双地震带的影响因素探讨
|
摘要
讨论了全球39个俯冲带内的双地震带层间距、应力类型与俯冲参数的相互关系,这些俯冲参数包括动力学参数(板块年龄、热参数、板片拉力)、运动学参数(俯冲板块速度、上覆板块运动速度、海沟迁移速度、弧后形变特征)、几何形态参数(浅俯冲角、深俯冲角、俯冲深度、长度)及上覆板块性质等.结果表明:(1)Ⅰ型双地震带易形成于年龄较古老(>60 Ma)的俯冲板块,其层间距主要与动力学参数有关;(2)Ⅱ型双地震带出现在较年轻(<60 Ma)的板块,其层间距及应力状态更容易受局部应力场的影响;(3)当热参数大于5000 km时仪能形成Ⅰ型双地震带,而当热参数小于5000 km时,两类双地震带都能形成;(4)上覆板块的性质似乎决定着双地震带层间距的上下限,其中大陆型上覆板块所对应的双地震带层间距小于20 km;而海洋型对应DSZ层间距则大于15 km.限于现有的观测条件,本文基于有限样本的统计结果仍需要进一步验证.
The correlations among the layer separation,stress pattern of 39 Double Seismic Zones (DSZs)and subduction parameters have been analyzed.Subduction parameters include dynamic (e.g.,plate age,thermal parameter,slab pull),kinematic(e.g.,subduction plate velocity, overriding plate velocity,trench migration velocity,back-arc deformation pattern),geometric (e.g.,shallow dip angle,deep dip angle,subduction length,subduction depth)and the nature of overriding plate.The preliminary results indicated that(i)TypeⅠDSZs are likely to exist in older(>60 Ma)slabs and,the layer separation is correlated with dynamic parameters such as plate age,thermal parameter and slab pull;whereas(ii)TypeⅡDSZs are detected mostly in younger(<60 Ma)slabs and,the features are controlled not only by dynamic factors but also local stress regime;(iii)TypeⅠDSZs exist in slabs with thermal parameter greater than 5000 km, whereas both TypeⅠandⅡDSZs exist in slabs with thermal parameter less than 5000 km;(iv) the nature of the upper plate seems to be a controlling factor on the limit of the layer separation, which is 20 km for continental plates while 15 km for oceanic ones.Constrained by the observational condition,the inference from our results based on limited samples need validation from more observations as well as numerical simulations.
The correlations among the layer separation,stress pattern of 39 Double Seismic Zones (DSZs)and subduction parameters have been analyzed.Subduction parameters include dynamic (e.g.,plate age,thermal parameter,slab pull),kinematic(e.g.,subduction plate velocity, overriding plate velocity,trench migration velocity,back-arc deformation pattern),geometric (e.g.,shallow dip angle,deep dip angle,subduction length,subduction depth)and the nature of overriding plate.The preliminary results indicated that(i)TypeⅠDSZs are likely to exist in older(>60 Ma)slabs and,the layer separation is correlated with dynamic parameters such as plate age,thermal parameter and slab pull;whereas(ii)TypeⅡDSZs are detected mostly in younger(<60 Ma)slabs and,the features are controlled not only by dynamic factors but also local stress regime;(iii)TypeⅠDSZs exist in slabs with thermal parameter greater than 5000 km, whereas both TypeⅠandⅡDSZs exist in slabs with thermal parameter less than 5000 km;(iv) the nature of the upper plate seems to be a controlling factor on the limit of the layer separation, which is 20 km for continental plates while 15 km for oceanic ones.Constrained by the observational condition,the inference from our results based on limited samples need validation from more observations as well as numerical simulations.
引文
[1]Isacks B,Molnar P.Mantle earthquake mechanisms and the sinking of the lithosphere.Mature.1969,223(5211):1121- 1124
[2]Chen P F,Bina C R,Okal E A.A global survey of stress orientations in subducting slabs as revealed by intermediatedepth earthquakes.Geophys.J.Int.,2004,159(2):721- 733
[3]Watts A B.Burov E B.Lithospheric strength and its relationship to the elastic and seismogenic layer thickness. Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,2003,213(1-2):113-131
[4]Vassiliou M S.Hager B H.Subduction zone earthquakes and stress in slabs.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1988,128(3-4):547- 624
[5]臧绍先.吴忠良.宁杰远.日本海—鄂霍次克海下俯冲带的应力状态及其深部形变.地球物理学报,1992,35(5): 560-573 Zang S X,Wu Z I.,Ning J Y.Stress state and deep deformation of subduction zone in Japan Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk and the problem of slab penetration into the lower mantle.Chinese J.Geophys.(Acta Geophysica Sinica )(in Chinese).1992.35(5):560-573
[6]Hasegawa A.Umino N,Takagi A.Double-planed structure of the deep seismic zone in the northeastern Japan arc. Tectonophysics,1978,47(1-2):43-58
[7]Hasegawa A.Houriuchi S.Umino N.Seismic structure of the northeastern Japan convergent margin:A synthesis.J. Geophys.Res.,1994,99(B11):22295-22311
[8]Kawakatsu H.Double seismic zone:kinematics.J. Geophys.Res.,1986,91(B5):4811-4825
[9]Kawakatsu H.Downdip tensional earthquakes beneath the Tonga arc:a double seismic zone? J.Geophys.Res.,1986, 91(B6):6432-6440
[10]Ohmi S,Hori S.Seismic wave conversion near the upper boundary of the Pacific plate beneath the Kanto district. Japan.Geophys.J.Int.,2000.141(1):1 36-148
[11]Seno T,Zhao D.Kobayashi Y.et al.Dehydration of serpentinized slab mantle:seismic evidence from southwest Japan.Earth.Planets Space,2001,53(9):861-871
[12]Kao H.Liu L G.A hypothesis for the seismogenesis of double seismic zone.Geophys.J.Int.,1995,123(1):71- 84
[13]Kao H.Chen W P.Transition from interplate slip to double seismic zone along the Kuril-Kamchatka arc.J.Geophys. Res.,1995,100(B7):9881-9903
[14]Kao H,Rau R J.Detailed structures of the subducted Philippine Sea plate beneath northeast Taiwan:A new type of double seismic zone.J.Geophys.Res.,1999,104(B1): 1015-1033
[15]Gorbatov A,Sudrez G,Kostoglodov V,et al.A doubleplaned seismic zone in Kamchatka from local and teleseismic data.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1994,21(16):1675-1678
[16]Abers G A.Plate structure and the origin of double seismic zones.In:Bebout G E,Scholl D W,Kirby S H,et al,eds. Subduction:Top to Bottom.Geophysical Monograph. Washington DC:American Geophysical Union,1996,96: 223-228
[17]Samowitz I R,Forsyth D W.Double seismic zone beneath the Mariana island arc.J.Geophys.Res.,1981,86(B8): 7013-7021
[18]Suzuki S,Kasahara M.Unbending and horizontal fracture of the subducting Pacific plate,as evidence by the 1993 Kushirooki and the 1981 and 1987 intermediate-depth earthquakes in Hokkaido.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,199,93(1-2):91- 1046
[19]Brudzinski M R,Thurber C H,Hacker B R,et al.Global prevalence of double Benioff zones.Science,2007,316 (5830):1472-1274
[20]Kawakatsu H,Seno T.Triple seismic zone and the regional variation of seismicity along the northern Honshu arc.J. Geophys.Res.,1983,88(B5):4215-4230
[21]Igarashi T,Matsuzawa T,Umino N,et al.Spatial distribution of focal mechanisms for interplate and intraplate earthquakes associated with the subducting Pacific plate beneath the northeastern Japan arc:A triple-planed deep seismic zone.J.Geophys.Res.,2001,106(B2):2177- 2191
[22]Wang K L.Unbending combined with dehydration embrittiement as a cause for double and triple seismic zones.Geophys.Res. Lett.,2002,29(18):1889-1892
[23]张克亮,魏东平.环太平洋俯冲带内双地震带及其成因机制研究进展.地球物理学进展,2008,23(1):31-39 Zhang K L,Wei D P.Progresses of the researches and the causing mechanisms on the double seimic zones within the subduction zones around the Pacific ocean.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(1):31-39
[24]Hacker B R,Peacock S M,Abers G A,et al.Subduction factory-2.Are intermediate-depth earthquakes in subducting slabs linked to metamorphic dehydration reactions? J. Geophys.Res.,2003,108:doi:10.0129/JB001129
[25]Seno T,Yamanaka Y.Double seismic zones,compressional deep trench-outer rise events,and superplumes.In:Bebout G E,Scholl DW,Kirby S H,et al,eds.Subduction Top to Bottom.Washington DC:Geophys.Monogr.,AGU,1996, 96:347-355
[26]Yamasaki T,Seno T.Double seismic zone and dehydration embrittiement of the subducting slab.J.Geophys.Res., 2003,108(B4):2212-2232
[27]Uyeda S,Kanamori H.Back-arc opening and the mode of ??subduction.J.Geophys.Res.,1979,84(B3):1049-1061
[28]Stern R J.Subduction zones.Rev.Geophys.,2002,40(4): 1012-1049
[29]Jarrard R D.Relations among subduction parameters.Rev. Geophys.,1986,24(2):317-284
[30]Ruff L,Kanamori H.Seismicity and the subduction process. Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1980,23(3):240-252
[31]Heuret A,Funiciello F,FaccennaC,et al.Plate kinematics, slab shape and back-arc stress:A comparison between laboratory models and current subduction zones.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,2007,256(3-4):473-483
[32]Heuret A,Lallemand S.Plate motions,slab dynamics and back-arc deformation.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,2005, 149(1-2):31-51
[33]Sdrolias M,M(u|¨)ller R D.Controls on back-arc basin formation.Geochem.Geophys.Geosyst.,2006,7:Q04016, doi:10.1029/2005GC001090
[34]臧绍先,宁杰远.俯冲带的负浮力及其影响因素.地球物理学报,1994,37(2):174-183 Zang S X,Ning J Y.The negative buoyancy of the subduction zone and its affecting factors.Chinse J.Geophys. (.Acta Geophysica Sinica)(in Chinese),1994,37(2):174- 183
[35]宁杰远.俯冲动力学研究综述.地球物理学进展,1996,11 (4):1-19 Ning J Y.Review on the subduction dynamics.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),1996,11(4):1-19
[36]朱桂芝,石耀霖,张怀.板片深部俯冲动力学研究的新进展.地球物理学进展,2008,23(2):333-342 Zhu G Z,Shi Y L,Zhang H.New progress on geodynamics of slab deep subduction.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(2):333-342
[37]Wiens D A,Stein S.Age dependence of oceanic intraplate seismicity and implications for lithospheric evolution.J. Geophys.Res.,1983,88(B8):6455-6468
[38]Peacock S M.Are double seismic zones caused by serpentine dehydration reactions in subducting oceanic mantle? Geology, 2001,29:299-302
[39]Muller R D,Sdrolias M,Gaina C,et al.Age,spreading rates,and spreading asymmetry of the world's ocean crust. Geochem.Geophys.Geosyst.,2008,9(4):Q04006,doi: 10.1029/2007 GC001743
[40]Wang K L,Rogers G C.An explanation for the double seismic layers north of the Mendocino triple junction. Geophys.Res.Lett.,1994,21(2):121-124
[41]Cassidy J,Waldhauser F F.Evidence for both crustal and mantle earthquakes in the subducting Juan de Fuca plate. Geophys.Res.Lett.,2003,30(2),1095-1098
[42]Comte D,Sudrez G.An inverted double seismic zone in Chile:evidence of phase transformation in the subducted slab.Science,1994,263(5144):212- 215
[43]Comte D,Dorbath L,Pardo M,et al.A double-layered seismic zone in Arica,Northern Chile.Geophys.Res.Lett., 1999,26(13):1965-1968
[44]Dorbath C,Gerbault M,Carlier G,et al.Double seismic zone of the Nazca plate in northern Chile:high-resolution velocity structure,petrological implications,and thermomechanical modeling.Geochem.Geophys.Geosyst., 2008,9(7):Q07006,doi:10.1029/2008GC002020
[45]Rietbrock A,Waldhauser F.A narrowly spaced doubleseismic zone in the subducting Nazca plate.Geophys.Res. Lett.,2004,31:L10608
[46]Lallemand S,Heuret A,Boutelier D.On the relationship between slab dip,back-arc stress,upper plate absolute motion,and crustal nature in subduction zones.Geochem. Geophys.Geosyst.,2005,6(Q09006):doi:10.1029/ 2005GC00 0917
[47]McGurire J J,Wiens D A.A double seismic zone in new Britain and the morphology of the Solomon Plate at intermediate depths.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1995,22(15): 1965-1968
[48]Molnar P,Freedman D,Shih J S F.Lengths of intermediate and deep seismic zones and temperatures in downgoing slabs of lithosphere.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,1979,56(1): 41-54
[49]Stein S C,Stein A.Thermo-mechnical evolution of oceanic lithosphere:implications for the subduction process and deep earthquakes.In:Bebout G E,Scholl D W,Kirby S H,et al, eds.Subduction:Top to Bottom.Geophysical Monograph. Washington DC:American Geophysical Union,1996,96: 1-17
[50]Kirby S H,Stein S,Okal E A,et al.Metastable mantle phase transformations and deep earthquakes in subducting oceanic lithosphere.Rev.Geophys.,1996,34(2):261-306
[51]Gripp A E,Gordon R G.Young tracks of hotspots and current plate velocities.Geophys.J.Int.,2002,150(2): 321-361
[52]Schellart W P.Influence of the subducting plate velocity on ??the geometry of the slab and migration of the subduction hinge.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,2005,231(3-4):197-219
[53]Schellart W P.Subduction zone trench migration:slab driven or overriding-plate-driven? Phys.Earth Planet.Inter., 2008,170(1-2):73-88
[54]Faccenna C,Heuret A,Funiciello F,et al.Predicting trench and plate motion from the dynamics of a strong slab.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,2007,257(1-2):29-36
[55]O'Neill C,M(u|¨)ller D,Steinberger B.On the uncertainties in hot spot reconstructions and the signicance of moving hot spot reference frames.Geochem.Geophys.Geosyst.,2005,6 (Q04003),doi:10.1029/2004GC000784
[56]Wessel P,Harada Y,Kroenke L W.Toward a selfconsistent, high-resolution absolute plate motion model for the Pacific.Geochem.Geophys.Geosyst.,2006,7:Q03L12, doi:10.1029/2005GC001000
[57]Gordon R G,Jurdy D M.Cenozoic global platemotions.J. Geophys.Res.,1986,91(B12):12389-12406
[58]Argus D F,Gordon R G.No-net-rotation model of current plate velocities incorporating plate motion model NUVEL-1. Geophys.Res.Lett.,1991,18(11):2039-2042
[59]Kreemer C,Holt W E,Haines A J.An integrated global model of present-day plate motions and plate boundary deformation.Geophys.J.Int.,2003,154(1):8-34
[60]Hamilton W B.An alternative Earth.GSA Today,2003,13 (11):4-12
[61]Funiciello F,Faccenna C,Heuret A,et al.Trench migration,net rotation and slab-mantle coupling.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,2008,271(1-4):233-240
[62]Carlson RL,Hilde T W C,Uyeda S.The driving mechanism of plate tectonics:relation to age of the lithosphere at trenches.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1983,10(4):297-300
[63]Lou X T,Cai C,Yu C Q,et al.Intermediate-depth earthquakes beneath the Pamir-Hindu Kush Region: Evidence for collision between two opposite subduction zones. Earthquake Science,2009,22(6):659-665
[2]Chen P F,Bina C R,Okal E A.A global survey of stress orientations in subducting slabs as revealed by intermediatedepth earthquakes.Geophys.J.Int.,2004,159(2):721- 733
[3]Watts A B.Burov E B.Lithospheric strength and its relationship to the elastic and seismogenic layer thickness. Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,2003,213(1-2):113-131
[4]Vassiliou M S.Hager B H.Subduction zone earthquakes and stress in slabs.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1988,128(3-4):547- 624
[5]臧绍先.吴忠良.宁杰远.日本海—鄂霍次克海下俯冲带的应力状态及其深部形变.地球物理学报,1992,35(5): 560-573 Zang S X,Wu Z I.,Ning J Y.Stress state and deep deformation of subduction zone in Japan Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk and the problem of slab penetration into the lower mantle.Chinese J.Geophys.(Acta Geophysica Sinica )(in Chinese).1992.35(5):560-573
[6]Hasegawa A.Umino N,Takagi A.Double-planed structure of the deep seismic zone in the northeastern Japan arc. Tectonophysics,1978,47(1-2):43-58
[7]Hasegawa A.Houriuchi S.Umino N.Seismic structure of the northeastern Japan convergent margin:A synthesis.J. Geophys.Res.,1994,99(B11):22295-22311
[8]Kawakatsu H.Double seismic zone:kinematics.J. Geophys.Res.,1986,91(B5):4811-4825
[9]Kawakatsu H.Downdip tensional earthquakes beneath the Tonga arc:a double seismic zone? J.Geophys.Res.,1986, 91(B6):6432-6440
[10]Ohmi S,Hori S.Seismic wave conversion near the upper boundary of the Pacific plate beneath the Kanto district. Japan.Geophys.J.Int.,2000.141(1):1 36-148
[11]Seno T,Zhao D.Kobayashi Y.et al.Dehydration of serpentinized slab mantle:seismic evidence from southwest Japan.Earth.Planets Space,2001,53(9):861-871
[12]Kao H.Liu L G.A hypothesis for the seismogenesis of double seismic zone.Geophys.J.Int.,1995,123(1):71- 84
[13]Kao H.Chen W P.Transition from interplate slip to double seismic zone along the Kuril-Kamchatka arc.J.Geophys. Res.,1995,100(B7):9881-9903
[14]Kao H,Rau R J.Detailed structures of the subducted Philippine Sea plate beneath northeast Taiwan:A new type of double seismic zone.J.Geophys.Res.,1999,104(B1): 1015-1033
[15]Gorbatov A,Sudrez G,Kostoglodov V,et al.A doubleplaned seismic zone in Kamchatka from local and teleseismic data.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1994,21(16):1675-1678
[16]Abers G A.Plate structure and the origin of double seismic zones.In:Bebout G E,Scholl D W,Kirby S H,et al,eds. Subduction:Top to Bottom.Geophysical Monograph. Washington DC:American Geophysical Union,1996,96: 223-228
[17]Samowitz I R,Forsyth D W.Double seismic zone beneath the Mariana island arc.J.Geophys.Res.,1981,86(B8): 7013-7021
[18]Suzuki S,Kasahara M.Unbending and horizontal fracture of the subducting Pacific plate,as evidence by the 1993 Kushirooki and the 1981 and 1987 intermediate-depth earthquakes in Hokkaido.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,199,93(1-2):91- 1046
[19]Brudzinski M R,Thurber C H,Hacker B R,et al.Global prevalence of double Benioff zones.Science,2007,316 (5830):1472-1274
[20]Kawakatsu H,Seno T.Triple seismic zone and the regional variation of seismicity along the northern Honshu arc.J. Geophys.Res.,1983,88(B5):4215-4230
[21]Igarashi T,Matsuzawa T,Umino N,et al.Spatial distribution of focal mechanisms for interplate and intraplate earthquakes associated with the subducting Pacific plate beneath the northeastern Japan arc:A triple-planed deep seismic zone.J.Geophys.Res.,2001,106(B2):2177- 2191
[22]Wang K L.Unbending combined with dehydration embrittiement as a cause for double and triple seismic zones.Geophys.Res. Lett.,2002,29(18):1889-1892
[23]张克亮,魏东平.环太平洋俯冲带内双地震带及其成因机制研究进展.地球物理学进展,2008,23(1):31-39 Zhang K L,Wei D P.Progresses of the researches and the causing mechanisms on the double seimic zones within the subduction zones around the Pacific ocean.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(1):31-39
[24]Hacker B R,Peacock S M,Abers G A,et al.Subduction factory-2.Are intermediate-depth earthquakes in subducting slabs linked to metamorphic dehydration reactions? J. Geophys.Res.,2003,108:doi:10.0129/JB001129
[25]Seno T,Yamanaka Y.Double seismic zones,compressional deep trench-outer rise events,and superplumes.In:Bebout G E,Scholl DW,Kirby S H,et al,eds.Subduction Top to Bottom.Washington DC:Geophys.Monogr.,AGU,1996, 96:347-355
[26]Yamasaki T,Seno T.Double seismic zone and dehydration embrittiement of the subducting slab.J.Geophys.Res., 2003,108(B4):2212-2232
[27]Uyeda S,Kanamori H.Back-arc opening and the mode of ??subduction.J.Geophys.Res.,1979,84(B3):1049-1061
[28]Stern R J.Subduction zones.Rev.Geophys.,2002,40(4): 1012-1049
[29]Jarrard R D.Relations among subduction parameters.Rev. Geophys.,1986,24(2):317-284
[30]Ruff L,Kanamori H.Seismicity and the subduction process. Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1980,23(3):240-252
[31]Heuret A,Funiciello F,FaccennaC,et al.Plate kinematics, slab shape and back-arc stress:A comparison between laboratory models and current subduction zones.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,2007,256(3-4):473-483
[32]Heuret A,Lallemand S.Plate motions,slab dynamics and back-arc deformation.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,2005, 149(1-2):31-51
[33]Sdrolias M,M(u|¨)ller R D.Controls on back-arc basin formation.Geochem.Geophys.Geosyst.,2006,7:Q04016, doi:10.1029/2005GC001090
[34]臧绍先,宁杰远.俯冲带的负浮力及其影响因素.地球物理学报,1994,37(2):174-183 Zang S X,Ning J Y.The negative buoyancy of the subduction zone and its affecting factors.Chinse J.Geophys. (.Acta Geophysica Sinica)(in Chinese),1994,37(2):174- 183
[35]宁杰远.俯冲动力学研究综述.地球物理学进展,1996,11 (4):1-19 Ning J Y.Review on the subduction dynamics.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),1996,11(4):1-19
[36]朱桂芝,石耀霖,张怀.板片深部俯冲动力学研究的新进展.地球物理学进展,2008,23(2):333-342 Zhu G Z,Shi Y L,Zhang H.New progress on geodynamics of slab deep subduction.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(2):333-342
[37]Wiens D A,Stein S.Age dependence of oceanic intraplate seismicity and implications for lithospheric evolution.J. Geophys.Res.,1983,88(B8):6455-6468
[38]Peacock S M.Are double seismic zones caused by serpentine dehydration reactions in subducting oceanic mantle? Geology, 2001,29:299-302
[39]Muller R D,Sdrolias M,Gaina C,et al.Age,spreading rates,and spreading asymmetry of the world's ocean crust. Geochem.Geophys.Geosyst.,2008,9(4):Q04006,doi: 10.1029/2007 GC001743
[40]Wang K L,Rogers G C.An explanation for the double seismic layers north of the Mendocino triple junction. Geophys.Res.Lett.,1994,21(2):121-124
[41]Cassidy J,Waldhauser F F.Evidence for both crustal and mantle earthquakes in the subducting Juan de Fuca plate. Geophys.Res.Lett.,2003,30(2),1095-1098
[42]Comte D,Sudrez G.An inverted double seismic zone in Chile:evidence of phase transformation in the subducted slab.Science,1994,263(5144):212- 215
[43]Comte D,Dorbath L,Pardo M,et al.A double-layered seismic zone in Arica,Northern Chile.Geophys.Res.Lett., 1999,26(13):1965-1968
[44]Dorbath C,Gerbault M,Carlier G,et al.Double seismic zone of the Nazca plate in northern Chile:high-resolution velocity structure,petrological implications,and thermomechanical modeling.Geochem.Geophys.Geosyst., 2008,9(7):Q07006,doi:10.1029/2008GC002020
[45]Rietbrock A,Waldhauser F.A narrowly spaced doubleseismic zone in the subducting Nazca plate.Geophys.Res. Lett.,2004,31:L10608
[46]Lallemand S,Heuret A,Boutelier D.On the relationship between slab dip,back-arc stress,upper plate absolute motion,and crustal nature in subduction zones.Geochem. Geophys.Geosyst.,2005,6(Q09006):doi:10.1029/ 2005GC00 0917
[47]McGurire J J,Wiens D A.A double seismic zone in new Britain and the morphology of the Solomon Plate at intermediate depths.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1995,22(15): 1965-1968
[48]Molnar P,Freedman D,Shih J S F.Lengths of intermediate and deep seismic zones and temperatures in downgoing slabs of lithosphere.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,1979,56(1): 41-54
[49]Stein S C,Stein A.Thermo-mechnical evolution of oceanic lithosphere:implications for the subduction process and deep earthquakes.In:Bebout G E,Scholl D W,Kirby S H,et al, eds.Subduction:Top to Bottom.Geophysical Monograph. Washington DC:American Geophysical Union,1996,96: 1-17
[50]Kirby S H,Stein S,Okal E A,et al.Metastable mantle phase transformations and deep earthquakes in subducting oceanic lithosphere.Rev.Geophys.,1996,34(2):261-306
[51]Gripp A E,Gordon R G.Young tracks of hotspots and current plate velocities.Geophys.J.Int.,2002,150(2): 321-361
[52]Schellart W P.Influence of the subducting plate velocity on ??the geometry of the slab and migration of the subduction hinge.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,2005,231(3-4):197-219
[53]Schellart W P.Subduction zone trench migration:slab driven or overriding-plate-driven? Phys.Earth Planet.Inter., 2008,170(1-2):73-88
[54]Faccenna C,Heuret A,Funiciello F,et al.Predicting trench and plate motion from the dynamics of a strong slab.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,2007,257(1-2):29-36
[55]O'Neill C,M(u|¨)ller D,Steinberger B.On the uncertainties in hot spot reconstructions and the signicance of moving hot spot reference frames.Geochem.Geophys.Geosyst.,2005,6 (Q04003),doi:10.1029/2004GC000784
[56]Wessel P,Harada Y,Kroenke L W.Toward a selfconsistent, high-resolution absolute plate motion model for the Pacific.Geochem.Geophys.Geosyst.,2006,7:Q03L12, doi:10.1029/2005GC001000
[57]Gordon R G,Jurdy D M.Cenozoic global platemotions.J. Geophys.Res.,1986,91(B12):12389-12406
[58]Argus D F,Gordon R G.No-net-rotation model of current plate velocities incorporating plate motion model NUVEL-1. Geophys.Res.Lett.,1991,18(11):2039-2042
[59]Kreemer C,Holt W E,Haines A J.An integrated global model of present-day plate motions and plate boundary deformation.Geophys.J.Int.,2003,154(1):8-34
[60]Hamilton W B.An alternative Earth.GSA Today,2003,13 (11):4-12
[61]Funiciello F,Faccenna C,Heuret A,et al.Trench migration,net rotation and slab-mantle coupling.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,2008,271(1-4):233-240
[62]Carlson RL,Hilde T W C,Uyeda S.The driving mechanism of plate tectonics:relation to age of the lithosphere at trenches.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1983,10(4):297-300
[63]Lou X T,Cai C,Yu C Q,et al.Intermediate-depth earthquakes beneath the Pamir-Hindu Kush Region: Evidence for collision between two opposite subduction zones. Earthquake Science,2009,22(6):659-665
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心