活动构造研究中相关速率的原地宇宙成因核素年代学约束
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摘要
活动构造研究中获得的相关速率是解释活动构造运动方式和幅度的重要基础,同时也能够提供检验和建立有关运动学和动力学模型的必要参数。原地宇宙成因核素年代学是近几十年来随着加速质谱的出现而逐渐发展并不断广泛应用于地学,特别是地表过程以及活动构造研究中来的。由于仪器测试费用高以及处理流程比较复杂,国内早期相关研究没有得以广泛开展,然而目前正呈现逐渐升温的趋势。在样品采集以及精细野外地质调查测量的基础上,活动构造研究中的活动断裂运动速率,活动构造区的河流水系侵蚀下切速率以及古地震事件,活动火山喷发事件等均可以通过原地宇宙成因核素年代学定量约束。文中在概述原地宇宙成因核素年代学基本原理的基础上,总结了国内外有关该年代学在活动构造研究应用中的最新成果和资料,重点介绍了基于原地宇宙成因核素年代学方法获取和解释活动构造研究中相关速率的成果。
Active tectonics studies focus on the active faults,active folds,active basins and the crustal and lithosphere blocks confined by the above-mentioned active structures.Tectonic deformation style,magnitude,and corresponding rate determined by active tectonic studies are fundamental for testing and constructing some kinematic and kinetic models.And these rates are necessary boundary conditions for testing and proposing the kinematic and kinetic models.Therefore,active tectonic rates must be quantified for better understanding and interpreting the above key models.Terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides(TCNs)dating techniques have been discovered and developed for decades following the AMS emergence.And then they were widely utilized for geological issues,especially for the geomorphic processes and active tectonics.Production rates of cosmogenic nuclides can change spatially and temporally,therefore,they must be corrected before being applied and interpreted.During the field investigation,the influences such as sample depth,height,latitude and shielding features,intermittent covering and sample location shifting,should be carefully and impersonally considered because of their necessity for applying the results.Based on the samples and detailed field investigation,slip rates of the active faults,river incision rates within active domain,paleoearthquake events and active volcanic eruption events can be constrained by TCNs dating.Active fault slip rate is widely utilized for paleoearthquake research and earthquake prediction,and many classic models for plateau uplift and evolution were conceived based on distribution features and slip rates of active faults.While the river incision processes within active orogen are becoming key issues for studying tectonic and fluvial geomorphology.The incision process and its rate are one of the new insights for understanding the tectonic uplift and climatic change processes.Paleoearthquake and historical earthquake studies can provide the parameters for earthquake recurrence interval,and for consequent earthquake prediction and mitigating earthquake disasters.Besides the above active rates,the volcanic eruption events during the Quaternary can help us know the relative tectonic activities,crustal and mantle geochemistry process and landscape evolution history.After briefly introducing the basic theory of TCNs,the present paper will generalize recent results and data by TCNs dating in active tectonic studies,and then put its emphasis on the procedure and consequent interpretation for these active tectonic rates.
Active tectonics studies focus on the active faults,active folds,active basins and the crustal and lithosphere blocks confined by the above-mentioned active structures.Tectonic deformation style,magnitude,and corresponding rate determined by active tectonic studies are fundamental for testing and constructing some kinematic and kinetic models.And these rates are necessary boundary conditions for testing and proposing the kinematic and kinetic models.Therefore,active tectonic rates must be quantified for better understanding and interpreting the above key models.Terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides(TCNs)dating techniques have been discovered and developed for decades following the AMS emergence.And then they were widely utilized for geological issues,especially for the geomorphic processes and active tectonics.Production rates of cosmogenic nuclides can change spatially and temporally,therefore,they must be corrected before being applied and interpreted.During the field investigation,the influences such as sample depth,height,latitude and shielding features,intermittent covering and sample location shifting,should be carefully and impersonally considered because of their necessity for applying the results.Based on the samples and detailed field investigation,slip rates of the active faults,river incision rates within active domain,paleoearthquake events and active volcanic eruption events can be constrained by TCNs dating.Active fault slip rate is widely utilized for paleoearthquake research and earthquake prediction,and many classic models for plateau uplift and evolution were conceived based on distribution features and slip rates of active faults.While the river incision processes within active orogen are becoming key issues for studying tectonic and fluvial geomorphology.The incision process and its rate are one of the new insights for understanding the tectonic uplift and climatic change processes.Paleoearthquake and historical earthquake studies can provide the parameters for earthquake recurrence interval,and for consequent earthquake prediction and mitigating earthquake disasters.Besides the above active rates,the volcanic eruption events during the Quaternary can help us know the relative tectonic activities,crustal and mantle geochemistry process and landscape evolution history.After briefly introducing the basic theory of TCNs,the present paper will generalize recent results and data by TCNs dating in active tectonic studies,and then put its emphasis on the procedure and consequent interpretation for these active tectonic rates.
引文
陈文寄,计凤桔,王非.1999.年轻地质体系的年代测定(续):新方法、新进展[M].北京:地质出版社.CHEN Wen-ji,JI Feng-ju,WANG Fei.1999.Dating of young geological systems:new method and progress[M].Geological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
邓起东,陈立春,冉勇康.2004.活动构造定量研究与应用[J].地学前缘,11(4):383—392.DENG Qi-dong,CHEN Li-chun,RAN Yong-kang.2004.Quantitative studies and applications of active tectonics[J].Earth Science Frontiers,11(4):383—392(in Chinese).
邓起东.1996.中国活动构造研究[J].地质论评,2(4):295—299.DENG Qi-dong.1996.Active tectonics in China[J].Geological Review,2(4):295—299(in Chinese).
邓起东.2002.中国活动构造研究的进展与展望[J].地质论评,48(2):168—177.DENG Qi-dong.2002.Advances and overview on researches of active tectonics in China[J].Geological Review,48(2):168—177(in Chinese).
顾兆炎,Lal D,郭正堂,等.2000.黄土高原黄土和红黏土10Be地球化学特征[J].第四纪研究,20(5):409—422.GUZhao-yan,Lal D,GUO Zheng-tang,et al.2000.Geochemistry of cosmogenic10Be in loess-paleosol sequences andred clay in the Loess Plateau[J].Quaternary Sciences,20(5):409—422(in Chinese).
顾兆炎,郭正堂,Lal D,等.2006a.黄土和红黏土中宇宙成因核素定年的潜力:10Be浓度与化学成分的关系[J].第四纪研究,26(2):244—249.GU Zhao-yan,GUO Zheng-tang,Lal D,et al.2006a.10Be concentration relation to chemical compositions of Chineseloess and red clay as a potential dating method[J].Quaternary Sciences,26(2):244—249(in Chinese).
顾兆炎,许冰,吕延武,等.2006b.怒江峡谷构造地貌的演化:阶地宇宙成因核素定年的初步结果[J].第四纪研究,26(2):293—294.GU Zhao-yan,XU Bing,L Yan-wu,et al.2006b.Areport on10Be dating of terrace surfaces in Nujiang River valley[J].Quaternary Sciences,26(2):293—294(in Chinese).
黄费新,刘小汉,孔屏,等.2004.东南极内陆格罗夫山地区基岩暴露年龄研究[J].极地研究,16(1):22—28.HUANG Fei-xin,LIU Xiao-han,KONG Ping,et al.2004.Bedrock exposure ages in the Grove Mountains,InteriorEast Antarctica[J].Chinese Journal of Polar Research,16(1):22—28(in Chinese).
孔屏,那春光.2007.青藏高原的剥蚀与构造抬升[J].第四纪研究,27(1):1—5.KONG Ping,NA Chun-guang.2007.Erosion and uplift of Tibetan Plateau[J].Quaternary Sciences,27(1):1—5(in Chinese).
那春光,孔屏,黄费新,等.2006.原地生成宇宙成因核素10Be和26Al样品采集及处理[J].岩矿测试,25(2):101—106.NA Chun-guang,KONG Ping,HUANG Fei-xin,et al.2006.Field collection and laboratory treatment of samples foranalysis of in-situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides of10Be and26Al[J].Rock and Mineral Analysis,25(2):101—106(in Chinese).
沈承德,孙彦敏,易惟熙,等.2004.丘陵草坡土壤10Be分布特征及土壤生成速率[J].中国科学(D辑),34(2):139—144.SHEN Cheng-de,SUN Yan-min,Yi Wei-xi,et al.2004.Distribution of10Be in soil of shrub meadowprofile and soilformation rate[J].Science in China(Ser D),34(2):139—144(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,Tapponnier P,Van Der Woerd J,等.2003.阿尔金断裂带晚第四纪左旋走滑速率及其构造运动转换模式讨论[J].中国科学(D辑),33(10):967—974.XU Xi-wei,Tapponnier P,Van Der Woerd J,et al.2005.Late Quaternary sinistral slip rate along the Altyn Taghfault and its structural transformation model[J].Science in China(Ser D),48(3):384—397.
Burbank D W,Leland J,Fielding E,et al.1996.Bedrock incision,rock uplift,and threshold hillslopes in the north-western Himalaya[J].Nature,379:505—510.
Cockburn HA P,Summerfield M A.2004.Geomorphological applications of cosmogenic isotope analysis[J].Pro-gress in Physical Geography,28(1):1—42.
Dunai TJ.2000.Scaling factors for production rates ofin situproduced cosmogenic nuclides:a critical reevaluation[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,176:157—169.
Fumal TE,Weldon R J II,Biasi G P,et al.2002.Evidence for large earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault at the Wright-wood,California,paleoseismic site[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,92(7):2726—2760.
Gosse J C,Phillips F M.2001.Terrestrialin situcosmogenic nuclides:theory and application[J].Quaternary Sci-ence Reviews,20:1475—1560.
http://cnef.earthsciences.dal.ca/NewFiles/tcnweb/figures/applications.GIF.2006.
Kirby E,Harkins Nathan,Wang E,et al.2007.Slip rate gradients along the eastern Kunlun fault[J].Tectonics,26(2):1—16.
Kong P,Na C,Fink D,et al.2007a.Cosmogenic10Be inferred lake-level changes in Sumxi Co basin,Western Tibet[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,29(5—6):698—703.
Kong P,Na C,Fink D,et al.2007b.Erosion in northwest Tibet fromin-situ-produced cosmogenic10Be and26Al inbedrock[J].Earth Surface Process and Landforms,32:116—125.
Lal D.1991.Cosmic ray labeling of erosion surfaces:in situ nuclides production rates and erosion models[J].Earthand Planetary Science Letters,104:424—439.
Lave J,Avouac J P.2000.Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwaliks Hills,Himalayas of central Nepal[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,105:5735—5770.
Lin A,Guo J,Kano K,et al.2006.Average slip rate and recurrence interval of large-magnitude earthquakes on thewestern segment of the strike-slip Kunlun Fault,northern Tibet[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of A-merica,96:1597—1611.
Masarik J,Frank M,Schafer J M,et al.2001.Correction of in situ cosmogenic nuclides production rates for geomag-netic field intensity variation during the past800,000years[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,65:2995—3003.
Matmon A,Schwartz D P,Finkel R,et al.2005.Dating offset fans along the Mojave section of the San Andreas Faultusing cosmogenic26Al and10Be[J].Bulletin of Geological Society of America,117(5—6):795—807.
Pratt B,Burbank DW,Heimsath A,et al.2002.Impulsive alluviation during early Holocene strenghtened monsoons,central Nepal Himalaya[J].Geology,30:911—914.
Schaller M,Hovius N,Willett S D,et al.2005.Fluvial bedrock incision in the active mountain belt of Taiwan frominsitu-produced cosmogenic nuclides[J].Earth Surface Process and Landforms,30:955—971.
Staudacher T,Allegre C J.1993.Ages of the second caldera of Piton de la Fournaise Volcano(Reunion)determinedby cosmic ray produced3He and21Ne[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,119(3):395—404.
Stock G M,Anderson R S,Finkel R C.2005.Rates of erosion and topographic evolution of the Sierra Nevada,Cali-fornia,inferred from cosmogenic26Al and10Be concentrations[J].Earth Surface Process and Landforms,30:985—1006.
Stone J O.2000.Air pressure and cosmogenic isotope production[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,105:23,753—23,759.
Tapponnier P,Molnar P.1977.Active faulting and tectonics of China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,82:2905—2930.
Turrin B D,Champion D,Fleck R J.1991.40Ar/39Ar age of the Lathrop Wells volcanic center,Yucca Mountain,Ne-vada[J].Science,253:654—657.
Wobus C,Heimsath A,Whipple K,et al.2005.Active out-of-sequence thrust faulting in the central Nepalese Hima-laya[J].Nature,434:1008—1011.
Wobus C W,Hodges K V,Whipple K X.2003.Has focused denudation sustained active thrusting at the Himalayantopographic front[J].Geology,31:861—864.
Woerd Van der,Tapponnier P,Ryerson F J,et al.2002.Uniform post-glacial slip-rate along the central600km ofthe Kunlun fault(Tibet),from26A1,10Be,and C dating of riser offsets,and climatic origin of the regional mor-phology[J].Geophysical Journal International,148:356—388.
Woerd Van der,Ryerson F J,Tapponnier P,et al.1998.Holocene left-slip rate determined by cosmogenic surfacedating on the Xidatan segment of the Kunlun fault(Qinghai,China)[J].Geology,26(8):695—698.
Xu X,Yu G,Klinger Y,et al.2006.Reevaluation of surface rupture parameters and faulting segmentation of the2001Kunlunshan earthquake(MW7.8),northern Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,111,B05316,doi:10.1029/2004JB003488.
Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,Burgman R,et al.2004.Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau constrained from Glob-al Positioning System measurements[J].Geology,32(9):809—812.
Zhang P Z,Burchfiel B C,Molnar P,et al.1991.Rate,amount,and style of late Cenozoic deformation of southernNingxia,northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau[J].Tectonics,10:1111—1129.
Zreda M,Noller J S.1998.Ages of prehistoric earthquakes revealed by cosmogenic chlorine-36in a bedrock faultscarp at Hebgen Lake[J].Science,282:1097—1099.
Zreda M G,Phillips F M,Kubik P W,et al.1993.Cosmogenic36Cl dating of a young basaltic eruption[J].Geolo-gy,21:57—60.
邓起东,陈立春,冉勇康.2004.活动构造定量研究与应用[J].地学前缘,11(4):383—392.DENG Qi-dong,CHEN Li-chun,RAN Yong-kang.2004.Quantitative studies and applications of active tectonics[J].Earth Science Frontiers,11(4):383—392(in Chinese).
邓起东.1996.中国活动构造研究[J].地质论评,2(4):295—299.DENG Qi-dong.1996.Active tectonics in China[J].Geological Review,2(4):295—299(in Chinese).
邓起东.2002.中国活动构造研究的进展与展望[J].地质论评,48(2):168—177.DENG Qi-dong.2002.Advances and overview on researches of active tectonics in China[J].Geological Review,48(2):168—177(in Chinese).
顾兆炎,Lal D,郭正堂,等.2000.黄土高原黄土和红黏土10Be地球化学特征[J].第四纪研究,20(5):409—422.GUZhao-yan,Lal D,GUO Zheng-tang,et al.2000.Geochemistry of cosmogenic10Be in loess-paleosol sequences andred clay in the Loess Plateau[J].Quaternary Sciences,20(5):409—422(in Chinese).
顾兆炎,郭正堂,Lal D,等.2006a.黄土和红黏土中宇宙成因核素定年的潜力:10Be浓度与化学成分的关系[J].第四纪研究,26(2):244—249.GU Zhao-yan,GUO Zheng-tang,Lal D,et al.2006a.10Be concentration relation to chemical compositions of Chineseloess and red clay as a potential dating method[J].Quaternary Sciences,26(2):244—249(in Chinese).
顾兆炎,许冰,吕延武,等.2006b.怒江峡谷构造地貌的演化:阶地宇宙成因核素定年的初步结果[J].第四纪研究,26(2):293—294.GU Zhao-yan,XU Bing,L Yan-wu,et al.2006b.Areport on10Be dating of terrace surfaces in Nujiang River valley[J].Quaternary Sciences,26(2):293—294(in Chinese).
黄费新,刘小汉,孔屏,等.2004.东南极内陆格罗夫山地区基岩暴露年龄研究[J].极地研究,16(1):22—28.HUANG Fei-xin,LIU Xiao-han,KONG Ping,et al.2004.Bedrock exposure ages in the Grove Mountains,InteriorEast Antarctica[J].Chinese Journal of Polar Research,16(1):22—28(in Chinese).
孔屏,那春光.2007.青藏高原的剥蚀与构造抬升[J].第四纪研究,27(1):1—5.KONG Ping,NA Chun-guang.2007.Erosion and uplift of Tibetan Plateau[J].Quaternary Sciences,27(1):1—5(in Chinese).
那春光,孔屏,黄费新,等.2006.原地生成宇宙成因核素10Be和26Al样品采集及处理[J].岩矿测试,25(2):101—106.NA Chun-guang,KONG Ping,HUANG Fei-xin,et al.2006.Field collection and laboratory treatment of samples foranalysis of in-situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides of10Be and26Al[J].Rock and Mineral Analysis,25(2):101—106(in Chinese).
沈承德,孙彦敏,易惟熙,等.2004.丘陵草坡土壤10Be分布特征及土壤生成速率[J].中国科学(D辑),34(2):139—144.SHEN Cheng-de,SUN Yan-min,Yi Wei-xi,et al.2004.Distribution of10Be in soil of shrub meadowprofile and soilformation rate[J].Science in China(Ser D),34(2):139—144(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,Tapponnier P,Van Der Woerd J,等.2003.阿尔金断裂带晚第四纪左旋走滑速率及其构造运动转换模式讨论[J].中国科学(D辑),33(10):967—974.XU Xi-wei,Tapponnier P,Van Der Woerd J,et al.2005.Late Quaternary sinistral slip rate along the Altyn Taghfault and its structural transformation model[J].Science in China(Ser D),48(3):384—397.
Burbank D W,Leland J,Fielding E,et al.1996.Bedrock incision,rock uplift,and threshold hillslopes in the north-western Himalaya[J].Nature,379:505—510.
Cockburn HA P,Summerfield M A.2004.Geomorphological applications of cosmogenic isotope analysis[J].Pro-gress in Physical Geography,28(1):1—42.
Dunai TJ.2000.Scaling factors for production rates ofin situproduced cosmogenic nuclides:a critical reevaluation[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,176:157—169.
Fumal TE,Weldon R J II,Biasi G P,et al.2002.Evidence for large earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault at the Wright-wood,California,paleoseismic site[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,92(7):2726—2760.
Gosse J C,Phillips F M.2001.Terrestrialin situcosmogenic nuclides:theory and application[J].Quaternary Sci-ence Reviews,20:1475—1560.
http://cnef.earthsciences.dal.ca/NewFiles/tcnweb/figures/applications.GIF.2006.
Kirby E,Harkins Nathan,Wang E,et al.2007.Slip rate gradients along the eastern Kunlun fault[J].Tectonics,26(2):1—16.
Kong P,Na C,Fink D,et al.2007a.Cosmogenic10Be inferred lake-level changes in Sumxi Co basin,Western Tibet[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,29(5—6):698—703.
Kong P,Na C,Fink D,et al.2007b.Erosion in northwest Tibet fromin-situ-produced cosmogenic10Be and26Al inbedrock[J].Earth Surface Process and Landforms,32:116—125.
Lal D.1991.Cosmic ray labeling of erosion surfaces:in situ nuclides production rates and erosion models[J].Earthand Planetary Science Letters,104:424—439.
Lave J,Avouac J P.2000.Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwaliks Hills,Himalayas of central Nepal[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,105:5735—5770.
Lin A,Guo J,Kano K,et al.2006.Average slip rate and recurrence interval of large-magnitude earthquakes on thewestern segment of the strike-slip Kunlun Fault,northern Tibet[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of A-merica,96:1597—1611.
Masarik J,Frank M,Schafer J M,et al.2001.Correction of in situ cosmogenic nuclides production rates for geomag-netic field intensity variation during the past800,000years[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,65:2995—3003.
Matmon A,Schwartz D P,Finkel R,et al.2005.Dating offset fans along the Mojave section of the San Andreas Faultusing cosmogenic26Al and10Be[J].Bulletin of Geological Society of America,117(5—6):795—807.
Pratt B,Burbank DW,Heimsath A,et al.2002.Impulsive alluviation during early Holocene strenghtened monsoons,central Nepal Himalaya[J].Geology,30:911—914.
Schaller M,Hovius N,Willett S D,et al.2005.Fluvial bedrock incision in the active mountain belt of Taiwan frominsitu-produced cosmogenic nuclides[J].Earth Surface Process and Landforms,30:955—971.
Staudacher T,Allegre C J.1993.Ages of the second caldera of Piton de la Fournaise Volcano(Reunion)determinedby cosmic ray produced3He and21Ne[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,119(3):395—404.
Stock G M,Anderson R S,Finkel R C.2005.Rates of erosion and topographic evolution of the Sierra Nevada,Cali-fornia,inferred from cosmogenic26Al and10Be concentrations[J].Earth Surface Process and Landforms,30:985—1006.
Stone J O.2000.Air pressure and cosmogenic isotope production[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,105:23,753—23,759.
Tapponnier P,Molnar P.1977.Active faulting and tectonics of China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,82:2905—2930.
Turrin B D,Champion D,Fleck R J.1991.40Ar/39Ar age of the Lathrop Wells volcanic center,Yucca Mountain,Ne-vada[J].Science,253:654—657.
Wobus C,Heimsath A,Whipple K,et al.2005.Active out-of-sequence thrust faulting in the central Nepalese Hima-laya[J].Nature,434:1008—1011.
Wobus C W,Hodges K V,Whipple K X.2003.Has focused denudation sustained active thrusting at the Himalayantopographic front[J].Geology,31:861—864.
Woerd Van der,Tapponnier P,Ryerson F J,et al.2002.Uniform post-glacial slip-rate along the central600km ofthe Kunlun fault(Tibet),from26A1,10Be,and C dating of riser offsets,and climatic origin of the regional mor-phology[J].Geophysical Journal International,148:356—388.
Woerd Van der,Ryerson F J,Tapponnier P,et al.1998.Holocene left-slip rate determined by cosmogenic surfacedating on the Xidatan segment of the Kunlun fault(Qinghai,China)[J].Geology,26(8):695—698.
Xu X,Yu G,Klinger Y,et al.2006.Reevaluation of surface rupture parameters and faulting segmentation of the2001Kunlunshan earthquake(MW7.8),northern Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,111,B05316,doi:10.1029/2004JB003488.
Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,Burgman R,et al.2004.Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau constrained from Glob-al Positioning System measurements[J].Geology,32(9):809—812.
Zhang P Z,Burchfiel B C,Molnar P,et al.1991.Rate,amount,and style of late Cenozoic deformation of southernNingxia,northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau[J].Tectonics,10:1111—1129.
Zreda M,Noller J S.1998.Ages of prehistoric earthquakes revealed by cosmogenic chlorine-36in a bedrock faultscarp at Hebgen Lake[J].Science,282:1097—1099.
Zreda M G,Phillips F M,Kubik P W,et al.1993.Cosmogenic36Cl dating of a young basaltic eruption[J].Geolo-gy,21:57—60.
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