青藏铁路建设中的冻土力学问题
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摘要
根据已有的寒区工程研究资料和关于青藏公路和铁路的不断研究成果,总结了青藏铁路建设中存在的冻土力学问题,具体表现为:气候和工程影响下路基下冻土温度场变化;多年冻土路基的冻胀和融沉变形;路基的冻土承载力(动载、静载)的变化;修建的各种工程结构物下的冻胀力(特别是涵洞和桩基);次生灾害对铁路路基的影响;主动保护冻土的冻害防治措施问题.这些力学问题可以从大类上分为热学稳定性和力学稳定性两部分,但这两部分是相互耦合的．
Based on the researches on constructions in frozen regions and Qinghai-Tibet Roadway and Railway, some related mechanics problems are proposed. They are: the temperature field in frozen soil under climate and engineering conditions; frost heaving and thaw settlement of permafrost roadbed; the support force of frozen soil under the roadbed; the frost heaving of many kinds of engineering constructions (especially culverts and stake bases); the influence of regenerative damages on railway bed; active protective measures for frozen soil damages. All problems may be classified into two kinds: one concerns heat stability, and the other dynamics stability. And the both problems are coupled.
Based on the researches on constructions in frozen regions and Qinghai-Tibet Roadway and Railway, some related mechanics problems are proposed. They are: the temperature field in frozen soil under climate and engineering conditions; frost heaving and thaw settlement of permafrost roadbed; the support force of frozen soil under the roadbed; the frost heaving of many kinds of engineering constructions (especially culverts and stake bases); the influence of regenerative damages on railway bed; active protective measures for frozen soil damages. All problems may be classified into two kinds: one concerns heat stability, and the other dynamics stability. And the both problems are coupled.
引文
1丁一汇．中国西部环境变化的预测．中国西部环境演变评估第二 卷．北京:科学出版社,2002．38~44(Ding Yihui. Evalua- tion of Environment Change in the West of China (vol. 2). Beijing: Science Press, 2002. 38~44 (in Chinese))
2南卓铜,李述训,程国栋．未来50年与i00年青藏高原多年冻土 变化情景预测．中国科学(D辑),2004,34(6):528-834 (NanZhuotong, Li Shuxun, Cheng Guodong. The permafrost changing forecast of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau after 50a and 100a. Science in China (Series D), 2004, 34 (6): 528-834 (in Chinese))
3吴青柏,程国栋,马巍．多年冻土变化对青藏铁路工程的影响．中国 科学(D辑)．2003,33(增刊):115~122(Wu Qingbai, Cheng Guodong, Ma Wei. 'The impact of permafrost change on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Science in China(Series D), 2003, 33(Supp. I): 115~122 (in Chinese))
4刘永智,吴青柏．高原多年冻土地区公路路基温度场现场实验研 究．公路,2000(2):5-8(Liu Yongzhi, Wu Qingbai. The lo- cale temperature field study on highway roadbed in plateau permafrost regions. Highway, 2000 (2): 5~8 (in Chinese))
5程国栋．用冷却路基的原则修建青藏铁路．科技导报(北京), 2005,23(1):4—8(Cheng Guodong. Constructing of Qinghai-Tibet Railroad by cooling the roadbed. Science and Technology Review(Beijing), 2005, 23 (1): 4~8 (in Chinese))
6苗天德,郭力,牛永红等．正冻土中水热迁移问题的混合物理 论模型．中国科学(D辑),1999,29(增刊1):8—14(Miao tiande, Guo Li, Niu Yonghong, et al. The mixture theory on moisture and heat transferring problems in freezing soil. Science in China (Series D), 1999, 29(Supply 1): 8-14. (in Chinese))
7何平,程国栋,俞祁浩等．饱和正冻土中的水、热、力场耦合模型．冰 川冻土,2000,22(2):135~138(He Ping, Cheng Guodong, Yu Qihao, et al. A couple model of water, heat, stress fields of saturated soil during freezing. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2000, 22 (2): 135~138 (in Chinese))
8陈飞熊,李宁,程国栋．饱和正冻土多孔多相介质的理论框架． 岩土工程学报,2002,24(2):213-217(Chen Feixiong, Li Ling, Cheng Guodong. The theoretical frame of mult-phase porous medium for the freezing soil. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2002, 24 (2): 213~217 (in Chinese))
9陈飞熊,李宁,徐斌．非饱和正冻土的三场耦合的理论框架．力 学学报,2005,37(2):204~214(Chen Feixiong, Li Ling, Xu Bin. Theoretical frame of unsaturated frozen soil. Acta Mechanica Sinica, 2005, 37 (2): 204~214 (in Chinese))
10李宁,陈波,党发宁．裂隙岩体介质渗流、变形、温度耦合分析 与有限元解析．自然科学进展, 2000,10(8):722~728(Li Ning, Chen Bo, Dang Faning. The coupling analysis and the finite analysis of seepage, distortion, temperature fields in cranny rock. The Progress in Natural Science, 2000, 10 (8): 722~728 (in Chinese))
11李宁,陈波．陈飞熊,寒区复合地基的温度场、水分场、变形场三 场耦合模型．土木工程学报,2003,23(10):66~71(Li Ning, Chen Bo, Chen Feixiong. Heat-Moisture-Deformation coupled model for composite foundation in frozen zone. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2003, 23 (10): 66~71 (in Chinese))
12 Zhu Yuanlin, Carbee DL. Uniaxial compressive strength of frozen silt under constant deformation rates. Cold Regions science and Technology, 1984, 9: 3~15
13吴志坚,马巍,王兰民等．地震荷载作用下温度和围压对冻土强 度影响的试验研究．冰川冻土, 2003,25(6):648~652(Wu Zhijian, Ma Wei, Wang Lanmin, et al. Test study of the effect of temperature and confining on frozen soil strength under seismic dynamic loading. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2003, 25 (6): 648~652 (in Chinese))
14何平,张家懿,朱元林等．振动频率对冻土破坏之影响．岩土工 程学报, 1995,17(3):78~81(He Ping, Zhang Jiayi, Zhu Yuanlin, et al. The effect of loading frequency on damage of frozen soil. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 1995, 17 (3): 78~81 (in Chinese))
15朱元林,何平,张家懿等．围压对冻结粉土在动荷载下蠕变性能 的影响．冰川冻土, 1995,17(增刊):20~25(Zhu Yuanlin, He Ping, Zhang Jiayi, et al. Effect on confine press on creep behavior of frozen soil. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1995, 17 (supple): 20~25 (in Chinese))
16朱元林,何平,张家懿等．冻土在振动荷载下的三轴蠕变模型． 自然科学进展,1998,8(1):60~62(Zhu Yuanlin, He Ping, Zhang Jiayi, et al. Triaxial creep model of frozen soil under dynamic loading. Progress in National Science, 1998, 8 (1): 60~62 (in Chinese))
17张健明,朱元林,张家懿．动荷载下桩与冻土间冻结强度试验研 究．见:第五届全国冰川冻土学大会论文集(上),兰州:甘肃文 化出版社,1996．789~793(Zhang Jianming, Zhu Yuanlin, Zhang Jiayi. Experimental study on adfreezing strength of model piles in frozen loess under dynamic loading. In: Proceeding of the Fifth Chinese Conference on Glaciology and Geocryology (vol.1). Lanzhou: Gansu Culture Press, 1996. 789~793 (in Chinese))
18徐绍新．季节冻土区水工建筑物抗冻害技术研究的成就和进 展．见:第五届全国冰川冻土学大会论文集(上)．兰州:甘肃 文化出版社, 1996． 291~298(Xu Shaoxin. Achieve- ment and prospect on the studies of techwological measures against frost damage for hydro-structure in seasonally frozen ground regions. In: Proceeding of the Fifth Chinese Conference on Glaciology and Geocryology (vol.1). Lanzhou: Gansu Culture Press, 1996. 291-298. (in Chinese))
19马巍,程国栋,吴青柏．多年冻土地区主动冷却地基方法研究．冰 川冻土,2002,24(5):579-587(Ma Wei, Cheng Guodong, Wu Qingbai. Preliminary study on technology of cooling foundation in permafrost regions. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2002, 24(5): 579~587 (in Chinese))
20程国栋．局地因素对多年冻土分布的影响及其对青藏铁路设计的 启示．中国科学(D辑),2003,33(6):602-607(The effect of local factors on pernafrost distribution and its revealing of Qinghai-Tibetan Railroad design. Science in China (Series D), 2003, 33(6): 602~607 (in Chinese))
21 Sheng Yu, Wen Zhi, Ma Wei. Preliminary analysis on insulation treatment of embankment at Beiluhe Test section of Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2003, 22(2): 2659~2664
22 Niu Fujun, Yu Qihao, Lai Yuanming. Analysis of ground temperature change and thermal process in the testing duct-ventilated embankment of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2003, 25(6): 614~620
23 Lai Yuanming, Zhang Luxin, Zhang Shujuan, et al. The cooling effect of ripped-stone embankments on Qing-Tibet railway under climatic warming. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2003, 48(6): 598~604
2南卓铜,李述训,程国栋．未来50年与i00年青藏高原多年冻土 变化情景预测．中国科学(D辑),2004,34(6):528-834 (NanZhuotong, Li Shuxun, Cheng Guodong. The permafrost changing forecast of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau after 50a and 100a. Science in China (Series D), 2004, 34 (6): 528-834 (in Chinese))
3吴青柏,程国栋,马巍．多年冻土变化对青藏铁路工程的影响．中国 科学(D辑)．2003,33(增刊):115~122(Wu Qingbai, Cheng Guodong, Ma Wei. 'The impact of permafrost change on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Science in China(Series D), 2003, 33(Supp. I): 115~122 (in Chinese))
4刘永智,吴青柏．高原多年冻土地区公路路基温度场现场实验研 究．公路,2000(2):5-8(Liu Yongzhi, Wu Qingbai. The lo- cale temperature field study on highway roadbed in plateau permafrost regions. Highway, 2000 (2): 5~8 (in Chinese))
5程国栋．用冷却路基的原则修建青藏铁路．科技导报(北京), 2005,23(1):4—8(Cheng Guodong. Constructing of Qinghai-Tibet Railroad by cooling the roadbed. Science and Technology Review(Beijing), 2005, 23 (1): 4~8 (in Chinese))
6苗天德,郭力,牛永红等．正冻土中水热迁移问题的混合物理 论模型．中国科学(D辑),1999,29(增刊1):8—14(Miao tiande, Guo Li, Niu Yonghong, et al. The mixture theory on moisture and heat transferring problems in freezing soil. Science in China (Series D), 1999, 29(Supply 1): 8-14. (in Chinese))
7何平,程国栋,俞祁浩等．饱和正冻土中的水、热、力场耦合模型．冰 川冻土,2000,22(2):135~138(He Ping, Cheng Guodong, Yu Qihao, et al. A couple model of water, heat, stress fields of saturated soil during freezing. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2000, 22 (2): 135~138 (in Chinese))
8陈飞熊,李宁,程国栋．饱和正冻土多孔多相介质的理论框架． 岩土工程学报,2002,24(2):213-217(Chen Feixiong, Li Ling, Cheng Guodong. The theoretical frame of mult-phase porous medium for the freezing soil. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2002, 24 (2): 213~217 (in Chinese))
9陈飞熊,李宁,徐斌．非饱和正冻土的三场耦合的理论框架．力 学学报,2005,37(2):204~214(Chen Feixiong, Li Ling, Xu Bin. Theoretical frame of unsaturated frozen soil. Acta Mechanica Sinica, 2005, 37 (2): 204~214 (in Chinese))
10李宁,陈波,党发宁．裂隙岩体介质渗流、变形、温度耦合分析 与有限元解析．自然科学进展, 2000,10(8):722~728(Li Ning, Chen Bo, Dang Faning. The coupling analysis and the finite analysis of seepage, distortion, temperature fields in cranny rock. The Progress in Natural Science, 2000, 10 (8): 722~728 (in Chinese))
11李宁,陈波．陈飞熊,寒区复合地基的温度场、水分场、变形场三 场耦合模型．土木工程学报,2003,23(10):66~71(Li Ning, Chen Bo, Chen Feixiong. Heat-Moisture-Deformation coupled model for composite foundation in frozen zone. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2003, 23 (10): 66~71 (in Chinese))
12 Zhu Yuanlin, Carbee DL. Uniaxial compressive strength of frozen silt under constant deformation rates. Cold Regions science and Technology, 1984, 9: 3~15
13吴志坚,马巍,王兰民等．地震荷载作用下温度和围压对冻土强 度影响的试验研究．冰川冻土, 2003,25(6):648~652(Wu Zhijian, Ma Wei, Wang Lanmin, et al. Test study of the effect of temperature and confining on frozen soil strength under seismic dynamic loading. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2003, 25 (6): 648~652 (in Chinese))
14何平,张家懿,朱元林等．振动频率对冻土破坏之影响．岩土工 程学报, 1995,17(3):78~81(He Ping, Zhang Jiayi, Zhu Yuanlin, et al. The effect of loading frequency on damage of frozen soil. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 1995, 17 (3): 78~81 (in Chinese))
15朱元林,何平,张家懿等．围压对冻结粉土在动荷载下蠕变性能 的影响．冰川冻土, 1995,17(增刊):20~25(Zhu Yuanlin, He Ping, Zhang Jiayi, et al. Effect on confine press on creep behavior of frozen soil. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1995, 17 (supple): 20~25 (in Chinese))
16朱元林,何平,张家懿等．冻土在振动荷载下的三轴蠕变模型． 自然科学进展,1998,8(1):60~62(Zhu Yuanlin, He Ping, Zhang Jiayi, et al. Triaxial creep model of frozen soil under dynamic loading. Progress in National Science, 1998, 8 (1): 60~62 (in Chinese))
17张健明,朱元林,张家懿．动荷载下桩与冻土间冻结强度试验研 究．见:第五届全国冰川冻土学大会论文集(上),兰州:甘肃文 化出版社,1996．789~793(Zhang Jianming, Zhu Yuanlin, Zhang Jiayi. Experimental study on adfreezing strength of model piles in frozen loess under dynamic loading. In: Proceeding of the Fifth Chinese Conference on Glaciology and Geocryology (vol.1). Lanzhou: Gansu Culture Press, 1996. 789~793 (in Chinese))
18徐绍新．季节冻土区水工建筑物抗冻害技术研究的成就和进 展．见:第五届全国冰川冻土学大会论文集(上)．兰州:甘肃 文化出版社, 1996． 291~298(Xu Shaoxin. Achieve- ment and prospect on the studies of techwological measures against frost damage for hydro-structure in seasonally frozen ground regions. In: Proceeding of the Fifth Chinese Conference on Glaciology and Geocryology (vol.1). Lanzhou: Gansu Culture Press, 1996. 291-298. (in Chinese))
19马巍,程国栋,吴青柏．多年冻土地区主动冷却地基方法研究．冰 川冻土,2002,24(5):579-587(Ma Wei, Cheng Guodong, Wu Qingbai. Preliminary study on technology of cooling foundation in permafrost regions. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2002, 24(5): 579~587 (in Chinese))
20程国栋．局地因素对多年冻土分布的影响及其对青藏铁路设计的 启示．中国科学(D辑),2003,33(6):602-607(The effect of local factors on pernafrost distribution and its revealing of Qinghai-Tibetan Railroad design. Science in China (Series D), 2003, 33(6): 602~607 (in Chinese))
21 Sheng Yu, Wen Zhi, Ma Wei. Preliminary analysis on insulation treatment of embankment at Beiluhe Test section of Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2003, 22(2): 2659~2664
22 Niu Fujun, Yu Qihao, Lai Yuanming. Analysis of ground temperature change and thermal process in the testing duct-ventilated embankment of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2003, 25(6): 614~620
23 Lai Yuanming, Zhang Luxin, Zhang Shujuan, et al. The cooling effect of ripped-stone embankments on Qing-Tibet railway under climatic warming. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2003, 48(6): 598~604
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