长大隧道穿越断层带减震结构数值解析研究
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摘要
近年发生的大地震中,隧道在断层破碎带的破坏现象严重,衬砌结构抗减震设计问题尤为突出。为了缓和断层位移对隧道的损伤,提出由平滑层、吸收层、接头、去摩擦层等4个单元构成的减震设计建议。通过解析使用高压缩性混凝土(水灰比为W/C=50%)、发泡苯乙烯(EPS)作为吸收层的地震响应结果,得出以下结论:采用发泡苯乙烯(EPS)作为吸收层,其初始刚度小,减震效果明显,但在列车荷载作用下有可能产生过大的变形;采用高压缩性混凝土作为吸收层具有充分屈服后吸收断层位移的变形特性和抑制列车荷载产生过大变形的初始刚度。通过改变高压缩性混凝土的球壳种类、充填率和砂浆配比等来改变其刚性。但W/C不应过高,造成多壳砂浆的单轴抗压强度不能承受列车的荷载,有可能造成隧道的损伤。本文使用W/C=50%时对断层位移小于1.0 m时缓和效果较好。
Tunnels have suffered serious damage in active fault and fracture zones during earthquakes in recent years.Seismic design of tunnel lining structure becomes particularly prominent.In order to reduce the damage of the tunnels by fault displacement,a piece of advice for the seismic design is proposed,that is,it is composed of smooth layer,absorbing layer,joint and friction-eliminating layer.Based on the analysis of seismic response results of tunnel structure using high compactness concrete(water cement ratio of 50%) as the absorbing layer,as well as using foaming styrene(EPS) as the absorbing layer,conclusions are drawn as follows: for the case of using foaming styrene(EPS) as the absorbing layer,the initial stiffness is low,the damping effect is obvious,but too much displacement may happen under the train load.For the case of using high compactness concrete as the absorbing layer,the layer possesses the ability absorbing fault displacement after full yield,and the stiffness to restrain oversize displacement may happen under the train load.By changing spherical shell type,filling ratio,mortar proportioning of high compactness concrete,the stiffness can be changed.The water cement ratio should not be too high,which may cause compression strength of mortar not to bear the train load and tunnel structure damage.The water cement ratio of 50% is satisfactory under the fault displacement of less than 1.0 m.
Tunnels have suffered serious damage in active fault and fracture zones during earthquakes in recent years.Seismic design of tunnel lining structure becomes particularly prominent.In order to reduce the damage of the tunnels by fault displacement,a piece of advice for the seismic design is proposed,that is,it is composed of smooth layer,absorbing layer,joint and friction-eliminating layer.Based on the analysis of seismic response results of tunnel structure using high compactness concrete(water cement ratio of 50%) as the absorbing layer,as well as using foaming styrene(EPS) as the absorbing layer,conclusions are drawn as follows: for the case of using foaming styrene(EPS) as the absorbing layer,the initial stiffness is low,the damping effect is obvious,but too much displacement may happen under the train load.For the case of using high compactness concrete as the absorbing layer,the layer possesses the ability absorbing fault displacement after full yield,and the stiffness to restrain oversize displacement may happen under the train load.By changing spherical shell type,filling ratio,mortar proportioning of high compactness concrete,the stiffness can be changed.The water cement ratio should not be too high,which may cause compression strength of mortar not to bear the train load and tunnel structure damage.The water cement ratio of 50% is satisfactory under the fault displacement of less than 1.0 m.
引文
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[17]季倩倩,杨林德.地下铁道震害与震后修复措施[J].灾害学,2001,16(2):31–37.(JI Qian-qian,YANG Lin-de.Seismic damage and restoration measures of subway[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2001,16(2):31–37.(in Chinese))
[18]黄先峰.地下结构的抗震计算——响应位移法[J].铁道建筑,1999(6):3–6.(HUANG Xian-feng.Aseismic calculation of underground structures——response displacement method[J].Railway Engineering,1999(6):3–6.(in Chinese))
[19]邵根大,骆文海.强地震作用下铁路隧道衬砌耐震性的研究[J].中国铁道科学,1992,12(2):92–108.(SHAO Gen-da,LUO Wen-hai.An investigation on aseismic behaviors of railway tunnel lining during strong earthquake[J].China Railway Science,1992,12(2):92–108.(in Chinese))
[20]经杰.双重结构基于位移抗震设计方法的研究[D].北京:清华大学,2002.(JING Jie.Studies on disp lacement based seismic design for dual structures[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2002.(in Chinese))
[21]经杰,叶列平,钱稼茹.基于能量概念的剪切型多自由度结构弹塑性地震位移反应分析[J].工程力学,2003,20(3):31–37.(JING Jie,YE Lie-ping,QIAN Jia-ru.Inelastic seismic response of lumped mass MDOF systems based on energy concept[J].Engineering Mechanics,2003,20(3):31–37.(in Chinese))
[22]赵永峰,童根树.修正Clough滞回模型下的地震力调整系数[J].土木工程学报,2006,39(10):34–41.(ZHAO Yong-feng,TONG Gen-shu.Seismic force modification factors for structures with modified Clough hysteretic model[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2006,39(10):34–41.(in Chinese))
[23]叶列平,陆新征,冯鹏,等.高强高性能工程结构材料与现代工程结构及其设计理论的发展[C]//第一届结构工程新进展国际论坛文集.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006,208–250.(YE Lie-ping,LU Xin-zheng,FENG Peng,et al.High strength performance structural materials and the developments of modern engineering structures and the design theory[C]//Proceedings of the 1st International Forum on Advances in Structural Engineering.Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2006:208–250.(in Chinese))
[2]王志杰,高波,关宝树.围岩–隧道衬砌结构体系的减震研究[J].西南交通大学学报,1996,31(6):590–594.(WANG Zhi-jie,GAO Bo,GUAN Bao-shu.Research of isolation of rock-liner structure systems[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,1996,31(6):590–594.(in Chinese))
[3]YOUSSEF M A,HASHASHA,Jeffrey J,HOOKA Birger Schmidtb,et al.Seismic design and analysis of underground structures[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2001(16):247–293.
[4]高峰,李德武.隧道三维地震反应分析若干问题的研究[J].岩土工程学报,1998,20(4):51–56.(GAO Feng,LI De-wu.A study on some problems concerning 3D analysis of seismic responses of tunnels[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1998,20(4):51–56.(in Chinese))
[5]龙驭球.弹性地基梁的计算[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1981.(LONG Yu-qiu.Calculation of elastic foundationbeam[M].Beijing:People's Education Press,1981.(in Chinese))
[6]潘昌实.隧道及地下结构物抗震问题的研究概况[J].现代隧道技术,1996(5):7216.(PAN Chang-shi.Survey on the study of anti seismic of tunnel and underground structure[J].Modern tunneling Technology,1996(5):7216.(in Chinese))
[7]许增会,刘刚.地震区隧道稳定性分析方法[J].公路,2004(110):189–193.(XU Zeng-hui,LIU Gang.A study on stability analysis of tunnels in seismic region[J].Highway,2004(110):189–193.(in Chinese))
[8]关宝树.免震构造设计指针及解释[R].成都:西南交通大学,1992.(GUAN Bao-shu.Guideline on design of seismically isolated buildings and explanation of provisions[R].Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,1992.(in Chinese))
[9]瓦尔夫J P.土–结构动力相互作用[M].北京:地震出版社,1989.(WOLF J P.Soil-structure dynamic interaction[M].Beijing:Earthquake Publishing House,1989.(in Chinese))
[10]李育枢.山岭隧道地震动力响应及减震措施研究[D].上海:同济大学,2006.(LI Yu-shu.Earthquake dynamic response and shock absorption measures research on the mountain tunnels[D].Shanghai:Tongji University,2006.(in Chinese))
[11]杨小礼,李亮,刘宝琛.强震作用下交通隧道的拟静态反应[J].中国公路学报,2001,14(4):55–58.(YANG Xiao-li,LI Liang,LIU Bao-chen.Response of transportation tunnels due to st rong earthquake[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2001,14(4):55–58.(in Chinese))
[12]郑永来,杨林德.地下结构震害与抗震对策[J].工程抗震,1999(4):23–28.(ZHENG Yong-lai,YANG Lin-de.Earthquake damage and resistant measure of underground structures[J].Engineering Resistant Engineering,1999(4):23–28.(in Chinese))
[13]JSCE.The 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake[J].Japan Society of Civil Engineers,1996,81(3):38–45.
[14]PWRI.Guideline for seismic design methods of large underground structures(a draft)[R].Tsukubashi:Technical Memorandum of PWRI,Public Works Research Institute,1992:37–43.
[15]罗定伦,高波,申玉生.关于隧道抗减震模型试验围岩相似材料的研究[J].石家庄铁道学院学报(自然科学版),2008,21(3):70–73.(LUO Ding-lun,GAO Bo,SHEN Yu-sheng.Research on simulating material of surrounding rock in tunnel seismic model experiment[J].Journal ofShijiazhuang Railway Institute(Natural Sciences),2008,21(3):70–73.(in Chinese))
[16]孙铁成,高波,叶朝良.地下结构抗震减震措施与研究方法探讨[J].现代隧道技术,2007,44(3):1–5,10.(SUN Tie-cheng,GAO Bo,YE Zhao-liang.Discussion on aseismic and seismic-relieving measures and corresponding research methods for underground structures[J].Modern Tunneling Technology,2007,44(3):1–5,10.(in Chinese))
[17]季倩倩,杨林德.地下铁道震害与震后修复措施[J].灾害学,2001,16(2):31–37.(JI Qian-qian,YANG Lin-de.Seismic damage and restoration measures of subway[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2001,16(2):31–37.(in Chinese))
[18]黄先峰.地下结构的抗震计算——响应位移法[J].铁道建筑,1999(6):3–6.(HUANG Xian-feng.Aseismic calculation of underground structures——response displacement method[J].Railway Engineering,1999(6):3–6.(in Chinese))
[19]邵根大,骆文海.强地震作用下铁路隧道衬砌耐震性的研究[J].中国铁道科学,1992,12(2):92–108.(SHAO Gen-da,LUO Wen-hai.An investigation on aseismic behaviors of railway tunnel lining during strong earthquake[J].China Railway Science,1992,12(2):92–108.(in Chinese))
[20]经杰.双重结构基于位移抗震设计方法的研究[D].北京:清华大学,2002.(JING Jie.Studies on disp lacement based seismic design for dual structures[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2002.(in Chinese))
[21]经杰,叶列平,钱稼茹.基于能量概念的剪切型多自由度结构弹塑性地震位移反应分析[J].工程力学,2003,20(3):31–37.(JING Jie,YE Lie-ping,QIAN Jia-ru.Inelastic seismic response of lumped mass MDOF systems based on energy concept[J].Engineering Mechanics,2003,20(3):31–37.(in Chinese))
[22]赵永峰,童根树.修正Clough滞回模型下的地震力调整系数[J].土木工程学报,2006,39(10):34–41.(ZHAO Yong-feng,TONG Gen-shu.Seismic force modification factors for structures with modified Clough hysteretic model[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2006,39(10):34–41.(in Chinese))
[23]叶列平,陆新征,冯鹏,等.高强高性能工程结构材料与现代工程结构及其设计理论的发展[C]//第一届结构工程新进展国际论坛文集.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006,208–250.(YE Lie-ping,LU Xin-zheng,FENG Peng,et al.High strength performance structural materials and the developments of modern engineering structures and the design theory[C]//Proceedings of the 1st International Forum on Advances in Structural Engineering.Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2006:208–250.(in Chinese))
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