我国重大自然灾害后心理援助的探索与挑战
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摘要
我国是灾害多发的国家,重大灾害事件不仅导致人民巨大的生命伤亡和经济财产的损失,而且也给亲历灾害的幸存者带来了严重的个体、家庭和集体的心理创伤。本文重点回顾了5.12汶川大地震、4.14玉树地震和8.8舟曲特大泥石流三大自然灾害后,我国开展心理援助工作的历程,分析了开展灾后心理援助工作的意义,系统地总结了我国近年来在重大自然灾害后心理援助的主要经验与贡献,同时,对我国灾后心理援助中面临的问题进行了讨论,并提出相应的解决措施和方法。
China is a disaster-prone country.Severe natural hazards not only bring tremendous damage and loss to the wellbeing and property of the nation and its people,but also bring enormous psychological trauma to the survivors who were exposed to disaster,at individual,family and community levels.The present article reviewed psychological interventions after resent three major disasters(5·12 Wenchuan Earthquake,4·14 Yushu Earthquake,8·8 Zhouqu Mudslide),and analyzed the significance and importance of intervention implement.The article systematically summarized the experiences and achievements in post disaster psychological intervention in the past few years,and discussed main challenges to the current practices and proposed alternatives and solutions correspondingly.
China is a disaster-prone country.Severe natural hazards not only bring tremendous damage and loss to the wellbeing and property of the nation and its people,but also bring enormous psychological trauma to the survivors who were exposed to disaster,at individual,family and community levels.The present article reviewed psychological interventions after resent three major disasters(5·12 Wenchuan Earthquake,4·14 Yushu Earthquake,8·8 Zhouqu Mudslide),and analyzed the significance and importance of intervention implement.The article systematically summarized the experiences and achievements in post disaster psychological intervention in the past few years,and discussed main challenges to the current practices and proposed alternatives and solutions correspondingly.
引文
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[19]黄飞,祝卓宏,王文忠,等.手机与纸笔测验的心理测量学等值性:以儿童版事件冲击量表为例[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2010,18(1):31-33.
[20]张黎黎,钱铭怡.美国重大灾难及危机的国家心理卫生服务系统[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2004,18(6):395-397.
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[23]崔秋文.国外紧急救援管理工作简介[M].成都:2006.
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[25]APA.Helping Communities in Times of Crisis[M].APA.Washington,DC:American Psychological Association,2009.
[26]WEISS M,SARACENO B,SAXENA S,et al.MentalHealth in the Aftermath of Disasters:Consensus and Contro-versy[J].Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,2003,191(9):611-615.
[2]张侃,张建新.5.12灾后心理援助行动纪实——服务与探索[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.7-8.
[3]EM-DAT.The Ofda/Cred International Disaster Database[DB].http://www.emdat.be/2010.
[4]UNESCAP&UNISDR.Protecting Development Gains:Re-ducing Disaster Vulnerablity and Building Resilience in Asiaand the Pacific[R].Thailand,2010.
[5]WHO.Psychological Consequences after Disaster[R].Ge-neva:WHO,1992.
[6]SAXENA S.Mental Health and Psychosocial Support inCrisis Situation[R].Geneva:WHO,2005.
[7]KUN Peng,CHEN X,HAN S,et al.Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Sichuan Province,China after the2008 Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Public Health,2009,123(11):703-707.
[8]KUN Peng,HAN Shu Cheng,CHEN Xun Chui,etal.Prevalence and Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disor-der:A Cross-Sectional Study among Survivors of the Wen-chuan 2008 Earthquake in China[J].Depression and Anxiety,2009,26(12):1134-1140.
[9]WANG Li,ZHANG Yu Qing,WANG Wen Zhong,etal.Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among AdultSurvivors Three Months after the Sichuan Earthquake in China[J].Journal of Traumatic Stress,2009,22(5):444-450.
[10]WANG Li,ZHANG Yu Qing,SHI Zhan Biao,etal.Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among AdultSurvivors Two Months after the Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Psychological Reports,2009,105(3):879-885.
[11]JIA Zhao Bao,TIAN Wen Hua,HE Xiang,et al.MentalHealth and Quality of Life Survey among Child Survivors of the2008 Sichuan Earthquake[J].Quality of Life Research,2010,19(9):1381-1391.
[12]JIA Zhao Bao,Tian Wen Hua,Liu Wei Zhi,et al.Are theElderly More Vulnerable to Psychological Impact of NaturalDisaster?A Population-Based Survey of Adult Survivors ofthe 2008 Sichuan Earthquake[J].BMC Public Health,2010,10(1):172.
[13]LIU Zhi Yue,YANG Yan Fang,YE Yun Li,et al.One-Year Follow-up Study of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorderamong Adolescents Following the Wen-Chuan Earthquake inChina[J].Bioscience trends,2010,4(3):96-102.
[14]YU Xiao Nan,Joseph T F L,ZHANG Jian Xin,etal.Posttraumatic Growth and Reduced Suicidal Ideation amongAdolescents at Month 1 after the Sichuan Earthquake[J].Jour-nal of Affective Disorders,2010,123(1):327-331.
[15]FAN Fang,ZHANG Ying,YANG Yan Yun,etal.Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,Depression,andAnxiety among Adolescents Following the 2008 WenchuanEarthquake in China[J].Journal of Traumatic Stress,2011:inpress.
[16]LI Shu,RAO Li Lin,REN Xiao Peng,et al.PsychologicalTyphoon Eye in the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake[J].PLoSONE,2009,4(3):e4964.
[17]LI Shu,RAO Li Lin,BAI Xin Wen,et al.Progression ofthe“Psychological Typhoon Eye”and Variations since theWenchuan Earthquake[J].PLoS ONE,2010,5(3):e9727.
[18]陈雪峰,王日出,刘正奎.灾后心理援助的组织与实施[J].心理科学进展,2009,17(3):499-504.
[19]黄飞,祝卓宏,王文忠,等.手机与纸笔测验的心理测量学等值性:以儿童版事件冲击量表为例[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2010,18(1):31-33.
[20]张黎黎,钱铭怡.美国重大灾难及危机的国家心理卫生服务系统[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2004,18(6):395-397.
[21]张侃.国外开展灾后心理援助工作的一些做法[J].求是[J].2008,16:59-61.
[22]张侃,王日出.灾后心理援助与心理重建[J].中国科学院院刊,2008,23(4):304-310.
[23]崔秋文.国外紧急救援管理工作简介[M].成都:2006.
[24]YOUNG B H,FORD J D,RUZEK J I,et al.DisasterMental Health Services:A Guidebook for Clinicians and Ad-ministrators[M].Menlo Park,California:National Center forPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder,1998.
[25]APA.Helping Communities in Times of Crisis[M].APA.Washington,DC:American Psychological Association,2009.
[26]WEISS M,SARACENO B,SAXENA S,et al.MentalHealth in the Aftermath of Disasters:Consensus and Contro-versy[J].Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,2003,191(9):611-615.
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