地震诱发的堰塞湖初步研究
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摘要
由于地震引发山体滑坡并堵塞河道形成的湖泊称为地震堰塞湖。据统计 ,我国自 185 6年以来 ,共计产生14 1个地震堰塞湖 ,按照其形成和造成的灾害来看 ,堰塞湖可以分为 3类 :高危型堰塞湖、稳态型堰塞湖和即生即消型堰塞湖。高危型堰塞湖由于蓄水量大、落差大 ,往往在形成后几天至几年后会被冲垮 ,形成严重的地震滞后次生水灾。稳态型堰塞湖 (亦称“死湖”) ,可以存在很长时间且湖积水量很大。即生即消型堰塞湖为震时形成的短时堰塞湖 ,很快会被后来累积的水体冲毁 ,一般危害不大。如果简单的用时间来区分堰塞湖的类型 ,那么在一天或者几天内溃决的是即生即消型堰塞湖 ;几天至 10 0年溃决的是高危型堰塞湖 ;溃决时间超过 10 0年者 ,是稳态型堰塞湖。
Earthquake-induced dammed lake is the lake caused by an earthquake-induced landslide blocking a river channel. Based on the statistics, there are altogether 141 earthquake-induced dammed lakes in China since 1856. According to the formative process and the degree of potential danger, three types can be divided: high-danger dammed lake, steady-state dammed lake and transient dammed lake. High-danger dammed lake, with great storage capability and high drop height, is often burst in several days to several years after its formation, and causes severe secondary flood disaster. Steady-state dammed lake (also called “dead lake”) can exist for a long period with very huge water storage. Transient dammed lake, formed while an earthquake occurring. It is a short-period one, which can quickly burst by the accumulating water. The damage is therefore generally not very large. The dammed lakes can also be classified simply with time. The one that may be broken in several days is called as transient dammed lake. That may be broken in several days to one hundred years is called as high dangerous dammed lake. Those may be stable more than one hundred years is called as steady-state dammed lake.
Earthquake-induced dammed lake is the lake caused by an earthquake-induced landslide blocking a river channel. Based on the statistics, there are altogether 141 earthquake-induced dammed lakes in China since 1856. According to the formative process and the degree of potential danger, three types can be divided: high-danger dammed lake, steady-state dammed lake and transient dammed lake. High-danger dammed lake, with great storage capability and high drop height, is often burst in several days to several years after its formation, and causes severe secondary flood disaster. Steady-state dammed lake (also called “dead lake”) can exist for a long period with very huge water storage. Transient dammed lake, formed while an earthquake occurring. It is a short-period one, which can quickly burst by the accumulating water. The damage is therefore generally not very large. The dammed lakes can also be classified simply with time. The one that may be broken in several days is called as transient dammed lake. That may be broken in several days to one hundred years is called as high dangerous dammed lake. Those may be stable more than one hundred years is called as steady-state dammed lake.
引文
1)《国民公报》(成都).1933年9月23日,第9版
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WanZicheng,LiuDengqi,WangYuxiaetal.Destructiveearthquakesfrom1949inNingxia.SeismologicalBureauofNingxiaHuiAutonomousRegion(exclusive),1994.16
9 国家地震局兰州地震研究所.陕甘宁青四省(区)强地震目录(公元前1177年～公元1982年).西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1985.66～80,85～89,92～94,99～102,137～138
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NaturalHazardMitigationResearchCenter,NCTU (inTaiwan).SurveyofDestructionofDamandBarrierPondafter“JiJi”Earthquake(Abstract).Taibei:October21,1999
12 游泽李,吴芝雄,谢乐今.1950年西藏察隅8.6级地震.见:闵子群主编.中国历史地震研究文集(1).北京:地震出版社,1989.196～202
YouZeli,WuZhixiong,XieLejin.Chayu,XizangearthquakewithMs8.6in1950.In:MinZiquned.CollectedPapersonChineseHistoricalEarthquakes(1).Beijing:SeismologicalPress,1989.196～202
13 西藏察隅、当雄地震考察队.西藏察隅(1950)、当雄(1951)大地震考察进展.见:《四川地震年鉴》编辑组.四川地震年鉴(1985)(内部印刷).1987.Ⅲ37～40
SurveyGroupofChayu,DangxiongEarthquake.ProgressofSurveyofChayu(1950),Dangxiong(1951)StrongEarthquakes.In:Editor“GroupofSichuanEarthquakeYearbook”ed.SichuanEarthquakeYearbook(1985)(exclusive),1987.Ⅲ37～40
14 顾功叙著.中国地震目录(1970～1979).北京:地震出版社,1984.2,7～8,19,54,58,68～69,92
GuGongxu.CatalogueofChineseEarthquakes(1970～1979).Beijing:SeismologicalPress,1984.2,7～8,19,54,58,68～69,92
15 红河哈尼族彝族自治州编纂委员会.红河州志(第一卷).北京:三联书店,1997.87
CompilationCommitteeofHongheHaniandYiAutonomousPrefecture.AnnalsofHongheAutonomousPrefecture(Vol.1).Beijing:JointPublishing,1997.87
16 云南省红河州民政局.红河州民政志.昆明:云南大学出版社,1993.174
CivilAffairsBureauofHongheAutonomousPrefecture.Annalso
1 刘锁旺,丁忠孝,张俊山.1856年湖北咸丰县大路坝地震考察.地壳形变与地震,1981,(2):69～81
LiuSuowang,DingZhongxiao,ZhangJunshan.AseismicsurveyofroaddamofXianfeng,Hubeiin1856.CrustalDeformationandEarthquake,1981,(2):69～81
2 熊继平主编.湖北地震史料汇考.北京:地震出版社,1986.79～80,145
XiongJipinged.CompilationofHubeiEarthquakeHistoricalMaterials.Beijing:SeismologicalPress,1986.79～80,145
3 王以瑾,云 林.来去云林/草岭/堰塞湖———即将消失的新草岭潭.2003年7月20日,旅游玩家,www.ettoday.com20030720743-1485838.htm
WangYijin,YunLin.Comingfromorgoingtocloudforest grasshill dammedlake:Disappearinggrasshillandpond.July20,2003,tourist,www.ettoday.com20030720743-1485838.htm
4 黄圣睦.历史强震活动特征与地震大形势判定信息初探.地震研究,1985,8(5):484～496
HuangShengmu.Preliminarystudyoncharacteristicofhistoricalstrongearthquakesanddetermininginformationofmacroscopicalsituationofearthquake.JournalofSeismologicalResearch,1985,8(5):484～496
5 中国地震局震害防御司编.中国近代地震目录.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1999.8,21,26,29,85～87,89～90,104,108,109,151,227～228
DepartmentofEarthquakeDisasterPrevention,ChineseSeismologicalBureaued.CatalogueofChinesePresentEarthquake.Beijing:ChinaScienceandTechnologyPress,1999.8,21,26,29,85～87,89～90,104,108,109,151,227～228
6 云南通志馆.云南通志续修长编(卷八、九),民国稿本.见:陈秉仁等编.《盐津县志》卷一,民国抄本LibraryofAnnalsofYunnan.AnnalsofYunnan(Vol.8,9),ManuscriptofChineseRepublic.In:ChenBingrenetal.eds.AnnalsofYanjin(Vol.1),ManuscriptofChineseRepublic
7 谢家荣.民国9年12月16日甘肃及其他各省之地震情形.见:陈尚平等编.中国近代地震文献编要(1900～1949).北京:地震出版社,1995.278
XieJiarong.EarthquakesituationofGansuandotherprovincesonDecember16,1919(ninthyearoftheChineseRepublic).In:ChenShangpingetal.eds.CompilationofPapersofChinesePresentEarthquake(1900～1949).Beijing:SeismologicalPress,1995.278
8 万自成,刘登齐,王玉霞等.建国以来宁夏破坏性地震.宁夏回族自治区地震局(内部印刷),1994.16
WanZicheng,LiuDengqi,WangYuxiaetal.Destructiveearthquakesfrom1949inNingxia.SeismologicalBureauofNingxiaHuiAutonomousRegion(exclusive),1994.16
9 国家地震局兰州地震研究所.陕甘宁青四省(区)强地震目录(公元前1177年～公元1982年).西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1985.66～80,85～89,92～94,99～102,137～138
SeismologicalInstituteofLanzhou,ChineseSeismologicalBureau.CatalogueofStrongEarthquakes(1177BC～1982AD)ofShaanxi,Gansu,Ningxia,QinghaiProvince.Xi′an:ScienceandTechnologyPressofShaanxi,1985.66～80,85～89,92～94,99～102,137～138
10 四川省地震局.1933年叠溪地震.成都:四川科学技术出版社,1983.彩页SeismologicalBureauofSichuanProvince.DiexiEarthquakein1933.Chengdu:ScienceandTechnologyPressofSichuan,1983.ColourPage
11 台湾“国立”交通大学防灾工程研究中心.集集地震后坝工毁损与堰塞潭之调查(摘要).台北:1999年10月21日
NaturalHazardMitigationResearchCenter,NCTU (inTaiwan).SurveyofDestructionofDamandBarrierPondafter“JiJi”Earthquake(Abstract).Taibei:October21,1999
12 游泽李,吴芝雄,谢乐今.1950年西藏察隅8.6级地震.见:闵子群主编.中国历史地震研究文集(1).北京:地震出版社,1989.196～202
YouZeli,WuZhixiong,XieLejin.Chayu,XizangearthquakewithMs8.6in1950.In:MinZiquned.CollectedPapersonChineseHistoricalEarthquakes(1).Beijing:SeismologicalPress,1989.196～202
13 西藏察隅、当雄地震考察队.西藏察隅(1950)、当雄(1951)大地震考察进展.见:《四川地震年鉴》编辑组.四川地震年鉴(1985)(内部印刷).1987.Ⅲ37～40
SurveyGroupofChayu,DangxiongEarthquake.ProgressofSurveyofChayu(1950),Dangxiong(1951)StrongEarthquakes.In:Editor“GroupofSichuanEarthquakeYearbook”ed.SichuanEarthquakeYearbook(1985)(exclusive),1987.Ⅲ37～40
14 顾功叙著.中国地震目录(1970～1979).北京:地震出版社,1984.2,7～8,19,54,58,68～69,92
GuGongxu.CatalogueofChineseEarthquakes(1970～1979).Beijing:SeismologicalPress,1984.2,7～8,19,54,58,68～69,92
15 红河哈尼族彝族自治州编纂委员会.红河州志(第一卷).北京:三联书店,1997.87
CompilationCommitteeofHongheHaniandYiAutonomousPrefecture.AnnalsofHongheAutonomousPrefecture(Vol.1).Beijing:JointPublishing,1997.87
16 云南省红河州民政局.红河州民政志.昆明:云南大学出版社,1993.174
CivilAffairsBureauofHongheAutonomousPrefecture.Annalso
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