and research on subsurface fluid and geochemical change taken as some earthquake precursors and proposes the earthquake prediction effort to overcome these difficults,such as adopting a multistage,multisite and multidisciplinary approach;using sensitive telemetered instruments of good long term stability and fine time resolution;developing sufficiently realistic geophysieal and geochemical models;using appropriate statistical methods.
In this paper author provides a brief review of the results of studies on hydrologic and geochemical changes observed before,at the time of, and after earthquake during the past several decades,these studies aim to explore the possibility of earthquake prediction.The origin and migration of fluid in the crust (including hydrogen and oxygen isotopes,dissolved noble gases and the like),the mechanisms for earthquake related hydrologic and geochemical changes are described and the earlier and recent observations of earthquabe related subsurface fluid flow and geochemical changes are introduced.Finally,this paper overviews the difficulties in the observation and research on subsurface fluid and geochemical change taken as some earthquake precursors and proposes the earthquake prediction effort to overcome these difficults,such as adopting a multistage,multisite and multidisciplinary approach;using sensitive telemetered instruments of good long term stability and fine time resolution;developing sufficiently realistic geophysieal and geochemical models;using appropriate statistical methods.
引文
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29 TorgersenT .Terrestrialheliumdegassingfluxesandtheatmosphericheliumbudget:implicationswithrespecttothedegassingprocessesofcontinentalcrust[J].Chem.Ge ol.(IsotopeGeosci.),1989,79,1-14.
30 NoguchiNandWakitaH .Amethodforcontinuousmea surementofradoningroundwaterforearthquakeprediction[J].J.Geophys.Res,1997,82:1353-1357.
31 SilverPGandValletteSilverNJ.Detectionofhydrother malprecursorstolargenorthernCaliforniaearthquakes[J].Science,1992,257:1363-1368.
32 RoeloffsEA .Poroelastictechniquesinthestudyofearth quake relatedhydrologic phenomena[J].Adv.Geophys,1996,37:135-195.
33 RoeloffsEA .Persistentwaterlevelchangesinawell
2 ParnellJ.(Ed.).Geofluids:origin,migration,andevolutionoffluidsinsedimentarybasins[M ].Geol.Soc.SpecialPubl.78,1994.
3 ParnellJ.(Ed.).Datinganddurationoffluidflowandfluidrockinteractiom[M ].London,Geol.Soc.SpecialPubl.144,1998.
4 MetcalfeRandRochelleCA .(Eds.).Chemicalcontain mentofwasteinthegeosphere[M].London,Geol.Soc.Spe cialPubl.157,1999.
5 HickmanS ,SibsonRandBruhnR .Introductiontospecialsection:mechanicalinvolvementoffluidsinfaulting[J].J.Geophys.Res.1995,100:12831-12840.
6 JonesG ,FisherQJandKnipeRJ.(Eds.)Faulting,FaultSealing,andFluidFlowinHydrocarbonReservoirs[J].Ge ol.Soc.SpecialPubl.147,London.1998,
7 McCaffreyK ,LonerganLandWilkinsonJ.(Eds.).Frac tures,fluidflow,andmineralization[M].London,Geol.Soc.SpecialPubl.15,1999.
8 HanebergWC ,MozleyPS ,MooreJCandGoodwinLB(Eds.).Faultsandsubsurfacefluidflowintheshallowcrust[J].Am.Geophys.U .,Geophys.Monogr1999,113.
9 GellerRJ .Earthquakeprediction:acriticalreview[J].Geo phys.J.Int.1997,131:425-450.
10 KingC Y .Gasgeochemistryappliedtoearthquakepredic tion:Anoverview[J].J .Geophys.Res.1986,91:12269-12281.
11 ThomasD .Geochemicalprecursorstoseicmicactivity[J].PureAppl.Geophys.,1988,126:241-266.
12 MaZ ,FuZandZhangYetal.Earthquakeprediction:ninemajorearthquakesinChina(1966-76)[M ].Bei jing:SeismologicalPress,1990.
13 IgarashiGandWakitaH .GeochemicalandhydrologicalobservationsforearthquakepredictioninJapan[J].J.Phys.Earth1995,43,585-598.
14 RoeloffsEAandQuiltyEG .WaterlevelandstrainchangesprecedingandfollowingtheAugust4,1985Ket tlemanHills,California,earthquake[J].PureAppl.Geo phys.1995,122:560-582.
15 RoeloffsEA .Hydrologicprecursorstoearthquakes[J].PureAppl.Geophys,1998,126:177-209.
16 BraceWFandOrangeAS .Electricalresistivitychangesinsaturatedrocksduringfractureandfrictionalsliding[J].J.Geophs.Res.1968,73:1433-1445.
17 GiardiniAA ,SubbarayuduGVandMeltonCE .Thee missionofoccludedgasfromrocksasafunctionofstress:itspossibleuseasatoolforpredictingearthquakes[J].Geophys,Res.Lett.1976,3:355-358.
18 HondaM ,KuritaK ,HamanoYandOzimaM .Experimen talstudiesofH2 andArdegassingduringrockfracturing[J].EarthPlanet.Sci.Lett.1982,59:429-436.
19 KitaI ,MatsuoSandWakitaH .H2 generationbyreactionbetweenH2Oandcrushedrocks:anexperimentalstudyinH2 degassingfromtheactivefaultzone[J].J.Geophys.Res.1982,87:10789-10795.
20 KingC YandLuoG .VariationsofelectricalresistanceandH2 andRnemissionsofconcreteblocksunderincreasingu niaxialcompression[J].PureAppl.Geophys.1990,134:45-56.
21 KingC Y ,KingB SandEvansWCetal.SpatialradonanomaliesonactivefaultsinCaliformia[J ].Appl.Geochem.1996,11:497-510.
22 FyfeWS ,PriceNJandThompsonAB .FluidsintheEarth’sCrust[M].Elsevier,Amsterdam,1978.
23 FaureG .PrinciplesofIsotopeGeology2nded[M ].Wiley,NewYork,1986..
24 JamtveitBandYardleyB .(Eds.).FluidFlowandTrans portinRocks[M ].LondonChapmanandHall,1997.
25 CraigH .Isotopicvariationsinmeteoricwaters[J].Science1961,133:1702-1703.
26 DansgaardW .Stableisotopesinprecipitation[J].Tellus1964,16:436-468.
27 TorgersenTandClarkeWB .Heliumaccumulationingroundwater.Ⅲ.Limitsonheliumtransferacrossthemantle crustboundarybeneathAustraliaandthemagni tudeofmantledegassing[J].EarthPlanet.Sci.Lett.,1987,84:345-355.
28 TorgersenT ,TopZandClarkeB ,etal.Anewmethodforphysicallimnology tritium helium3ages resultsforLakeErie,Huron,andOntario[J].Limnol.Oceanogr.,1977,22:181-193.
29 TorgersenT .Terrestrialheliumdegassingfluxesandtheatmosphericheliumbudget:implicationswithrespecttothedegassingprocessesofcontinentalcrust[J].Chem.Ge ol.(IsotopeGeosci.),1989,79,1-14.
30 NoguchiNandWakitaH .Amethodforcontinuousmea surementofradoningroundwaterforearthquakeprediction[J].J.Geophys.Res,1997,82:1353-1357.
31 SilverPGandValletteSilverNJ.Detectionofhydrother malprecursorstolargenorthernCaliforniaearthquakes[J].Science,1992,257:1363-1368.
32 RoeloffsEA .Poroelastictechniquesinthestudyofearth quake relatedhydrologic phenomena[J].Adv.Geophys,1996,37:135-195.
33 RoeloffsEA .Persistentwaterlevelchangesinawell
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