昆仑山M_S8.1地震震源参数的多破裂段模拟研究
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摘要
昆仑山MS8.1地震的已有研究结果在破裂带长度、破裂面方向、破裂面大小等震源破裂特征参数方面存在较大差异.本文采用D-InSAR技术首次获得昆仑山MS8.1地震干涉同震形变场,结合野外科学考察的实测值,进行了主破裂带InSAR视线向变化量的分解,通过对InSAR分解结果、野外科学考察、遥感解译等多源数据综合分析,重新划分了昆仑山地震的次级破裂段.进而通过对地震南北盘同震应变的分析,发现了昆仑山地震的南北两盘分别受挤压和拉张两种应力作用,研究表明多种岩石在拉张和压力作用下其最小主应力下的杨氏模量表现出非线性弹性特征,从而提出对昆仑山地震地表位移及震源特征参数分析时应考虑非线弹性介质导致的非线性弹性位移分布特征.基于上述原因,本文对Okada线弹性位错模型的算法进行了改进,提出了“多震源、非均一位错分量、多破裂段叠加”的线弹性模型,该模型模拟出的形变场干涉纹图较好地体现了地震形变场的分布特征,并由此获得了一套较为完整的地震发震断层的几何学特征参数,为破裂带长度、破裂面方向、破裂面大小等震源破裂特征参数研究提供了较好的解释.
We make a further study on the hypocentral parameters such as the length and width, the direction and the size of the rupture of the M_S8.1 earthquake at the Kunlun mountains. First, using D-InSAR technology, the co-seismic deformation field of the earthquake is obtained for the first time. Combining the field investigation data, along the main rupture zone the displacement in the satellite line of sight (LOS) is decomposed. Synthesizing the results of InSAR, field investigation and interruption by remote sensing images, the sub-rupture zone of the earthquake is mented again. Second, by analyzing the strain of north-south blocks of the fault, we find an asymmetric displacement distribution between the two sides of the rupture, and the two blocks are subject to compressional and tensional stress respectively. It is a pattern that cannot be explained with the linear elastic theory. However, laboratory experiments and in situ measurements in boreholes have shown that many crustal rocks exhibit a nonlinear elastic behavior in compression and tension with a dependence of the Young's modulus on the minimum principal stress. So we suggest that the nonlinear displacement distribution should be considered when dislocation and hypocentral parameters are analyzed. Finally, we present an arithmetic of multiple-hypocentral, heterogenous dislocation, and a multi-rupture segment superposition model for simulating the earthquake deformation field. The simulated LOS interferometry map presents the distribution characteristics of the earthquake deformation field better than that of previous studied. Meanwhile, a suit of fault geometric parameters of the earthquake is also obtained by the study. Having a better effect upon simulating asymmetry, great dislocation, macro rupture field, and non-homogeneity of dislocation than the traditional model, the multi-segment method is a progress of this work. It provides a better explanation for the study on hypocentral parameters.
We make a further study on the hypocentral parameters such as the length and width, the direction and the size of the rupture of the M_S8.1 earthquake at the Kunlun mountains. First, using D-InSAR technology, the co-seismic deformation field of the earthquake is obtained for the first time. Combining the field investigation data, along the main rupture zone the displacement in the satellite line of sight (LOS) is decomposed. Synthesizing the results of InSAR, field investigation and interruption by remote sensing images, the sub-rupture zone of the earthquake is mented again. Second, by analyzing the strain of north-south blocks of the fault, we find an asymmetric displacement distribution between the two sides of the rupture, and the two blocks are subject to compressional and tensional stress respectively. It is a pattern that cannot be explained with the linear elastic theory. However, laboratory experiments and in situ measurements in boreholes have shown that many crustal rocks exhibit a nonlinear elastic behavior in compression and tension with a dependence of the Young's modulus on the minimum principal stress. So we suggest that the nonlinear displacement distribution should be considered when dislocation and hypocentral parameters are analyzed. Finally, we present an arithmetic of multiple-hypocentral, heterogenous dislocation, and a multi-rupture segment superposition model for simulating the earthquake deformation field. The simulated LOS interferometry map presents the distribution characteristics of the earthquake deformation field better than that of previous studied. Meanwhile, a suit of fault geometric parameters of the earthquake is also obtained by the study. Having a better effect upon simulating asymmetry, great dislocation, macro rupture field, and non-homogeneity of dislocation than the traditional model, the multi-segment method is a progress of this work. It provides a better explanation for the study on hypocentral parameters.
引文
[1]李春昱.中国板块构造的轮廓.中国地质科学院院报,1980,2(2):11～19LiCY.ApreliminarystudyofplatetectonicsofChina.Bulletin ChineseAcad.Geol.Sci.,(SeriesI)(inChinese),1980,2(2):11～19
[2]黄汲清.中国大地构造特征的新研究.中国地质科学学院报,1984,9:5～18HuangJQ.NewresearchesonthetectoniccharacteristicsofChina.BulletinChineseAcad.Geol.Sci.(SeriesIX)(inChinese),1984,9:5～18
[3]青海省地震局,中国地震局地壳应力研究所.东昆仑活动断裂带.北京:地震出版社,1999SeismologicalBureauofQinghaiProvince,InstituteofCrustalDynamics,ChinaEarthquakeAdministration.TheActiveEast KunlunFaultZone(inChinese).Beijing:SeismologicalPress,1999
[4]徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华等.昆仑山库赛湖地震(MS8.1)地表破裂带的基本特征.地震地质,2002,24(1):1～13XuXW,ChenWB,YuGH,etal.Characteristicfeaturesofthe surfacerupturesoftheHohSaiHu(Kunlunshan)earthquake(MS8.1),northernTibetPlateau.SeismologyandGeology(in Chinese),2002,24(1):1～13
[5]陈杰,陈宇坤,丁国瑜等.2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震地表破裂带.第四纪研究,2003,23(6):629～638ChenJ,ChenYK,DingGY,etal.Surfacerupturezonesofthe2001earthquakeMS8.1westofKunlunpass,NorthernQinghai-Xizangplateau.QuaternarySciences(inChinese),2003,23(6):629～638
[6]王赞军,党光明,张瑞斌等.昆仑山口西8.1级地震破裂的类型与性质.高原地震,2002,14(1):15～25WangZJ,DangGM,ZhangRB,etal.Stylesandcharacteristics ofthesurfaceruptureofthewestKunlunmountainsearthquakewith MS8.1.EarthquakeResearchinPlateau(inChinese),2002,14(1):15～25
[7]吴树仁,李贵书,何锋等.昆仑山地震地表破裂带东段几何学与运动学.地质通报,2002,21(89):554～561WuSR,LiGS,HeF,etal.Geometryandkinematicsintheeast mentofthesurfacerupturezoneoccurringduringtheKulun earthquake.GeologicalBulletinsofChina(inChinese),2002,21(8-9):554～561
[8]张国民,田勤俭,王辉.可可西里—东昆仑活动构造带强震活动研究.地学前缘,2003,10(1):39～46ZhangGM,TianQJ,WangH.Strongearthquakeactivitiesin Kekexili_eastKunlunmountainsactivefaultzone,northwestChina.EarthScienceFrontiers(inChinese),2003,10(1):39～46
[9]王庆良,王建华,朱桂芝等.东昆仑断裂带及昆仑山口西8.1级地震垂直形变研究.地震地质,2004,26(2):273～280WangQL,WangJH,ZhuGZ,etal.Verticaldeformationsofthe easternKunlunfaultzoneandwestofKunlunmountainpassMS8.1earthquake.SeismologyandGeology(inChinese),2004,26(2):273～280
[10]LinAM,FuBH,GuoJM,etal.Co_seismicstrike_slipand rupturelengthproducedbythe2001MS8.1centralKunlun earthquake.Science,2002,296(14):2015～2017
[11]顾国华,张晶,王武星.关于2001年昆仑山8.1级大地震前后中国大陆地壳水平运动的讨论.地震学报,2003,25(6):653～660GuGH,ZhangJ,WangWX.Horizontalcrustalmovementin ChinesemainlandbeforeandafterthegreatKulunmountainM=8.1earthquakein2001.ActaSeismologicaSinica(inChinese),2003,25(6):653～660
[12]单新建,柳稼航,马超.2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1级地震同震形变场特征的初步分析.地震学报,2004,26(5):474～480ShanXJ,LiuJH,MaC.Thepreliminaryanalysisonthefeaturesof co_seismicdeformationofthewestofKunlunshanpassearthquake(MS8.1)in2001.ActaSeismologicaSinica(inChinese),2004,26(5):474～480
[13]单新建,李建华,马超.SPOT和IKONOS影像在昆仑山口西8.1级地震中的应用研究.地震地质,2005,27(1):145～154ShanXJ,LiJH,MaC.ApplicationofSPOTandIKONOSimages tothestudyofthewestofKulunshanPassearthquake(MS8.1).SeismologyandGeology(inChinese),2005,27(1):145～154
[14]单新建,李建华,马超.昆仑山口西8.1级地震地表破裂带高分辨率卫星影像特征研究.地球物理学报,2005,48(2):321～326ShanXJ,LiJH,MaC.Studyingthefeatureofsurfacerupturezone ofthewestofKunlunshanpassearthquake(MS8.1)withhigh spatialresolutionsatelliteimages.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(2):321～326
[15]ShanXJ,LiJH,MaC,etal.Acharacteranalysisofremote sensingimagestotheseismicrupturezonecausedbytheMS8.1earthquakewesttotheKunlunMountainPassof2001.ActaGeologica Sinica,2005,79(1):43～52
[16]谭凯,王琪,申重阳.用大地测量数据反演2001年昆仑山地震.大地测量与地球动力学,2004,24(3):47～50TanK,WangQ,ShenCY.Usinggeodeticdatatoinverseco seismicdislocationof2001Kunlunearthquake.JournalofGeodesy andGeodynamics(inChinese),2004,24(3):47～50
[17]马超,单新建.基于实测值分段线性内插模型的InSAR视线向同震位错分解———以青藏高原昆仑山MS8.1地震为例.地震学报,2006,28(1):1～7MaC,ShanXJ.DecomposingInSARLOSco seismicdislocation basedonfieldinvestigationdataandlinearinterpolationmodeling.ActaSeismologicaSinica(inChinese),2006,28(1):1～7
[18]GillesPeltzer,FredericCrampe,GeofferyKing.Evidenceof nonlinearelasticityofthecrustfromtheMw7.6Mani(Tibet)Earthquake.Science,1999,286:272～276
[19]VanDerWoerdJ,RyersonFJ,TapponnierP,etal.Holoceceleft_slip ratedeterminedbycosmogenicsurfacedatingontheXidatanmentof theKunlunfault(Qinghai,China).Geology,1998,26(8):695～698
[20]VanDerWoerdJ,RyersonFJ,TapponnierP,etal.Uniformslip_ratealongtheKulunfault:Implicationforseismicbehaviorandlarge_scaletectonics.GeophysicalResearchLetters,2000,27(16):2353～2356
[21]VanDerWoerdJ,TapponnierP,RyersonFJ,etal.Uniform postglacialslip_ratealongthecentral600kmoftheKunlunFault(Tibet),from26Al,10Be,and14Cdatingofriseroffsets,and climaticoriginoftheregionalmorphology.GeophysicalJournal International,2002,148(3):356
[22]万永革,吴忠良,周公威等.几次复杂地震中不同破裂事件之间的“应力触发”问题.地震学报,2000,22(6):568～576WanYG,WuZL,ZhouGW,etal.“Stresstriggering”between differentruptureeventsinseveralearthquakes.ActaSeismologica Sinica(inChinese),2000,22(6):568～576
[23]马超.基于星载D_INSAR技术的地表同震形变及震源特征参数数值模拟研究—以青藏高原昆仑山口西MS8.1地震为例[博士论文].北京:中国地震局地质研究所,2005MaC.Numericalmodelingofsurfaceco_seismicdeformationand hypocentralcharacteristicparametersbasedonD_InSARtechnology—AcasestudyoftheMS8.1earthquakeattheKunlunMountains,the northernTibetanplateau,China[Ph.D.thesis].Beijing:Institute ofGeology,ChinaEarthquakeAdministration,2005
[24]Okada.Surfacedeformationduetoshearandtensilefaultsinahalf_space.BulletinoftheSeismologicalSocietyofAmerica,1985,75(4):1135～1154
[25]滕吉文,张中杰,杨顶辉等.青藏高原地体划分的地球物理标志研究.地球物理学报,1996,39(5):629～641TengJW,ZhangZJ,YangDH,etal.Thestudyofgeophysical criterionfordividingterrenesinQinhai_Xizangplateau.ChineseJ.Geophys.(inChinese),1996,39(5):629～641
[26]FeiglKL,DupreE.RNGCHN:aprogramtocalculatedisplacement componentsfromdislocationinanelastichalf_spaceapplicationfor modelinggeodeticmeasurementsofcrustaldeformation.Computers Geosciences,1999,25:695～704
[27]乔学军,王琪,杜瑞林等.昆仑山口西MS8.1地震的地壳变形特征.大地测量与地球动力学,2002,22(4):6～11QiaoXJ,WangQ,DuRL,etal.Characteristicsofcrustal deformationrelatingtoMS8.1Kunlunshanearthquake.Journalof GeodesyandGeodynamics(inChinese),2002,22(4):6～11
[28]万永革,王敏,沈正康等.利用GPS和水准测量资料反演2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震的同震滑动分布.地震地质,2004,26(3):393～404WanYG,WangM,ShenZK,etal.co_seismicslipdistributionof the2001westofKunlunmountainpassearthquakeinvertedbyGPS andlevelingdata.SeismologyandGeology(inChinese),2004,26(3):393～404
[29]沈正康,万永革,甘卫军等.东昆仑活动断裂带大地震之间的黏弹性应力触发研究.地球物理学报,2003,46(6):786～795ShenZK,WanYG,GanWJ,etal.Visco_elastictriggeringamong largeearthquakesalongtheeastKunlunfaultsystem.ChineseJ.Geophys.(inChinese),2003,46(6):786～795
[2]黄汲清.中国大地构造特征的新研究.中国地质科学学院报,1984,9:5～18HuangJQ.NewresearchesonthetectoniccharacteristicsofChina.BulletinChineseAcad.Geol.Sci.(SeriesIX)(inChinese),1984,9:5～18
[3]青海省地震局,中国地震局地壳应力研究所.东昆仑活动断裂带.北京:地震出版社,1999SeismologicalBureauofQinghaiProvince,InstituteofCrustalDynamics,ChinaEarthquakeAdministration.TheActiveEast KunlunFaultZone(inChinese).Beijing:SeismologicalPress,1999
[4]徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华等.昆仑山库赛湖地震(MS8.1)地表破裂带的基本特征.地震地质,2002,24(1):1～13XuXW,ChenWB,YuGH,etal.Characteristicfeaturesofthe surfacerupturesoftheHohSaiHu(Kunlunshan)earthquake(MS8.1),northernTibetPlateau.SeismologyandGeology(in Chinese),2002,24(1):1～13
[5]陈杰,陈宇坤,丁国瑜等.2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震地表破裂带.第四纪研究,2003,23(6):629～638ChenJ,ChenYK,DingGY,etal.Surfacerupturezonesofthe2001earthquakeMS8.1westofKunlunpass,NorthernQinghai-Xizangplateau.QuaternarySciences(inChinese),2003,23(6):629～638
[6]王赞军,党光明,张瑞斌等.昆仑山口西8.1级地震破裂的类型与性质.高原地震,2002,14(1):15～25WangZJ,DangGM,ZhangRB,etal.Stylesandcharacteristics ofthesurfaceruptureofthewestKunlunmountainsearthquakewith MS8.1.EarthquakeResearchinPlateau(inChinese),2002,14(1):15～25
[7]吴树仁,李贵书,何锋等.昆仑山地震地表破裂带东段几何学与运动学.地质通报,2002,21(89):554～561WuSR,LiGS,HeF,etal.Geometryandkinematicsintheeast mentofthesurfacerupturezoneoccurringduringtheKulun earthquake.GeologicalBulletinsofChina(inChinese),2002,21(8-9):554～561
[8]张国民,田勤俭,王辉.可可西里—东昆仑活动构造带强震活动研究.地学前缘,2003,10(1):39～46ZhangGM,TianQJ,WangH.Strongearthquakeactivitiesin Kekexili_eastKunlunmountainsactivefaultzone,northwestChina.EarthScienceFrontiers(inChinese),2003,10(1):39～46
[9]王庆良,王建华,朱桂芝等.东昆仑断裂带及昆仑山口西8.1级地震垂直形变研究.地震地质,2004,26(2):273～280WangQL,WangJH,ZhuGZ,etal.Verticaldeformationsofthe easternKunlunfaultzoneandwestofKunlunmountainpassMS8.1earthquake.SeismologyandGeology(inChinese),2004,26(2):273～280
[10]LinAM,FuBH,GuoJM,etal.Co_seismicstrike_slipand rupturelengthproducedbythe2001MS8.1centralKunlun earthquake.Science,2002,296(14):2015～2017
[11]顾国华,张晶,王武星.关于2001年昆仑山8.1级大地震前后中国大陆地壳水平运动的讨论.地震学报,2003,25(6):653～660GuGH,ZhangJ,WangWX.Horizontalcrustalmovementin ChinesemainlandbeforeandafterthegreatKulunmountainM=8.1earthquakein2001.ActaSeismologicaSinica(inChinese),2003,25(6):653～660
[12]单新建,柳稼航,马超.2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1级地震同震形变场特征的初步分析.地震学报,2004,26(5):474～480ShanXJ,LiuJH,MaC.Thepreliminaryanalysisonthefeaturesof co_seismicdeformationofthewestofKunlunshanpassearthquake(MS8.1)in2001.ActaSeismologicaSinica(inChinese),2004,26(5):474～480
[13]单新建,李建华,马超.SPOT和IKONOS影像在昆仑山口西8.1级地震中的应用研究.地震地质,2005,27(1):145～154ShanXJ,LiJH,MaC.ApplicationofSPOTandIKONOSimages tothestudyofthewestofKulunshanPassearthquake(MS8.1).SeismologyandGeology(inChinese),2005,27(1):145～154
[14]单新建,李建华,马超.昆仑山口西8.1级地震地表破裂带高分辨率卫星影像特征研究.地球物理学报,2005,48(2):321～326ShanXJ,LiJH,MaC.Studyingthefeatureofsurfacerupturezone ofthewestofKunlunshanpassearthquake(MS8.1)withhigh spatialresolutionsatelliteimages.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(2):321～326
[15]ShanXJ,LiJH,MaC,etal.Acharacteranalysisofremote sensingimagestotheseismicrupturezonecausedbytheMS8.1earthquakewesttotheKunlunMountainPassof2001.ActaGeologica Sinica,2005,79(1):43～52
[16]谭凯,王琪,申重阳.用大地测量数据反演2001年昆仑山地震.大地测量与地球动力学,2004,24(3):47～50TanK,WangQ,ShenCY.Usinggeodeticdatatoinverseco seismicdislocationof2001Kunlunearthquake.JournalofGeodesy andGeodynamics(inChinese),2004,24(3):47～50
[17]马超,单新建.基于实测值分段线性内插模型的InSAR视线向同震位错分解———以青藏高原昆仑山MS8.1地震为例.地震学报,2006,28(1):1～7MaC,ShanXJ.DecomposingInSARLOSco seismicdislocation basedonfieldinvestigationdataandlinearinterpolationmodeling.ActaSeismologicaSinica(inChinese),2006,28(1):1～7
[18]GillesPeltzer,FredericCrampe,GeofferyKing.Evidenceof nonlinearelasticityofthecrustfromtheMw7.6Mani(Tibet)Earthquake.Science,1999,286:272～276
[19]VanDerWoerdJ,RyersonFJ,TapponnierP,etal.Holoceceleft_slip ratedeterminedbycosmogenicsurfacedatingontheXidatanmentof theKunlunfault(Qinghai,China).Geology,1998,26(8):695～698
[20]VanDerWoerdJ,RyersonFJ,TapponnierP,etal.Uniformslip_ratealongtheKulunfault:Implicationforseismicbehaviorandlarge_scaletectonics.GeophysicalResearchLetters,2000,27(16):2353～2356
[21]VanDerWoerdJ,TapponnierP,RyersonFJ,etal.Uniform postglacialslip_ratealongthecentral600kmoftheKunlunFault(Tibet),from26Al,10Be,and14Cdatingofriseroffsets,and climaticoriginoftheregionalmorphology.GeophysicalJournal International,2002,148(3):356
[22]万永革,吴忠良,周公威等.几次复杂地震中不同破裂事件之间的“应力触发”问题.地震学报,2000,22(6):568～576WanYG,WuZL,ZhouGW,etal.“Stresstriggering”between differentruptureeventsinseveralearthquakes.ActaSeismologica Sinica(inChinese),2000,22(6):568～576
[23]马超.基于星载D_INSAR技术的地表同震形变及震源特征参数数值模拟研究—以青藏高原昆仑山口西MS8.1地震为例[博士论文].北京:中国地震局地质研究所,2005MaC.Numericalmodelingofsurfaceco_seismicdeformationand hypocentralcharacteristicparametersbasedonD_InSARtechnology—AcasestudyoftheMS8.1earthquakeattheKunlunMountains,the northernTibetanplateau,China[Ph.D.thesis].Beijing:Institute ofGeology,ChinaEarthquakeAdministration,2005
[24]Okada.Surfacedeformationduetoshearandtensilefaultsinahalf_space.BulletinoftheSeismologicalSocietyofAmerica,1985,75(4):1135～1154
[25]滕吉文,张中杰,杨顶辉等.青藏高原地体划分的地球物理标志研究.地球物理学报,1996,39(5):629～641TengJW,ZhangZJ,YangDH,etal.Thestudyofgeophysical criterionfordividingterrenesinQinhai_Xizangplateau.ChineseJ.Geophys.(inChinese),1996,39(5):629～641
[26]FeiglKL,DupreE.RNGCHN:aprogramtocalculatedisplacement componentsfromdislocationinanelastichalf_spaceapplicationfor modelinggeodeticmeasurementsofcrustaldeformation.Computers Geosciences,1999,25:695～704
[27]乔学军,王琪,杜瑞林等.昆仑山口西MS8.1地震的地壳变形特征.大地测量与地球动力学,2002,22(4):6～11QiaoXJ,WangQ,DuRL,etal.Characteristicsofcrustal deformationrelatingtoMS8.1Kunlunshanearthquake.Journalof GeodesyandGeodynamics(inChinese),2002,22(4):6～11
[28]万永革,王敏,沈正康等.利用GPS和水准测量资料反演2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震的同震滑动分布.地震地质,2004,26(3):393～404WanYG,WangM,ShenZK,etal.co_seismicslipdistributionof the2001westofKunlunmountainpassearthquakeinvertedbyGPS andlevelingdata.SeismologyandGeology(inChinese),2004,26(3):393～404
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