四川汶川M_S 8.0大地震地表破裂带的遥感影像解析
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摘要
2008年5月12日发生于四川盆地西部龙门山断裂带的汶川MS 8.0级大地震造成巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失,并形成了空间上基本连续分布的地表破裂带(地震断层)。根据地表破裂带的解译标志及影像特征,我们充分利用震后中国科学院航空遥感飞机所获取的高分辨率航空遥感图像以及我国台湾福卫-2卫星遥感图像进行详细解译分析,并结合震后的多次野外科学考察与验证,初步查明了四川汶川MS 8.0级大地震所产生地表破裂带的空间分布特征。遥感解译分析表明汶川大地震产生的地表破裂带总计长约300km,其几何学特征十分复杂,主要沿先存的NE走向活动断裂带呈不连续展布;变形特征以逆冲挤压为主兼具右旋走滑分量。按同震地表破裂带所在断裂带位置,可将其分为两条:中央地表破裂带:沿映秀-北川断裂带分布,从西南开始呈北东向延伸至平武县水观乡石坎子北东一带,长约230km,最大垂直位移量达6.0m左右,最大右旋水平位移达5.8m;山前地表破裂带:沿灌县-安县断裂带分布,由都江堰市向峨乡一带开始呈北东向延伸至安县雎水镇一带,长约70km,以逆冲挤压为主,最大垂直位移量可达2.5m。此外,遥感图像分析还表明上述地表破裂带与地质灾害分布在空间上具有十分密切的相关性,因此,挤压逆冲-走滑型地震断层的致灾效应研究是未来应该加以重视的研究课题。
The MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008 occurred along the Longmenshan fault zone in the western Sichuan Basin, resulting in inestimable casualties and property losses as well as continuous surface ruptures (seismic fault). Based on the detailed interpretation of co-seismic surface ruptures using the post-earthquake high-resolution remote sensing images, which were acquired by the remote sensing airplanes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Taiwan FORMOSAT-2 spaceborne sensors, combined with the post-earthquake field investigations, this study ascertains the spatial distribution of the surface ruptures produced by the MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake. The results indicate that the great MS 8.0 Wenchan earthquake produced a nearly 300 km-long surface rupture zone with a complicated geometry, and distributes discontinuously along the pre-existing NE-trending active faults. The deformation is characterized mainly by thrust compressing and dextral strike-slip component. The surface ruptures can be divided into 2 zones according to the location of active faults: one is the central surface rupture zone with a length of about 230 km, which distributes along the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault, stretching from southwest of Yingxiu Town of Wenchuan County to northeast of Shikan Town of Pingwu County, with a maximum vertical displacement up to about 6.0 m and the right-lateral horizontal offset up to 5.8 m; the other is the piedmont surface rupture zone with a length of about 70 km, which distributes along the Guanxian-Anxian fault, beginning from the Xiange town of Dujiangyan City, and terminating around the Suishui Town of Anxian County. The deformation is characterized by the thrust faulting with a maximum vertical displacement of 2.5 m. In addition, the analysis of remote sensing image shows that most of the geological disasters such as landslide and collapse distribute along the hanging wall of above-mentioned earthquake fault zones. Therefore, special research should be given to geological hazard effect related to thrust-faulting.
The MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008 occurred along the Longmenshan fault zone in the western Sichuan Basin, resulting in inestimable casualties and property losses as well as continuous surface ruptures (seismic fault). Based on the detailed interpretation of co-seismic surface ruptures using the post-earthquake high-resolution remote sensing images, which were acquired by the remote sensing airplanes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Taiwan FORMOSAT-2 spaceborne sensors, combined with the post-earthquake field investigations, this study ascertains the spatial distribution of the surface ruptures produced by the MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake. The results indicate that the great MS 8.0 Wenchan earthquake produced a nearly 300 km-long surface rupture zone with a complicated geometry, and distributes discontinuously along the pre-existing NE-trending active faults. The deformation is characterized mainly by thrust compressing and dextral strike-slip component. The surface ruptures can be divided into 2 zones according to the location of active faults: one is the central surface rupture zone with a length of about 230 km, which distributes along the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault, stretching from southwest of Yingxiu Town of Wenchuan County to northeast of Shikan Town of Pingwu County, with a maximum vertical displacement up to about 6.0 m and the right-lateral horizontal offset up to 5.8 m; the other is the piedmont surface rupture zone with a length of about 70 km, which distributes along the Guanxian-Anxian fault, beginning from the Xiange town of Dujiangyan City, and terminating around the Suishui Town of Anxian County. The deformation is characterized by the thrust faulting with a maximum vertical displacement of 2.5 m. In addition, the analysis of remote sensing image shows that most of the geological disasters such as landslide and collapse distribute along the hanging wall of above-mentioned earthquake fault zones. Therefore, special research should be given to geological hazard effect related to thrust-faulting.
引文
陈国光,计凤桔,周荣军,徐杰,周本刚,黎小刚,叶友青.2007.龙门山断裂带晚第四纪活动性分段的初步研究.地震地质,29(03):657~673.
戴华光,贾云鸿,刘洪春,苏向洲,陈永明.1995.青藏高原东北缘地震断层的研究.地质力学学报,1(01):38~43.
邓起东,陈社发,赵小麟.1994.龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学.地震地质,16(4):389~403.
邓志辉,杨主恩,陈桂华,马文涛,孙谦.2008.汶川8.0级强震北川、映秀地表破裂现象.地震地质,30(02):355~358.
付碧宏,张松林,谢小平,石许华,王世锋.2006.阿尔金断裂系西段——康西瓦断裂的晚第四纪构造地貌特征研究.第四纪研究,26(02):228~235.
何宏林,孙昭民,王世元,王纪强,董绍鹏.2008.汶川MS8.0级地震地表破裂带.地震地质,30(02):359~362.
金文正,汤良杰,杨克明,万桂梅,吕志洲.2008.龙门山冲断带构造特征研究主要进展及存在问题探讨.地质论评,54(01):37~46.
李勇,周荣军,Densemore A L,Ellis M.2006.青藏高原东缘大陆动力学过程与地质响应.北京:地质出版社.
刘进峰,陈杰,李峰,徐锡伟,陈立春,何宏林,董绍鹏,魏占玉.2008.汶川MS8.0强震形成的地震地貌基本类型.第四纪研究,28(04):518~520.
刘军,张永生,范永弘.2002.ADS40机载数字传感器的摄影测量处理与应用.测绘学院学报,19(3):186~194.
马保起,张世民,田勤俭,谢富仁.2008.汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带.第四纪研究,28(04):513~517.
四川省地质与矿产资源局.1989.四川省区域地质志.北京:地质出版社.
唐荣昌,韩渭滨.1993.四川活动断裂与地震.北京:地震出版社.
王二七,孟庆任,陈智樑,陈良忠.2001.龙门山断裂带印支期左旋走滑运动及其大地构造成因.地学前缘,8(02):375~384.
徐锡伟,张培震,闻学泽,等.2005.川西及其邻近地区活动构造基本特征与强震复发模型.地震地质,27(3):446~461.
徐锡伟,闻学泽,陈桂华,等.2008.巴颜喀拉地块东部龙日坝断裂带的发现及其大地构造意义.中国科学(D辑),38(5):529~542.
许志琴,李化启,侯立炜,付小芳,陈文,曾令森,蔡志慧,陈方远.2007.青藏高原东缘龙门-锦屏造山带的崛起——大型拆离断层和挤出机制.地质通报,26(10):1262~1276.
杨主恩,邓志辉,马文涛,孙谦,陈桂华.2008.汶川8级强震极震区破坏情况与烈度.地震地质,30(02):349~354.
Abrahamson N A,Somerville P G.1996.Effects of the hangingwall and footwall on ground motions recorded during theNorthridge earthquake.Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica,86(1):93~99.
Ambraseys N N,Si mpson K A.1996.Prediction of verticalresponse spectra in Europe.Earthquake Engineering&Structural Dynamics,25(4):401~412.
Bilham R,Gaur V K,Molnar P.2001.Earthquakes-Hi malayanseismic hazard.Science,293(5534):1442~1444.
Burchfiel B C,Chen Z,Liu Y,Royden L H.1995.Tectonics of theLongmen Shan and adjacent regions.International GeologicalReview,37:661~735.
Densemore A L,Ellis M,Li Y,et al.2007.Active tectonics of theBeichuan and Pengguan faults at the eastern margin of theTibetan Plateau.Tectonics,26:TC4005,doi:4010.1029/2006TC001987.
Fu B H,Lin A.2003.Spatial distribution of the surface rupturezone associated with the2001MS8.1Central Kunlunearthquake,northern Tibet,revealed by satellite remotesensing data.International Journal of Remote Sensing,24(10):2191~2198.
Fu B H,Ninomiya Y,Lei X L,Toda S,Awata Y.2004.Mappingactive fault associated with the2003Mw6.6Bam(SE Iran)earthquake with ASTER3D i mages.Remote Sensing ofEnvironment,92(2):153~157.
Fu B H,Awata Y,Du J G,Ninomiya Y,He WG.2005.Complexgeometry and segmentation of the surface rupture associatedwith the14November2001great Kunlun earthquake,northernTibet,China.Tectonophysics,407(1~2):43~63.
Fu B H,Lei X,Hessami K,Ninomiya Y,Azuma T,Kondo H.2007.A newfault rupture scenario for the2003Mw6.6Bamearthquake,SE Iran:Insights from the high-resolutionQuickBird i magery and field observations.Journal ofGeodynamics,44(3~5):160~172.
Khazai B,Sitar N.2004.Evaluation of factors controllingearthquake-inducedlandslides caused by Chi-Chi earthquake andcomparison with the Northridge and Loma Prieta events.Engineering Geology,71(1~2):79~95.
Li HB,van der Woerd J,Paul T,Yann K,Qi X X,Yang J S,ZhuY T.2005.Sliprate onthe Kunlunfault at Hongshui Gou,andrecurrence ti me of great events comparable to the14/11/2001,Mw~7.9Kokoxili earthquake.Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters,237(1~2):285~299.
Lin A M,Fu B H,Guo J M,Zeng Q L,Dang G M,He WG,ZhaoY.2002.Co-seismic strike-slip and rupture length produced bythe2001M-s8.1Central Kunlun earthquake.Science,296(5575):2015~2017.
Ma S,Beroza G C.2008.Rupture dynamics on a bi materialinterface for dippingfaults.Bulletin of the Seismological Societyof America,98(4):1642~1658.
Meng Q R,Hu J M,Wang E,Qu H J.2006.Late Cenozoicdenudation by large-magnitude landslides in the eastern edge ofTibetan Plateau.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,243(1~2):252~267.
Parise M,Jibson R W.2000.A seismic landslide susceptibilityrating of geologic units based on analysis of characteristics oflandslides triggered by the17January,1994Northridge,California earthquake.Engineering Geology,58(3~4):251~270.
Philip H,Rogozhin E,Cisternas A,Bousquet J C,Borisov B,Karakhanian A.1992.The Armenian earthquake of1988December7—faulting and folding,neotectonics andpaleoseismicity.Geophysical Journal International,110(1):141~158.
Yeats R S,Sieh K,Allen C R.1997.The Geology of Earthquakes.New York:Oxford University Press.
戴华光,贾云鸿,刘洪春,苏向洲,陈永明.1995.青藏高原东北缘地震断层的研究.地质力学学报,1(01):38~43.
邓起东,陈社发,赵小麟.1994.龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学.地震地质,16(4):389~403.
邓志辉,杨主恩,陈桂华,马文涛,孙谦.2008.汶川8.0级强震北川、映秀地表破裂现象.地震地质,30(02):355~358.
付碧宏,张松林,谢小平,石许华,王世锋.2006.阿尔金断裂系西段——康西瓦断裂的晚第四纪构造地貌特征研究.第四纪研究,26(02):228~235.
何宏林,孙昭民,王世元,王纪强,董绍鹏.2008.汶川MS8.0级地震地表破裂带.地震地质,30(02):359~362.
金文正,汤良杰,杨克明,万桂梅,吕志洲.2008.龙门山冲断带构造特征研究主要进展及存在问题探讨.地质论评,54(01):37~46.
李勇,周荣军,Densemore A L,Ellis M.2006.青藏高原东缘大陆动力学过程与地质响应.北京:地质出版社.
刘进峰,陈杰,李峰,徐锡伟,陈立春,何宏林,董绍鹏,魏占玉.2008.汶川MS8.0强震形成的地震地貌基本类型.第四纪研究,28(04):518~520.
刘军,张永生,范永弘.2002.ADS40机载数字传感器的摄影测量处理与应用.测绘学院学报,19(3):186~194.
马保起,张世民,田勤俭,谢富仁.2008.汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带.第四纪研究,28(04):513~517.
四川省地质与矿产资源局.1989.四川省区域地质志.北京:地质出版社.
唐荣昌,韩渭滨.1993.四川活动断裂与地震.北京:地震出版社.
王二七,孟庆任,陈智樑,陈良忠.2001.龙门山断裂带印支期左旋走滑运动及其大地构造成因.地学前缘,8(02):375~384.
徐锡伟,张培震,闻学泽,等.2005.川西及其邻近地区活动构造基本特征与强震复发模型.地震地质,27(3):446~461.
徐锡伟,闻学泽,陈桂华,等.2008.巴颜喀拉地块东部龙日坝断裂带的发现及其大地构造意义.中国科学(D辑),38(5):529~542.
许志琴,李化启,侯立炜,付小芳,陈文,曾令森,蔡志慧,陈方远.2007.青藏高原东缘龙门-锦屏造山带的崛起——大型拆离断层和挤出机制.地质通报,26(10):1262~1276.
杨主恩,邓志辉,马文涛,孙谦,陈桂华.2008.汶川8级强震极震区破坏情况与烈度.地震地质,30(02):349~354.
Abrahamson N A,Somerville P G.1996.Effects of the hangingwall and footwall on ground motions recorded during theNorthridge earthquake.Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica,86(1):93~99.
Ambraseys N N,Si mpson K A.1996.Prediction of verticalresponse spectra in Europe.Earthquake Engineering&Structural Dynamics,25(4):401~412.
Bilham R,Gaur V K,Molnar P.2001.Earthquakes-Hi malayanseismic hazard.Science,293(5534):1442~1444.
Burchfiel B C,Chen Z,Liu Y,Royden L H.1995.Tectonics of theLongmen Shan and adjacent regions.International GeologicalReview,37:661~735.
Densemore A L,Ellis M,Li Y,et al.2007.Active tectonics of theBeichuan and Pengguan faults at the eastern margin of theTibetan Plateau.Tectonics,26:TC4005,doi:4010.1029/2006TC001987.
Fu B H,Lin A.2003.Spatial distribution of the surface rupturezone associated with the2001MS8.1Central Kunlunearthquake,northern Tibet,revealed by satellite remotesensing data.International Journal of Remote Sensing,24(10):2191~2198.
Fu B H,Ninomiya Y,Lei X L,Toda S,Awata Y.2004.Mappingactive fault associated with the2003Mw6.6Bam(SE Iran)earthquake with ASTER3D i mages.Remote Sensing ofEnvironment,92(2):153~157.
Fu B H,Awata Y,Du J G,Ninomiya Y,He WG.2005.Complexgeometry and segmentation of the surface rupture associatedwith the14November2001great Kunlun earthquake,northernTibet,China.Tectonophysics,407(1~2):43~63.
Fu B H,Lei X,Hessami K,Ninomiya Y,Azuma T,Kondo H.2007.A newfault rupture scenario for the2003Mw6.6Bamearthquake,SE Iran:Insights from the high-resolutionQuickBird i magery and field observations.Journal ofGeodynamics,44(3~5):160~172.
Khazai B,Sitar N.2004.Evaluation of factors controllingearthquake-inducedlandslides caused by Chi-Chi earthquake andcomparison with the Northridge and Loma Prieta events.Engineering Geology,71(1~2):79~95.
Li HB,van der Woerd J,Paul T,Yann K,Qi X X,Yang J S,ZhuY T.2005.Sliprate onthe Kunlunfault at Hongshui Gou,andrecurrence ti me of great events comparable to the14/11/2001,Mw~7.9Kokoxili earthquake.Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters,237(1~2):285~299.
Lin A M,Fu B H,Guo J M,Zeng Q L,Dang G M,He WG,ZhaoY.2002.Co-seismic strike-slip and rupture length produced bythe2001M-s8.1Central Kunlun earthquake.Science,296(5575):2015~2017.
Ma S,Beroza G C.2008.Rupture dynamics on a bi materialinterface for dippingfaults.Bulletin of the Seismological Societyof America,98(4):1642~1658.
Meng Q R,Hu J M,Wang E,Qu H J.2006.Late Cenozoicdenudation by large-magnitude landslides in the eastern edge ofTibetan Plateau.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,243(1~2):252~267.
Parise M,Jibson R W.2000.A seismic landslide susceptibilityrating of geologic units based on analysis of characteristics oflandslides triggered by the17January,1994Northridge,California earthquake.Engineering Geology,58(3~4):251~270.
Philip H,Rogozhin E,Cisternas A,Bousquet J C,Borisov B,Karakhanian A.1992.The Armenian earthquake of1988December7—faulting and folding,neotectonics andpaleoseismicity.Geophysical Journal International,110(1):141~158.
Yeats R S,Sieh K,Allen C R.1997.The Geology of Earthquakes.New York:Oxford University Press.
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