鄂西渝东地区石柱复向斜志留系小河坝组沉积及储层特征研究
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摘要
鄂西渝东地区是南方油气勘探的一个有利区块,经过多年的油气勘探,在上组合地层中已经发现了多个工业气田和含油气构造,而针对下组合的勘探相对滞后。虽然志留系在区域上均有不同程度的气显示,但是长期以来一直将志留系作为一个区域盖层及良好的生油岩来认识,尚未作为本区一个主要的勘探目的层。缺乏足够的重视,造成志留系小河坝组层序地层及沉积体系缺乏系统深入地研究,尤其是对沉积相的划分目前还存在着滨岸相、陆棚相及三角洲相等多种划分方案;储层特征、有利储层的展布状况及其控制因素不明,已经严重制约了该区志留系地层的油气勘探部署。
针对以上问题,论文以石油地质学、层序地层学、沉积学及地震勘探原理等理论为指导,以详实的野外及钻井岩芯观察、测井分析及室内多种测试数据为基础,对工区内志留系小河坝组的层序及沉积相进行了划分,结合地震剖面外部几何形态及地震属性响应特征,预测了有利相带(砂体)的展布状况;深入地分析了小河坝组的储层特征、成岩作用类型、成岩演化及成岩对储层孔隙发育的影响,探讨了沉积、构造及成岩作用对储层形成的控制作用,明确了储层发育的控制因素;在以上研究的基础上,综合分析了工区内小河坝组有利区带的展布状况,并对有利区带进行了评价。
小河坝组以微砂岩和粉砂岩为主,岩石中泥质含量高,夹于粉砂岩或微粒砂岩中呈纹层或条带状产出;地层中发育大量的平行层理、交错层里、透镜状层理、波痕、冲刷面、冰雹痕和生物遗迹等沉积构造;地震反射主要为中—高频、弱—中强变振幅、较连续、平行、亚平行席状反射或中频、中低频、弱—中强变振幅、断续、亚平行反射,局部夹高频反射层及弱振幅星点状、乱岗状反射且前积结构明显;粒度分析以两段式为主,缺乏跳跃次总体。据以上特征综合分析,提出小河坝组发育了一套厚层的三角洲沉积物,研究区主要发育三角洲前缘亚相和前三角洲亚相,三角洲前缘亚相中的水下分流河道、河口坝、远砂坝和前缘席状砂等微相是小河坝组中主要的储层发育相区。
在详细的地质研究基础上,根据地震反射结构特征和地震属性特征,系统分析了研究区小河坝组的区域地震相及储层地震相,进而对工区内有利沉积相带(砂体)进行了预测,结果与此后完钻的三星1井相吻合,取得了较好的效果。小河坝组砂岩具有成份成熟度高,分选和磨圆较好的特点,主要为长石石英砂岩,其次为石英砂岩和岩屑石英砂岩。储层储集空间类型以次生溶孔和破裂缝为主,原生孔隙多已被压实或被胶结物所充填,孔隙吼道细小,排驱压力及中值毛管压力大,需要有裂缝的改造才能形成具有较高开采价值的油气藏。
研究区成岩作用类型主要有压实作用、碳酸盐胶结作用、硅质胶结作用、粘土杂基胶结作用、溶蚀作用及破裂作用。小河坝组经历了较强的压实作用,压实作用是岩石颗粒紧密接触,造成岩石孔隙迅速减少甚至消失。经计算,因压实作用而减少的孔隙度达21.4%;胶结作用充填了绝大多数剩余原生粒间孔,消耗了约14%的孔隙度,使储层进一步致密化。经过压实和胶结作用之后,储层孔隙度迅速下降至5%以下。溶蚀作用主要发生在泥质杂基较少的砂岩当中,以溶蚀早-中成岩期的无铁方解石和长石为主;破裂作用产生了大量的破裂缝,使储层渗透率得到了极大的改善。
由于沉积物粒度细,泥质含量高以及较强的压实和胶结作用,造成储层物性普遍较差,综合评价认为区内不存在实际意义上的Ⅰ、Ⅱ类储层,储层均为Ⅲ类储层,并且ⅢA及ⅢB类储层所占比例小(分别占11.4%和24.9%),以ⅢC类储层为主,属于典型的超低孔隙度、低渗透率储层。
据粘土矿物X衍射分析、镜质体反射率测定及自生矿物的产出状况,小河坝组砂体经历了同生期—早成岩阶段—中成岩阶段—晚成岩阶段—表生成岩阶段这么一个漫长而复杂的成岩演化过程。强烈的压实作用及粘土矿物胶结、碳酸盐岩胶结及硅质胶结作用使储层在早成岩-中成岩早期迅速致密化,这种早期致密化使得酸性流体在岩层中的流动能力受到了很大的限制,从而造成了在次生孔隙形成的最佳时期内溶蚀形成的孔隙量有限。溶蚀作用的发生通常需要一定数量的裂缝的沟通,现今的储层格局是沉积作用、构造作用及成岩作用三者共同作用的结果。沉积相决定了沉积物的岩性及粒度特征,是储层发育的基础;建设性成岩作用可以有效改善早期已经致密化的砂岩,是储层发育的关键;构造作用形成的裂缝是流体运移的主要通道,可以促进建设性成岩(溶蚀)作用的发生和发展,是储层发育的重要条件。
通过沉积相、地震相及构造分析、波阻抗反演、方差体裂缝平面预测、相干体裂缝平面预测及砂体展布状况综合分析,石柱复向斜小河坝组可划分出三个有利区带。Ⅰ类区位于测线SZ95-5—测线SZ94-17之间,为建南构造的高部位。Ⅱ类区位于测线SZ94-13—测线SZ94-7之间,为工区北部一断鼻构造。Ⅲ类区位于测线SZ96-15—测线SZ95-19之间,综合条件略差,为工区东南端一断鼻构造和斜坡带。
Western hubei- eastern chongqing is a favourable development blocks for the oil & gas exploration.many gas fields and oil & gas structure has been found in upper assemblage of this area,but few research was finished in the lower assemblage.although there ara some gas-show,silurian stratigraphy were consider as good territorial oil source and cap rocks but a main exploration target,which had caused the sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary system research were much hysteretic,the reservoir feature and the distributing of favourable development blocks is not clear, had restrict the gas exploration severely.
Aim at the problem above,this paper not only researed the sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary facies of silurian xiaoheba formation in shizhu synclinoyium with the relative theory guidance,but also forecasted sandstone in this area after researching the seismic response,and analysed the reservoir feature、diagenetic phenomenon and diagenetic evolution, meanwhile discussed they infection to the porosity evolution of the xiaoheba formation.this paper synthetically discussed the distributing of favourable development blocks of the silurian xiaoheba formation,and gave some reciprocal evaluate.
According to the analysis of lithology combination featere, sedimentary structures featere , seismic response featere and the grain-size distribution, reckon the silurian xiaoheba formation was a large bed of sediments of delta,there are delta front and fore-delta subfacies in this area,and the sub-channel branch, mouth bar, distal bar and front sheet sand microfacies are the main place of reservoirs for xiaoheba formation. Although xiaoheba sandbody has high compositional maturity,the compositional maturity is between 4-8,few sample is higher than 15 , grain psephicity and selection are preferably, the physical property is not good due to congenital sedimertary condition.the porosity of xiaoheba formation is between 0.27%-13.23%,and permeability(non-crack sample) is between 0.011×10-3um2-1.06×10-3um2,and the average is 0.083×10-3μm2.the result of reservoir evaluate show that there ara no typeⅠand typeⅡreservoir in this area,reservoir is mainly typeⅢ,ⅢA andⅢB are small part of the reservoir(only 11.4% and 24.9%), the reservoir in this area is typical tight sandstone ,if there is no crack to improve the physical property,it`s difficult to form a valuable oil&gas reservoirs.
Silurian xiaoheba formation suffered syngenesis diagentic stage, early diagentic stage, middle diagenetic stage, late diagenetic stage and hypergenesis phase ,after such a long and complex diagenetic evolution,the strong compaction and cementation caused the reservoir tight quickly during the early-middle diagentic stage,which restrict the fluidness of acidity liquid,caused form only few secondary porosity during the salad days. Corrosion often carrys through some cracks that can make liquid flow freely.the actual status of reservoir is formed by 3 factors,they are sedimentary, tectonism and diagenesis.sedimentary facies controls the character of lithology and grain size,it`s the foundation for reservoir development. Constructive diagenesis can improve the tight sandstone effectively, it`s the key factor for the reservoir development and tectonism can form a great number of cracks which are the main channels for the liquid,it can hasten the constructive diagenesis happen and development, it`s the vital condition for the reservoir development.
Analysed through sedimentary facies, seismic facies and the result of reservoir prediction,there are three favourable development blocks in this area.the best region lies between line sz95-5—line sz94-17,is jiannan structure high. Data and its high point altitude is -3250m, closure is 350m and the close area is 123.36km2,the major axis is 28.511km and the minor axis is 4.866km. During drilling,well jianshen 1 has a favorable gas show,there are three layers of gas logging abnormal,and hold a total thickness of 6m,the total hydrocarbon in these layers reach 63.7%.there are a series of of low frequency medium-strong mutative amplitude imbricated foreset reflections,these foreset reflections are decipher as distal bar and front sheet sand in the delta front. Acoustic impedance inversion show that the sand body is relatively development , the result of relevance cube and variance cube crack forecast also show that the cracks are relatively development.
The second favourable development blocks lies between line sz94-13—sz94-7, synthesize condition is a little worse than the best region.this region is fault nose structure in the north of the shizhu synclinoyium , its high point altitude is -2800m and close area is 30.1084km2.this region is delta front subfacies and through the seismic facies tracing there are a series of of low frequency medium-strong mutative amplitude imbricated foreset reflections,these foreset reflections are decipher as distal bar and front sheet sand in the delta front. The sand body hold a thick and widest distributing .acoustic impedance inversion show that the sand body is relatively development , the result of relevance cube and variance cube crack forecast also show that the cracks are relatively development.
The third favourable development blocks lies between line sz96-15—sz95-19, synthesize condition is a worse than the two regions.this region is fault nose structure and slope area in the southeast of shizhu synclinoyium , its high point altitude is -2750m and close area is 84.634km2.this region is delta front subfacies and through the seismic facies tracing there are a series of of low frequency medium-strong mutative amplitude imbricated foreset reflections,these foreset reflections are decipher as distal bar and front sheet sand in the delta front. The sand body hold a thick and widest distributing .acoustic impedance inversion show that the sand body is relatively development , the result of relevance cube and variance cube crack forecast also show that the cracks are relatively development.
针对以上问题,论文以石油地质学、层序地层学、沉积学及地震勘探原理等理论为指导,以详实的野外及钻井岩芯观察、测井分析及室内多种测试数据为基础,对工区内志留系小河坝组的层序及沉积相进行了划分,结合地震剖面外部几何形态及地震属性响应特征,预测了有利相带(砂体)的展布状况;深入地分析了小河坝组的储层特征、成岩作用类型、成岩演化及成岩对储层孔隙发育的影响,探讨了沉积、构造及成岩作用对储层形成的控制作用,明确了储层发育的控制因素;在以上研究的基础上,综合分析了工区内小河坝组有利区带的展布状况,并对有利区带进行了评价。
小河坝组以微砂岩和粉砂岩为主,岩石中泥质含量高,夹于粉砂岩或微粒砂岩中呈纹层或条带状产出;地层中发育大量的平行层理、交错层里、透镜状层理、波痕、冲刷面、冰雹痕和生物遗迹等沉积构造;地震反射主要为中—高频、弱—中强变振幅、较连续、平行、亚平行席状反射或中频、中低频、弱—中强变振幅、断续、亚平行反射,局部夹高频反射层及弱振幅星点状、乱岗状反射且前积结构明显;粒度分析以两段式为主,缺乏跳跃次总体。据以上特征综合分析,提出小河坝组发育了一套厚层的三角洲沉积物,研究区主要发育三角洲前缘亚相和前三角洲亚相,三角洲前缘亚相中的水下分流河道、河口坝、远砂坝和前缘席状砂等微相是小河坝组中主要的储层发育相区。
在详细的地质研究基础上,根据地震反射结构特征和地震属性特征,系统分析了研究区小河坝组的区域地震相及储层地震相,进而对工区内有利沉积相带(砂体)进行了预测,结果与此后完钻的三星1井相吻合,取得了较好的效果。小河坝组砂岩具有成份成熟度高,分选和磨圆较好的特点,主要为长石石英砂岩,其次为石英砂岩和岩屑石英砂岩。储层储集空间类型以次生溶孔和破裂缝为主,原生孔隙多已被压实或被胶结物所充填,孔隙吼道细小,排驱压力及中值毛管压力大,需要有裂缝的改造才能形成具有较高开采价值的油气藏。
研究区成岩作用类型主要有压实作用、碳酸盐胶结作用、硅质胶结作用、粘土杂基胶结作用、溶蚀作用及破裂作用。小河坝组经历了较强的压实作用,压实作用是岩石颗粒紧密接触,造成岩石孔隙迅速减少甚至消失。经计算,因压实作用而减少的孔隙度达21.4%;胶结作用充填了绝大多数剩余原生粒间孔,消耗了约14%的孔隙度,使储层进一步致密化。经过压实和胶结作用之后,储层孔隙度迅速下降至5%以下。溶蚀作用主要发生在泥质杂基较少的砂岩当中,以溶蚀早-中成岩期的无铁方解石和长石为主;破裂作用产生了大量的破裂缝,使储层渗透率得到了极大的改善。
由于沉积物粒度细,泥质含量高以及较强的压实和胶结作用,造成储层物性普遍较差,综合评价认为区内不存在实际意义上的Ⅰ、Ⅱ类储层,储层均为Ⅲ类储层,并且ⅢA及ⅢB类储层所占比例小(分别占11.4%和24.9%),以ⅢC类储层为主,属于典型的超低孔隙度、低渗透率储层。
据粘土矿物X衍射分析、镜质体反射率测定及自生矿物的产出状况,小河坝组砂体经历了同生期—早成岩阶段—中成岩阶段—晚成岩阶段—表生成岩阶段这么一个漫长而复杂的成岩演化过程。强烈的压实作用及粘土矿物胶结、碳酸盐岩胶结及硅质胶结作用使储层在早成岩-中成岩早期迅速致密化,这种早期致密化使得酸性流体在岩层中的流动能力受到了很大的限制,从而造成了在次生孔隙形成的最佳时期内溶蚀形成的孔隙量有限。溶蚀作用的发生通常需要一定数量的裂缝的沟通,现今的储层格局是沉积作用、构造作用及成岩作用三者共同作用的结果。沉积相决定了沉积物的岩性及粒度特征,是储层发育的基础;建设性成岩作用可以有效改善早期已经致密化的砂岩,是储层发育的关键;构造作用形成的裂缝是流体运移的主要通道,可以促进建设性成岩(溶蚀)作用的发生和发展,是储层发育的重要条件。
通过沉积相、地震相及构造分析、波阻抗反演、方差体裂缝平面预测、相干体裂缝平面预测及砂体展布状况综合分析,石柱复向斜小河坝组可划分出三个有利区带。Ⅰ类区位于测线SZ95-5—测线SZ94-17之间,为建南构造的高部位。Ⅱ类区位于测线SZ94-13—测线SZ94-7之间,为工区北部一断鼻构造。Ⅲ类区位于测线SZ96-15—测线SZ95-19之间,综合条件略差,为工区东南端一断鼻构造和斜坡带。
Western hubei- eastern chongqing is a favourable development blocks for the oil & gas exploration.many gas fields and oil & gas structure has been found in upper assemblage of this area,but few research was finished in the lower assemblage.although there ara some gas-show,silurian stratigraphy were consider as good territorial oil source and cap rocks but a main exploration target,which had caused the sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary system research were much hysteretic,the reservoir feature and the distributing of favourable development blocks is not clear, had restrict the gas exploration severely.
Aim at the problem above,this paper not only researed the sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary facies of silurian xiaoheba formation in shizhu synclinoyium with the relative theory guidance,but also forecasted sandstone in this area after researching the seismic response,and analysed the reservoir feature、diagenetic phenomenon and diagenetic evolution, meanwhile discussed they infection to the porosity evolution of the xiaoheba formation.this paper synthetically discussed the distributing of favourable development blocks of the silurian xiaoheba formation,and gave some reciprocal evaluate.
According to the analysis of lithology combination featere, sedimentary structures featere , seismic response featere and the grain-size distribution, reckon the silurian xiaoheba formation was a large bed of sediments of delta,there are delta front and fore-delta subfacies in this area,and the sub-channel branch, mouth bar, distal bar and front sheet sand microfacies are the main place of reservoirs for xiaoheba formation. Although xiaoheba sandbody has high compositional maturity,the compositional maturity is between 4-8,few sample is higher than 15 , grain psephicity and selection are preferably, the physical property is not good due to congenital sedimertary condition.the porosity of xiaoheba formation is between 0.27%-13.23%,and permeability(non-crack sample) is between 0.011×10-3um2-1.06×10-3um2,and the average is 0.083×10-3μm2.the result of reservoir evaluate show that there ara no typeⅠand typeⅡreservoir in this area,reservoir is mainly typeⅢ,ⅢA andⅢB are small part of the reservoir(only 11.4% and 24.9%), the reservoir in this area is typical tight sandstone ,if there is no crack to improve the physical property,it`s difficult to form a valuable oil&gas reservoirs.
Silurian xiaoheba formation suffered syngenesis diagentic stage, early diagentic stage, middle diagenetic stage, late diagenetic stage and hypergenesis phase ,after such a long and complex diagenetic evolution,the strong compaction and cementation caused the reservoir tight quickly during the early-middle diagentic stage,which restrict the fluidness of acidity liquid,caused form only few secondary porosity during the salad days. Corrosion often carrys through some cracks that can make liquid flow freely.the actual status of reservoir is formed by 3 factors,they are sedimentary, tectonism and diagenesis.sedimentary facies controls the character of lithology and grain size,it`s the foundation for reservoir development. Constructive diagenesis can improve the tight sandstone effectively, it`s the key factor for the reservoir development and tectonism can form a great number of cracks which are the main channels for the liquid,it can hasten the constructive diagenesis happen and development, it`s the vital condition for the reservoir development.
Analysed through sedimentary facies, seismic facies and the result of reservoir prediction,there are three favourable development blocks in this area.the best region lies between line sz95-5—line sz94-17,is jiannan structure high. Data and its high point altitude is -3250m, closure is 350m and the close area is 123.36km2,the major axis is 28.511km and the minor axis is 4.866km. During drilling,well jianshen 1 has a favorable gas show,there are three layers of gas logging abnormal,and hold a total thickness of 6m,the total hydrocarbon in these layers reach 63.7%.there are a series of of low frequency medium-strong mutative amplitude imbricated foreset reflections,these foreset reflections are decipher as distal bar and front sheet sand in the delta front. Acoustic impedance inversion show that the sand body is relatively development , the result of relevance cube and variance cube crack forecast also show that the cracks are relatively development.
The second favourable development blocks lies between line sz94-13—sz94-7, synthesize condition is a little worse than the best region.this region is fault nose structure in the north of the shizhu synclinoyium , its high point altitude is -2800m and close area is 30.1084km2.this region is delta front subfacies and through the seismic facies tracing there are a series of of low frequency medium-strong mutative amplitude imbricated foreset reflections,these foreset reflections are decipher as distal bar and front sheet sand in the delta front. The sand body hold a thick and widest distributing .acoustic impedance inversion show that the sand body is relatively development , the result of relevance cube and variance cube crack forecast also show that the cracks are relatively development.
The third favourable development blocks lies between line sz96-15—sz95-19, synthesize condition is a worse than the two regions.this region is fault nose structure and slope area in the southeast of shizhu synclinoyium , its high point altitude is -2750m and close area is 84.634km2.this region is delta front subfacies and through the seismic facies tracing there are a series of of low frequency medium-strong mutative amplitude imbricated foreset reflections,these foreset reflections are decipher as distal bar and front sheet sand in the delta front. The sand body hold a thick and widest distributing .acoustic impedance inversion show that the sand body is relatively development , the result of relevance cube and variance cube crack forecast also show that the cracks are relatively development.
引文
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