浑江煤田推覆构造特征、演化及找煤远景区预测
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摘要
浑江煤田位于吉林省东南部,属通化市和白山市管辖,范围西起通化市二道江区铁厂镇,经白山市、咋子、湾沟,东至白山市松树镇,全长130km,宽15km,面积约1950km~2。近年来,由于浑江煤田煤炭资源开发强度增大,大部分矿井因煤炭资源枯竭而相继关闭,仅剩余砟子、八宝、松树等生产矿井,煤炭接替资源十分紧张,严重地制约了当地的经济发展。同时,浑江煤田地质构造复杂,推覆构造发育,对构造控煤理论特别是推覆构造控煤理论的研究滞后,给煤炭资源的勘查、开采等工作带来极大困难。因此,对该煤田内的推覆构造特征、演化以及控煤规律的研究,不但具有深远的现实意义,而且具有重要的理论指导意义。对寻找具有进一步勘探开发潜力的煤炭资源后备基地,扩大新的找煤领域,也是十分必要的。
在充分收集资料的基础上,对浑江煤田的区域构造、推覆构造特征、形成及演化、构造特征与演化历史、聚煤规律及构造控煤样式等内容进行了详细研究,对煤炭资源远景区进行了预测,主要取得如下成果:
1、研究认为,北东向浑江～湾沟断裂带和东西向兴华～白头山天池断裂带,是影响浑江煤田形成与发展的主要区域构造,其形成和演化对浑江煤田的构造形成和演化起关键作用。
2、详细研究了浑江煤田推覆构造的几何特征,对推覆构造分带性进行了划分,确定了推覆构造样式种类,并将推覆构造的组合型式划分为复合式双重构造、叠瓦式构造、对冲构造、项冲截断式双冲构造、顺层滑褶叠覆型、切层滑褶叠覆型等6种型式。
3、通过对推覆构造运动学特征的研究,提出了推覆构造形成的具体时代,认为滑覆构造形成时代分为两个主要时期,早期形成于三叠世末期,晚期形成于中侏罗世;逆冲推覆构造形成时代在中侏罗世。浑江煤田逆冲断层以及推覆体的运移方向总体表现为由南东向北西,滑移距离至少为12km。逆冲推覆构造的形成和发展受重力滑覆构造的控制和影响。
4、首次对浑江煤田重力滑覆构造的形成机制进行阐述,认为区域构造浑江～湾沟断裂带和兴华～白头山天池断裂带,为浑江煤田推覆构造的形成提供很好的动力条件;研究区石炭、二叠系强弱相间的泥岩、粘土岩、页岩和煤层等是滑覆构造形成的最有利的界面;晚古生代煤系地层内部发育丰富的灰岩含水层,为煤系内高孔隙流体压力的形成提供物质条件,是重力滑覆体发生滑移的前提条件。
5、根据演化特征不同,将浑江煤田推覆构造的演化历史分成四个主要时期。认为印支期是古生代盖层褶皱、早期重力滑覆体形成期;早燕山期是晚期重力滑覆、推覆构造形成时期;晚燕山期是滑覆构造活化期;喜山期是滑覆构造风化剥蚀期。并绘制了浑江煤田推覆构造演化模式图。
6、对浑江煤田构造特征进行了重点论述,认为区域构造北东向浑江～湾沟断裂带和东西向兴华～白头山天池断裂带,是浑江煤田构造呈现东西分区和南北分带的构造基础。浑江煤田褶皱主要以向斜为主,具有复式褶皱的特点。西区向斜呈北东向展布,可分为铁厂～八道江、头道沟～老房子～苇塘两个复式向斜;东区向斜呈东西向展布,包括石人向斜、湾沟向斜和松树镇向斜。浑江煤田以推覆构造为主,少数为北西向和北东向张性断裂。断裂构造具有多形式、多期次和多方向的复杂构造特征。
7、通过分析研究,将浑江煤田构造形成和演化历史划为成煤前煤系基底形成阶段,成煤期同沉积构造阶段,成煤后构造变动阶段等三大发展阶段。认为浑江煤田在成煤后主要经历了印支期、燕山早期、燕山晚期和喜山期的构造运动。
8、浑江煤田聚煤主要受成煤前区域构造、同沉积构造和成煤后构造的控制和影响。辽吉裂谷系和浑江裂陷槽,对以后的成煤盆地的形态产生很大影响。晚古生代,浑江～湾沟断裂带和兴华～白头山天池断裂带对浑江煤田沉积环境和构造演化起重要的控制作用。成煤后,浑江煤田被北东向浑江～湾沟断裂带南支断裂之一的达台山老岭断裂(F_1)分成东、西两区,两个地区有明显的构造分带特征。在含煤地层的控制上也有较大的区别,西区以断裂控煤为主;东区以褶皱控煤为主。
9、首次提出了逆冲推覆构造控煤样式、重力滑覆构造控煤样式是浑江煤田主要控煤构造样式。逆冲推覆构造的控煤样式包括复合式双重构造、叠瓦式构造、对冲构造、顶冲截断式双冲构造。这些控煤构造样式主要通过逆冲断层对煤层起控制作用,不仅造成石炭、二叠系产生倒转,而且也使石炭、二叠系产生垂向上的重复,增加了煤炭资源量。同时,逆冲断层与滑覆断层联合控制,往往使推覆体下一定深度存在含煤地层,这也是浑江煤田的普遍规律。重力滑覆控煤构造样式包括顺层滑褶叠覆型和切层滑褶叠覆型。通过重力滑覆体在石炭二叠系软弱层中切层或顺层滑动,在滑覆体下保存煤层。
10、根据上述综合研究成果,结合浑江煤田煤炭资源勘查、开发现状,确定了3个具有进一步勘探潜力的预测区,即头道沟煤矿北预测区、曲家营子预测区、沙金沟预测区。预测区总面积46.8km~2,预测区潜在资源量为15534万t。
总之,本文对浑江煤田构造形成机制及演化进行全面论述,推覆构造特征、形成机制及演化等进行了详细而深入研究,根据推覆构造控煤理论,预测了有进一步勘探潜力区域。该理论的研究以及预测区的确定,对浑江煤田煤炭资源的勘探、开发将起到重要的指导作用,具有重要的实用价值和应用价值。
Hunjiang Coalfield is located in the southern part of Jinlin Provence, which falls under the jurisdiction of Tonghua and Baishan cities, its range from Tiechang Zhen west Erdaojiang urban area of Baishan city via Baishan city, Zhazi, Wangou to Songshu Zhen the east of Baishan city. The overall length of Hunjiang Coalfield is 130km, 15km in width and has an area of about 1950km~2. In recent years, with the coal resource developing intensity increases, most of coal mines had to shut down because the coal resources are exhausted. The production coal mines include Zhazi, Babao and Songshu greatly restricted the economic growth of local areas for the continued coal resources becoming less and less. At the same time, the structure is very complex and the nappe structure develop in Hunjiang Coalfield, and the research on the structure coal-controlling theory, especial the nappe structure coal-controlling theory is relative laggard, which extremely add to the difficulties to the coal exploration and production.So,the research on the characteristic and evolution of the nappe structure and structure coal-controlling law, not only has active realistic significance ,but also has profound historic significance. It is very necessary to find the further exploration potential coal resource region and expand new coal areas.
Based on the information collecting, the regional structures, the characteristic, formation and evolution of nappe structure, the structure characteristic and evolution history, the coal collecting law and structure coal-controlling styles have been studied in detail, The main results obtained are as follows:
1. The study concludes that the NE orientation fault zones of Hunjiang to Wangou and the EW orientation fault zones of Xinhuan to Baitoushantianchi,are main regional structures to affect the formation and development of Hunjiang Coalfield, whose formation and evolution is essential for the structure formation and evolution of Hunjiang Coalfield.
2. The nappe structure geometric significance of Hunjiang Coalfield was studied in detail, the belts of nappe structure was divided, the style kinds of nappe structure was determined and the nappe structure combined type was divided into six patterns, complex duplex structure pattern, thrust-nappe structure pattern, face to face thrust structure pattern, top thrusting cut-off and duplex structure pattern, bedding slipping fold structure pattern and bedding cutting fold structure pattern.
3. Through the study of kinematics characteristics of nappe structure, The exactly forming era of nappe structures was proposed for the first time, and the sliding structures forming time can be divided into two main periods (the early stage was at the end of Triassic, the late stage was at middle Jurassic); the thrust nappe structures forming time was at middle Jurassic. It is believed that the overall movement direction of thrust faults and nappes was from southeast to northwest and the sliding distance was at least 12km.The forming and developing of thrust nappe structures were controlled and affected by gravitational sliding structures.
4. The mechanism of gravitational sliding structures of Hunjiang Coalfield was expatiated for the first time. It is believed that the Hunjiang to Wangou and Xinghua to Baitoushantianchi fault zones provided very good dynamics conditions for the nappe structures forming; The alternate mudstone, clay rock, shale and coal seam of hard and soft in the research area, were the best interfaces for nappe structures formation; and the abundant limestone aquifers developing in the late Paleozoic coal measures, provided material conditions for high pore fluid pressure, which is the precondition for gravitational nappe to slide.
5. According to the different evolution characteristics, the nappe structure evolution history of Hunjiang Coalfield was divided four main periods. It is believed that the Indo-Chinese period is Paleozoic cover fold and the early gravitational nappe forming time; the early Yanshan period is the forming time of late gravitational nappe and nappe structure; the late Yanshan period is the time of gravitational sliding structure activation; the Himalayan period is the weathering time of gravitational sliding structure. The nappe structure model map of Hunjiang Coalfield was drawn.
6. The structure characteristic of Hunjiang Coalfield was mainly discussed, and it was considered that the NE orientation fault zones of Hunjiang to Wangou and the EW orientation fault zones of Xinghua to Baitoushantianchi are the bases for structure area dividing from the east to the west and zone dividing from south to the north. The folds are mainly synclines, which have the characteristic of complex folds. In the west area, the synclines distribute in NE, which can be divided into two complex synclines, Tiechang to Badaojiang and Toudaogou to Laofangzi to Weitang. In the east area, the synclines distribute in EW, which include Shiren and Songshu synclines. The bigger numbers of structure are nappe structures, the smaller number of structure are NW and NE direction tensional fault's. The faults have the characteristic of more forms, more times and more direction.
7.Through the analysis and study, the structure formation and evolution history was divided into coal measure basement forming stage before coal forming, synsedimentary structure stage during coal forming and structural movement stage after coal forming and the Hunjiang Coalfield mainly experienced Indo-Chinese period, the early Yanshan period, the late Yanshan period and Himalayan period structural movement.
8. The coal-accumulation process of Hunjiang Coalfield was mainly controlled by regional structure before coal forming, synsedimentary structure during coal forming and structural movement after coal forming. Liaoning-Jilin rift systems and Hunjiang rift affected to the formation of coal-basin very much; the fault zones of Hunjiang to Wangou and Xinghua to Baitoushantianchi played an important role in sedimentary environment and structure evolution of Hunjiang Coalfield; after coal formation, the Dataishan fault (one branch fault of the Hunjiang to Wangou in the south) divided Hunjiang Coalfield into east and west parts, in which the belts structure is very clear. There have big differences on the control to coal measures, the west area, the coal measures controlled mainly by faults and the east area by folds.
9. The thrust nappe structure and gravitational sliding structure are the main coal control structure patterns were proposed for the first time. The thrust nappe structure coal control patterns include complex duplex structure pattern, thrust-nappe structure pattern, face to face thrust structure pattern, top thrusting cut-off and duplex structure pattern, which controlled the coal seams mainly through thrust faults, not only brought the carboniferous and Permian systems to reverse ,but also made them repeat in the vertical direction. At the same time, by the combining control of thrust and sliding faults, at certain depth under the nappes existe coal-bearing formation, which is general law in Hunjiang Coalfield. The gravitational sliding coal control patterns include bedding slipping fold structure pattern and bedding cutting fold structure pattern. Through the gravitational sliding nappes bed cutting or bedding movement in hard or soft strata, under the sliding nappes existe coal-bearing formation.
10.Based on the study results above, combining the coal resource prospecting and developing present situation, three forecasting areas with exploration potential were determined(forecasting area in north of Toudagou Mine, Qujiayingzi forecasting area and Shajingou forecasting area). The total forecasting area is 46.8km~2 and the amount resources is 1553.4 thousand ton.
In a word, in this paper, the structure forming mechanism and evolution of Hunjiang Coalfield was fully discussed, the characteristics and forming mechanism of nappe structure and its evolution were studied in detail, and based on the nappe structure coal control theory, forecasted the exploration potential areas. The study of nappe structures and the determination of forecasting areas will play an instruction role in the coal resource prospecting and developing in Hunjiang Coalfield and have important practical use and application value.
在充分收集资料的基础上,对浑江煤田的区域构造、推覆构造特征、形成及演化、构造特征与演化历史、聚煤规律及构造控煤样式等内容进行了详细研究,对煤炭资源远景区进行了预测,主要取得如下成果:
1、研究认为,北东向浑江～湾沟断裂带和东西向兴华～白头山天池断裂带,是影响浑江煤田形成与发展的主要区域构造,其形成和演化对浑江煤田的构造形成和演化起关键作用。
2、详细研究了浑江煤田推覆构造的几何特征,对推覆构造分带性进行了划分,确定了推覆构造样式种类,并将推覆构造的组合型式划分为复合式双重构造、叠瓦式构造、对冲构造、项冲截断式双冲构造、顺层滑褶叠覆型、切层滑褶叠覆型等6种型式。
3、通过对推覆构造运动学特征的研究,提出了推覆构造形成的具体时代,认为滑覆构造形成时代分为两个主要时期,早期形成于三叠世末期,晚期形成于中侏罗世;逆冲推覆构造形成时代在中侏罗世。浑江煤田逆冲断层以及推覆体的运移方向总体表现为由南东向北西,滑移距离至少为12km。逆冲推覆构造的形成和发展受重力滑覆构造的控制和影响。
4、首次对浑江煤田重力滑覆构造的形成机制进行阐述,认为区域构造浑江～湾沟断裂带和兴华～白头山天池断裂带,为浑江煤田推覆构造的形成提供很好的动力条件;研究区石炭、二叠系强弱相间的泥岩、粘土岩、页岩和煤层等是滑覆构造形成的最有利的界面;晚古生代煤系地层内部发育丰富的灰岩含水层,为煤系内高孔隙流体压力的形成提供物质条件,是重力滑覆体发生滑移的前提条件。
5、根据演化特征不同,将浑江煤田推覆构造的演化历史分成四个主要时期。认为印支期是古生代盖层褶皱、早期重力滑覆体形成期;早燕山期是晚期重力滑覆、推覆构造形成时期;晚燕山期是滑覆构造活化期;喜山期是滑覆构造风化剥蚀期。并绘制了浑江煤田推覆构造演化模式图。
6、对浑江煤田构造特征进行了重点论述,认为区域构造北东向浑江～湾沟断裂带和东西向兴华～白头山天池断裂带,是浑江煤田构造呈现东西分区和南北分带的构造基础。浑江煤田褶皱主要以向斜为主,具有复式褶皱的特点。西区向斜呈北东向展布,可分为铁厂～八道江、头道沟～老房子～苇塘两个复式向斜;东区向斜呈东西向展布,包括石人向斜、湾沟向斜和松树镇向斜。浑江煤田以推覆构造为主,少数为北西向和北东向张性断裂。断裂构造具有多形式、多期次和多方向的复杂构造特征。
7、通过分析研究,将浑江煤田构造形成和演化历史划为成煤前煤系基底形成阶段,成煤期同沉积构造阶段,成煤后构造变动阶段等三大发展阶段。认为浑江煤田在成煤后主要经历了印支期、燕山早期、燕山晚期和喜山期的构造运动。
8、浑江煤田聚煤主要受成煤前区域构造、同沉积构造和成煤后构造的控制和影响。辽吉裂谷系和浑江裂陷槽,对以后的成煤盆地的形态产生很大影响。晚古生代,浑江～湾沟断裂带和兴华～白头山天池断裂带对浑江煤田沉积环境和构造演化起重要的控制作用。成煤后,浑江煤田被北东向浑江～湾沟断裂带南支断裂之一的达台山老岭断裂(F_1)分成东、西两区,两个地区有明显的构造分带特征。在含煤地层的控制上也有较大的区别,西区以断裂控煤为主;东区以褶皱控煤为主。
9、首次提出了逆冲推覆构造控煤样式、重力滑覆构造控煤样式是浑江煤田主要控煤构造样式。逆冲推覆构造的控煤样式包括复合式双重构造、叠瓦式构造、对冲构造、顶冲截断式双冲构造。这些控煤构造样式主要通过逆冲断层对煤层起控制作用,不仅造成石炭、二叠系产生倒转,而且也使石炭、二叠系产生垂向上的重复,增加了煤炭资源量。同时,逆冲断层与滑覆断层联合控制,往往使推覆体下一定深度存在含煤地层,这也是浑江煤田的普遍规律。重力滑覆控煤构造样式包括顺层滑褶叠覆型和切层滑褶叠覆型。通过重力滑覆体在石炭二叠系软弱层中切层或顺层滑动,在滑覆体下保存煤层。
10、根据上述综合研究成果,结合浑江煤田煤炭资源勘查、开发现状,确定了3个具有进一步勘探潜力的预测区,即头道沟煤矿北预测区、曲家营子预测区、沙金沟预测区。预测区总面积46.8km~2,预测区潜在资源量为15534万t。
总之,本文对浑江煤田构造形成机制及演化进行全面论述,推覆构造特征、形成机制及演化等进行了详细而深入研究,根据推覆构造控煤理论,预测了有进一步勘探潜力区域。该理论的研究以及预测区的确定,对浑江煤田煤炭资源的勘探、开发将起到重要的指导作用,具有重要的实用价值和应用价值。
Hunjiang Coalfield is located in the southern part of Jinlin Provence, which falls under the jurisdiction of Tonghua and Baishan cities, its range from Tiechang Zhen west Erdaojiang urban area of Baishan city via Baishan city, Zhazi, Wangou to Songshu Zhen the east of Baishan city. The overall length of Hunjiang Coalfield is 130km, 15km in width and has an area of about 1950km~2. In recent years, with the coal resource developing intensity increases, most of coal mines had to shut down because the coal resources are exhausted. The production coal mines include Zhazi, Babao and Songshu greatly restricted the economic growth of local areas for the continued coal resources becoming less and less. At the same time, the structure is very complex and the nappe structure develop in Hunjiang Coalfield, and the research on the structure coal-controlling theory, especial the nappe structure coal-controlling theory is relative laggard, which extremely add to the difficulties to the coal exploration and production.So,the research on the characteristic and evolution of the nappe structure and structure coal-controlling law, not only has active realistic significance ,but also has profound historic significance. It is very necessary to find the further exploration potential coal resource region and expand new coal areas.
Based on the information collecting, the regional structures, the characteristic, formation and evolution of nappe structure, the structure characteristic and evolution history, the coal collecting law and structure coal-controlling styles have been studied in detail, The main results obtained are as follows:
1. The study concludes that the NE orientation fault zones of Hunjiang to Wangou and the EW orientation fault zones of Xinhuan to Baitoushantianchi,are main regional structures to affect the formation and development of Hunjiang Coalfield, whose formation and evolution is essential for the structure formation and evolution of Hunjiang Coalfield.
2. The nappe structure geometric significance of Hunjiang Coalfield was studied in detail, the belts of nappe structure was divided, the style kinds of nappe structure was determined and the nappe structure combined type was divided into six patterns, complex duplex structure pattern, thrust-nappe structure pattern, face to face thrust structure pattern, top thrusting cut-off and duplex structure pattern, bedding slipping fold structure pattern and bedding cutting fold structure pattern.
3. Through the study of kinematics characteristics of nappe structure, The exactly forming era of nappe structures was proposed for the first time, and the sliding structures forming time can be divided into two main periods (the early stage was at the end of Triassic, the late stage was at middle Jurassic); the thrust nappe structures forming time was at middle Jurassic. It is believed that the overall movement direction of thrust faults and nappes was from southeast to northwest and the sliding distance was at least 12km.The forming and developing of thrust nappe structures were controlled and affected by gravitational sliding structures.
4. The mechanism of gravitational sliding structures of Hunjiang Coalfield was expatiated for the first time. It is believed that the Hunjiang to Wangou and Xinghua to Baitoushantianchi fault zones provided very good dynamics conditions for the nappe structures forming; The alternate mudstone, clay rock, shale and coal seam of hard and soft in the research area, were the best interfaces for nappe structures formation; and the abundant limestone aquifers developing in the late Paleozoic coal measures, provided material conditions for high pore fluid pressure, which is the precondition for gravitational nappe to slide.
5. According to the different evolution characteristics, the nappe structure evolution history of Hunjiang Coalfield was divided four main periods. It is believed that the Indo-Chinese period is Paleozoic cover fold and the early gravitational nappe forming time; the early Yanshan period is the forming time of late gravitational nappe and nappe structure; the late Yanshan period is the time of gravitational sliding structure activation; the Himalayan period is the weathering time of gravitational sliding structure. The nappe structure model map of Hunjiang Coalfield was drawn.
6. The structure characteristic of Hunjiang Coalfield was mainly discussed, and it was considered that the NE orientation fault zones of Hunjiang to Wangou and the EW orientation fault zones of Xinghua to Baitoushantianchi are the bases for structure area dividing from the east to the west and zone dividing from south to the north. The folds are mainly synclines, which have the characteristic of complex folds. In the west area, the synclines distribute in NE, which can be divided into two complex synclines, Tiechang to Badaojiang and Toudaogou to Laofangzi to Weitang. In the east area, the synclines distribute in EW, which include Shiren and Songshu synclines. The bigger numbers of structure are nappe structures, the smaller number of structure are NW and NE direction tensional fault's. The faults have the characteristic of more forms, more times and more direction.
7.Through the analysis and study, the structure formation and evolution history was divided into coal measure basement forming stage before coal forming, synsedimentary structure stage during coal forming and structural movement stage after coal forming and the Hunjiang Coalfield mainly experienced Indo-Chinese period, the early Yanshan period, the late Yanshan period and Himalayan period structural movement.
8. The coal-accumulation process of Hunjiang Coalfield was mainly controlled by regional structure before coal forming, synsedimentary structure during coal forming and structural movement after coal forming. Liaoning-Jilin rift systems and Hunjiang rift affected to the formation of coal-basin very much; the fault zones of Hunjiang to Wangou and Xinghua to Baitoushantianchi played an important role in sedimentary environment and structure evolution of Hunjiang Coalfield; after coal formation, the Dataishan fault (one branch fault of the Hunjiang to Wangou in the south) divided Hunjiang Coalfield into east and west parts, in which the belts structure is very clear. There have big differences on the control to coal measures, the west area, the coal measures controlled mainly by faults and the east area by folds.
9. The thrust nappe structure and gravitational sliding structure are the main coal control structure patterns were proposed for the first time. The thrust nappe structure coal control patterns include complex duplex structure pattern, thrust-nappe structure pattern, face to face thrust structure pattern, top thrusting cut-off and duplex structure pattern, which controlled the coal seams mainly through thrust faults, not only brought the carboniferous and Permian systems to reverse ,but also made them repeat in the vertical direction. At the same time, by the combining control of thrust and sliding faults, at certain depth under the nappes existe coal-bearing formation, which is general law in Hunjiang Coalfield. The gravitational sliding coal control patterns include bedding slipping fold structure pattern and bedding cutting fold structure pattern. Through the gravitational sliding nappes bed cutting or bedding movement in hard or soft strata, under the sliding nappes existe coal-bearing formation.
10.Based on the study results above, combining the coal resource prospecting and developing present situation, three forecasting areas with exploration potential were determined(forecasting area in north of Toudagou Mine, Qujiayingzi forecasting area and Shajingou forecasting area). The total forecasting area is 46.8km~2 and the amount resources is 1553.4 thousand ton.
In a word, in this paper, the structure forming mechanism and evolution of Hunjiang Coalfield was fully discussed, the characteristics and forming mechanism of nappe structure and its evolution were studied in detail, and based on the nappe structure coal control theory, forecasted the exploration potential areas. The study of nappe structures and the determination of forecasting areas will play an instruction role in the coal resource prospecting and developing in Hunjiang Coalfield and have important practical use and application value.
引文
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