地震预警系统研究及应用进展
|
摘要
地震预警系统是一种能够有效减轻地震灾害的新手段.世界上多个国家和地区,如日本、墨西哥、美国、意大利、台湾地区等都已经研发了多个针对特定设施、单个城市甚至更大区域的地震预警系统,有的地震预警系统已经正式面向全体公众发布地震预警信息,有的还正在线测试运行.作者主要介绍了地震预警系统的一些基本概念,地震预警系统需要解决的两个关键问题,以及地震预警系统在全球范围内的研究、建设进展及相关应用情况等.通过这些总结归纳为我国地震预警系统的建设提供一定参考.
Earthquake early warning system(EEWs) is a new effective way of mitigation earthquake hazards.Many counties and regions had developed EEWs for special facility,single city or even larger areas,such as Japan,Mexico,United States,Italy and Taiwan region.Some of the EEWs placed in these counties already provided earthquake information to general public and others still on line test.In this paper,we introduced some basic principles of EEWs,the two most important problems that must be solved in EEWs,and the progress of EEWs worldwide including research and constructions and its applications.Through these introduces we can provide useful information to the constructions of EEWs in our country.
Earthquake early warning system(EEWs) is a new effective way of mitigation earthquake hazards.Many counties and regions had developed EEWs for special facility,single city or even larger areas,such as Japan,Mexico,United States,Italy and Taiwan region.Some of the EEWs placed in these counties already provided earthquake information to general public and others still on line test.In this paper,we introduced some basic principles of EEWs,the two most important problems that must be solved in EEWs,and the progress of EEWs worldwide including research and constructions and its applications.Through these introduces we can provide useful information to the constructions of EEWs in our country.
引文
[1]Cooper J D.Letter to editor,San Francisco Daily EveningBulletin,Nov.3,1968.
[2]Kamigaichi O,Saito M,Doi K,et al.Earthquake EarlyWarning in Japan:Warning the General Public and FutureProspects[J].Seismological Research Letters,2009,80(5):717-726.
[3]Nakamura H,Horiuchi S,Wu C J,et al.Evaluation of thereal-time earthquake information system in Japan[J].Geophysical Research Letters.36(L00B01),2009.
[4]Nakamura Y.On the urgent earthquake detection and alarmsystem(UrEDAS)[C].Proceedings of Ninth WorldConference on Earthquake Engineering,1988,7:673-678.
[5]Nakamura Y.UrEDAS,Urgent earthquake detection andalarm system,now and future[C].13th world conference onearthquake engineering,Vancouver,B.C.,Canada,PageNo.908,2004.
[6]Allen R M,Kanamori H.The potential for earthquake earlywarning in southern California[J].Science,2003,300:786-789.
[7]Allen R M,Brown H,Hellweg M,Kireev A,Neuhauser D.Real-time test of the ElarmS earthquake early warningmethodology[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112(B08311).
[8]Allen R M,Brown H,Hellweg M,et al.Real-time earthquakedetection and hazard assessment by ElarmS across California[J].Geophysical research letters,2009(a),36(L00B08).
[9]Allen R M,Gasparini P,Kamigaichi O,Bse M.The statusof earthquake early warning around the world:anintroductory overview[J].Seismological research letters,2009(b),80(5):682-693.
[10]Wurman G,Allen R M,Lombard P.Toward earthquake earlywarning in northern California[J].Journal of geophysicalresearch,2007,112(B08311).
[11]Iglesias A,Singh S K,Ordaz M,et al.The seismic alertsystem for Mexico city:an evaluation of its performance anda strategy for its improvement.Bulletin of SeismologicalSociety of America,2007,97(5):1718-1729.
[12]Suárez G,Novelo D,Mansilla E.Performance evaluation ofthe seismic alert system(SAS)in Mexico City:aseismological and a social perspective[J].Seismologicalresearch letters,2009,80(5):707-716.
[13]Espinosa-Aranda J M,Jimenez A,Ibarrola G,et al.Mexicocity seismic alert system[J].Seismological research letters,1995,66:42-52.
[14]Espinosa-Aranda J M,Cuellar A,Garcia A,et al.Evolutionof the Mexico seismic alert system(SASMEX)[J].Seismological research letters,2009,80(5):694-706.
[15]Erdik M,Fahjan Y,Ozel O,et al.Istanbul earthquake rapidresponse and the early warning system[J].Bulletin ofearthquake engineering,2003,1:157-163.
[16]Weber E,Convertito V,Iannaccone G,et al.An advancedseismic network in the southern Apennines(Italy)forseismicity investigations and experimentation with earthquakeearly warning[J].Seismological research letters,2007,78(6):622-634.
[17]Zollo A,Iannaccone G,Lancieri M,et al.Earthquake earlywarning system in southern Italy:methodologies andperformance evaluation[J].Geophysical research letters,2009,36(L00B07).
[18]Hiso N C,Wu Y M,Shin T C,et al.Development ofearthquake early warning system in Taiwan[J].Geophysicalresearch letters,2009,36(L00B02).
[19]Wu Y M,Shin T C,Chen C C,et al.Taiwan rapid earthquakeinformation release system[J].Seismological researchletters,1997,68(6):931-943.
[20]Wu Y M,Teng T L.A virtual subnetwork approach to earthquakeearly warning[J].Bulletin of seismological society ofAmerica,2002,92(5):2008-2018.
[21]Wu Y M,Kanamori H.Experiment on an onsite early warningmethod for the Taiwan warly warning system[J].Bulletin ofthe Seismological Society of America,2005,95(1):347-353.
[22]梅世蓉.40年来我国地震监测预报工作的主要进展.地球物理学报,1994,37(S1):196-207.Mei S R.Progress in earthquake monitoring and prediction inChina in recent forty years.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1994,37(S1):196-207.
[23]张国民,李丽,焦明若.我国地震预报研究近十年的发展与展望.地球物理学报,1997,40(S1):396-410.Zhang G M,Li L,Jiao M R.Development in earthquakeprediction research during the last decade in China and itsprospects.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1997,40(S1):396-410.
[24]王妙月,底青云,张美根,刘飒,朱玲.地震孕育、发生、发展动态过程的三维有限元数值模拟.地球物理学报,1999,42(2):218-227.Wang M Y,Di Q Y,Zhang M G,Liu S,Zhu L.Earthquakedynamic state modeling with 3-D finite element method.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1999,42(2):218-227.
[25]朱福祥,郭迅.重大工程地震预警初步研究[J].世界地震工程,2002,18(3):32-36.Zhu F X,Guo X.Preliminary study on earthquake earlywarning system for significant infrastructures[J].WorldEarthquake Engineering(in Chinese),2002,18(3):32-36.
[26]廖旭,黄河.企业地震预警系统应用研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2002,22(6):142-149.Liao X,Huang H.Study on earthquake alarm system forenterprises[J].Earthquake Engineering and EngineeringVibration(in Chinese),2002,22(6):142-149.
[27]李山有,马强,金星,宋晋东.地震预警系统与智能应急控制系统研究[J].世界地震工程,2004,20(4):21-26.Li S Y,Ma Q,Jin X,Song J D.Study on earthquake earlywarning system and intelligent emergency controlling system[J].World Earthquake Engineering(in Chinese),2004,20(4):21-26.
[28]李勇.行星地球地震预警系统(测试版)的初步应用[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(4):1066-1069.Li Y.Elementary applications for a tentative earthquakewarning system upon the planet earth(Test Version)[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2007,22(4):1066-1069.
[29]李勇.行星地球的地震预警系统可监测汶川M8级地震[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(3):969-971.Li Y.Possibility to detect wenchuan M8earthguake by theEarthquake Warning System[J].Progress in Geophysics(inChinese),2008,23(3):969-971.
[30]袁志祥,单修政,徐世芳,李金正,李娟,乔迎春.地震预警技术综述[J].自然灾害学报,2007,16(6):216-223.Yuan Z X,Shan X Z,Xu S F,Li J Z,Li J,Qiao Y C.Anoverview of earthquake early warning technology[J].Journalof natural disasters,2007,16(6):216-223.
[31]马强.地震预警技术研究与应用[D].中国地震局工程力学研究所博士论文,2008.Ma Q.Study an application on earthquake early warning[D].Harbin,Institute of engineering mechanics,Chinaearthquake administration,2008.
[32]万柯松,倪四道,曾祥方,Paul Sommerville.汶川大地震中的应急地震学[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学.2009,39(1):1-10.Wan K S,Ni S D,Zeng X F,Paul S.Real-time seismologyin great Wenchuan earthquake[J].Sci Sin Terrae.2009,39(1):1-10.
[33]Peng H S,Wu Z L,Wu Y M,et al.2011.Developing aprototype earthquake early warning system in the Beijingcapital region[J].Seismological research letters,82(3):394-403.
[34]金星,张红才,李军,韦永祥,马强.地震预警连续定位方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(3):925-936,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.03.022.Jin X,Zhang H C,Li J,Wei Y X,Ma Q.Research oncontinuous location method used in earthquake early warningsystem.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(3):925-936,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.03.022.
[35]张小红,郭斐,郭博峰,吕翠仙.利用高频GPS进行地表同震位移监测及震相识别.地球物理学报,2012,55(6):1912-1918,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.06.012.Zhang X H,Guo F,Guo B F,Lu C X.Coseismicdisplacement monitoring and wave picking with high-frequency GPS.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(6):1912-1918,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.06.012.
[36]Anderson K R.Epicentral location using arrival time order[J].Bulletin of seismological society of America,1981,70(2):541-545.
[37]Rosenberger A.Arrival-time order location revisited[J].Bulletin of seismological society of America,2009,99(3):2027-2034.
[38]Kanamori H.Locating earthquakes with amplitude:application toreal-time seismology[J].Bulletin of seismological society ofAmerica,1993,83(1):264-268.
[39]Zhou H W.Rapid three-dimensional hypocentral determinationusing a master station method[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1994,9(8):15439-15455.
[40]Odaka T,Ashiya K,Tsukada S,et al.A new method ofquickly estimating epicentral distance and magnitude from asingle seismic record[J].Bulletin of seismological society ofAmerica,2003,93(1):526-532.
[41]Rydelek P,Pujol J.Real-time seismic warning with a two-station subarray[J].Bulletin of seismological society ofAmerica,2004,94(4):1546-1550.
[42]Horiuchi S,Negishi H,Abe K,et al.An automatic processingsystem for broadcasting earthquake alarms[J].Bulletin ofseismological society of America,2005,95(2):708-718.
[43]Satriano C,Lomax A,Zollo A.Real-time evolutionary earthquakelocation for seismic early warning[J].Bulletin ofseismological society of America,2008,98(3):1482-1494.
[44]Wu Y M,Shin T C,Tsai Y B.Quick and reliable determination ofmagnitude for seismic early warning[J].Bulletin ofSeismological Society of America,1998,88(5):1254-1259.
[45]Wu Y M,Li Z.Magnitude estimation using the first threeseconds p-wave amplitude in earthquake early warning[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33:L16312.
[46]Wu Y M,Kanamori H,Allen R M,Hauksson E.Determinationof earthquake early warning parameters,tc and Pd,forsouthern California[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2007,170:711-717.
[47]Kanamori H,Hauksson E,Heaton T.Real-time seismologyand earthquake hazard mitigation[J].Nature,1997,390:461-464.
[48]Kanamori H.Real-time seismology and earthquake damagemitigation[J].Annual Review of Earth and PlanetarySciences,2005,33:195-214.
[49]Lockman A B,Allen R M.Single-Station EarthquakeCharacterization for Early Warning[J].Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,2005,95(6):2029-2039.
[50]Wolfe C J.On the properties of predominant-period estimators forearthquake early warning[J].Bulletin of the SeismologicalSociety of America,2006,96(5):1961-1965.
[51]Lancieri M,Zollo A.A bayesian approach to the real-timeestimation of magnitude from the early P and S wavedisplacement peaks[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2008:113.B12302,doi:10.1029/2007JB005386.
[52]Yamamoto S,Rydelek P,Horiuchi S,eta l.On the estimation ofseismic intensity in the earthquake warning systems[J].Geophysical research letters,2008,35:L07302.
[53]Festa G,Zollo A,Lancieri M.Earthquake magnitude estimationfrom early radiated energy[J].Geophysical research letters,2008,35:L22307.
[54]Olson E L,Allen R M.The deterministic nature of earthquakerupture[J].Nature,2005,438(10):212-215.
[55]Rydelek P,Horiuchi S.Is earthquake rupture deterministic?[J].Nature,2006,442(20):5-6.
[56]Umeda Y.High-amplitude seismic waves radiated from thebright spot of an earthquake[J].Tectonophysics,1990,175(1-3):335-43.
[57]Iio Y.Slow initial phase of the P-wave velocity pulse generated bymicroearthquakes[J].Geophysical research letters,1992,19(5):477-480.
[58]Iio Y.Observations of the slow initial phase generated bymicroearthquakes:Implications for earthquake nucleation andpropagation[J].Journal of geophysical research,1995,100(B5):15333-49.
[59]Ellsworth W L,Beroza G C.Seismic evidence for an earthquakenucleation phase[J].Science,1995,268(5212):851-855.
[60]Nakatani M,Kaneshima S,Fukao Y.Size dependentmicroearthquake initiation inferred from high-gain and lownoise observations at Nikko district,Japan[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,2000,105(B12):28095-28109.
[61]Mori J,Kanamori H.Rupture initiations of microearthquakes inthe 1995Ridgecrest,California,sequence[J].GeophysicalResearch Letters,1996,23(18):2437-40.
[62]Kilb D,Gomberg J.The initial subevent of the 1994Northridge,California,earthquake:Is earthquake size predictable?[J].Journal of Seismological,1999,3:409-420.
[63]Okada Y,Kasahara K,Hori S,Obara K,et al.Recentprogress of seismic observation networks in Japan-Hi-net,F-net,K-NET and KiK-net[J].Earth planets space,2004,56:xv-xxviii.
[64]Horiuchi S,Horiuchi Y,Yamamoto S,et al.Home seismometerfor earthquake early warning[J].Geophysical researchletters,2009,36:L00B04,doi:10.1029/2008GL036572.
[65]Brown H M,Allen R M,Grasso V F.Testing ElarmS inJapan[J].Seismological research letters,2009,80(5):727-739.
[66]Allen R V.Automatic earthquake recognition and timingfrom single traces[J].Bulletin of the seismological society ofAmerica,68(5):1521-1532.
[67]Cua G,Fischer M,Heaton T,Wiemer S.Real-time performanceof the virtual seismologist earthquake early warning algorithmin southern California[J].Seismological research letters,2009,80(5):740-747.
[68]Bse M,Wenzel F,Erdik M.PreSEIS:a neural network-based approach to earthquake early warning for finite faults[J].Bulletin of seismological society of America,2008,98(1):366-382.
[69]Khler N,Cua G,Wenzel F,Bse M.Rapid source parameterestimation of southern California earthquakes using PreSEIS[J].Seismological research letters,2009,80(5):748-754.
[70]Crowell B W,Bock Y,Squibb M B.Demonstration of earthquakeearly warning using total displacement waveforms form real-time GPS networks[J].Seismological research letters,2009,80(5):772-782.
[71]Iervolino I,Giorgio M,Galasso C,Manfredi G.Uncertaintyin early warning predictions of engineering ground motionparameters:what really matters?[J].Geophysical researchletters,2009,36:L00B06,doi:10.1029/2008GL036644.
[72]Olivieri M,Allen R M,Wurman G.The potential for earthquakeearly warning in Italy using ElarmS[J].Bulletin of theseismological society of America,2008,98(1):495-503.
[73]Iervolino I,Conertito V,Giorgio M,Zollo A.Real-time riskanalysis for hybrid earthquake early warning systems[J].Earthquake Engineering,2006,10(6):867-875.
[74]Alcik H,Ozel O,Apaydin N,Erdik M.A study on warningalgorithms for Istanbul earthquake early warning system[J].Geophysical research letters,2009,36,L00B05,doi:10.1029/2008GL036659.
[75]Fleming K,Picozzi M,Milkereit C,et al.The self-organizingseismic early warning information network(SOSEWIN)[J].Seismological research letters,2009,80(5):755-771.
[76]Wenzel F,Oncescu M C,Baur M,Fiedrich F,Ionescu C.An early warning system for Bucharest[J].Seismologicalresearch letters,1999,70(2):161-169.
[77]Bse M,Ionescu C,Wenzel F.Earthquake early warning forBucharest,Romania:Novel and revised scaling relations[J].Geophysical research letters,2007,34,L07302,doi:10.1029/2007GL029396.
[2]Kamigaichi O,Saito M,Doi K,et al.Earthquake EarlyWarning in Japan:Warning the General Public and FutureProspects[J].Seismological Research Letters,2009,80(5):717-726.
[3]Nakamura H,Horiuchi S,Wu C J,et al.Evaluation of thereal-time earthquake information system in Japan[J].Geophysical Research Letters.36(L00B01),2009.
[4]Nakamura Y.On the urgent earthquake detection and alarmsystem(UrEDAS)[C].Proceedings of Ninth WorldConference on Earthquake Engineering,1988,7:673-678.
[5]Nakamura Y.UrEDAS,Urgent earthquake detection andalarm system,now and future[C].13th world conference onearthquake engineering,Vancouver,B.C.,Canada,PageNo.908,2004.
[6]Allen R M,Kanamori H.The potential for earthquake earlywarning in southern California[J].Science,2003,300:786-789.
[7]Allen R M,Brown H,Hellweg M,Kireev A,Neuhauser D.Real-time test of the ElarmS earthquake early warningmethodology[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112(B08311).
[8]Allen R M,Brown H,Hellweg M,et al.Real-time earthquakedetection and hazard assessment by ElarmS across California[J].Geophysical research letters,2009(a),36(L00B08).
[9]Allen R M,Gasparini P,Kamigaichi O,Bse M.The statusof earthquake early warning around the world:anintroductory overview[J].Seismological research letters,2009(b),80(5):682-693.
[10]Wurman G,Allen R M,Lombard P.Toward earthquake earlywarning in northern California[J].Journal of geophysicalresearch,2007,112(B08311).
[11]Iglesias A,Singh S K,Ordaz M,et al.The seismic alertsystem for Mexico city:an evaluation of its performance anda strategy for its improvement.Bulletin of SeismologicalSociety of America,2007,97(5):1718-1729.
[12]Suárez G,Novelo D,Mansilla E.Performance evaluation ofthe seismic alert system(SAS)in Mexico City:aseismological and a social perspective[J].Seismologicalresearch letters,2009,80(5):707-716.
[13]Espinosa-Aranda J M,Jimenez A,Ibarrola G,et al.Mexicocity seismic alert system[J].Seismological research letters,1995,66:42-52.
[14]Espinosa-Aranda J M,Cuellar A,Garcia A,et al.Evolutionof the Mexico seismic alert system(SASMEX)[J].Seismological research letters,2009,80(5):694-706.
[15]Erdik M,Fahjan Y,Ozel O,et al.Istanbul earthquake rapidresponse and the early warning system[J].Bulletin ofearthquake engineering,2003,1:157-163.
[16]Weber E,Convertito V,Iannaccone G,et al.An advancedseismic network in the southern Apennines(Italy)forseismicity investigations and experimentation with earthquakeearly warning[J].Seismological research letters,2007,78(6):622-634.
[17]Zollo A,Iannaccone G,Lancieri M,et al.Earthquake earlywarning system in southern Italy:methodologies andperformance evaluation[J].Geophysical research letters,2009,36(L00B07).
[18]Hiso N C,Wu Y M,Shin T C,et al.Development ofearthquake early warning system in Taiwan[J].Geophysicalresearch letters,2009,36(L00B02).
[19]Wu Y M,Shin T C,Chen C C,et al.Taiwan rapid earthquakeinformation release system[J].Seismological researchletters,1997,68(6):931-943.
[20]Wu Y M,Teng T L.A virtual subnetwork approach to earthquakeearly warning[J].Bulletin of seismological society ofAmerica,2002,92(5):2008-2018.
[21]Wu Y M,Kanamori H.Experiment on an onsite early warningmethod for the Taiwan warly warning system[J].Bulletin ofthe Seismological Society of America,2005,95(1):347-353.
[22]梅世蓉.40年来我国地震监测预报工作的主要进展.地球物理学报,1994,37(S1):196-207.Mei S R.Progress in earthquake monitoring and prediction inChina in recent forty years.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1994,37(S1):196-207.
[23]张国民,李丽,焦明若.我国地震预报研究近十年的发展与展望.地球物理学报,1997,40(S1):396-410.Zhang G M,Li L,Jiao M R.Development in earthquakeprediction research during the last decade in China and itsprospects.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1997,40(S1):396-410.
[24]王妙月,底青云,张美根,刘飒,朱玲.地震孕育、发生、发展动态过程的三维有限元数值模拟.地球物理学报,1999,42(2):218-227.Wang M Y,Di Q Y,Zhang M G,Liu S,Zhu L.Earthquakedynamic state modeling with 3-D finite element method.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1999,42(2):218-227.
[25]朱福祥,郭迅.重大工程地震预警初步研究[J].世界地震工程,2002,18(3):32-36.Zhu F X,Guo X.Preliminary study on earthquake earlywarning system for significant infrastructures[J].WorldEarthquake Engineering(in Chinese),2002,18(3):32-36.
[26]廖旭,黄河.企业地震预警系统应用研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2002,22(6):142-149.Liao X,Huang H.Study on earthquake alarm system forenterprises[J].Earthquake Engineering and EngineeringVibration(in Chinese),2002,22(6):142-149.
[27]李山有,马强,金星,宋晋东.地震预警系统与智能应急控制系统研究[J].世界地震工程,2004,20(4):21-26.Li S Y,Ma Q,Jin X,Song J D.Study on earthquake earlywarning system and intelligent emergency controlling system[J].World Earthquake Engineering(in Chinese),2004,20(4):21-26.
[28]李勇.行星地球地震预警系统(测试版)的初步应用[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(4):1066-1069.Li Y.Elementary applications for a tentative earthquakewarning system upon the planet earth(Test Version)[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2007,22(4):1066-1069.
[29]李勇.行星地球的地震预警系统可监测汶川M8级地震[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(3):969-971.Li Y.Possibility to detect wenchuan M8earthguake by theEarthquake Warning System[J].Progress in Geophysics(inChinese),2008,23(3):969-971.
[30]袁志祥,单修政,徐世芳,李金正,李娟,乔迎春.地震预警技术综述[J].自然灾害学报,2007,16(6):216-223.Yuan Z X,Shan X Z,Xu S F,Li J Z,Li J,Qiao Y C.Anoverview of earthquake early warning technology[J].Journalof natural disasters,2007,16(6):216-223.
[31]马强.地震预警技术研究与应用[D].中国地震局工程力学研究所博士论文,2008.Ma Q.Study an application on earthquake early warning[D].Harbin,Institute of engineering mechanics,Chinaearthquake administration,2008.
[32]万柯松,倪四道,曾祥方,Paul Sommerville.汶川大地震中的应急地震学[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学.2009,39(1):1-10.Wan K S,Ni S D,Zeng X F,Paul S.Real-time seismologyin great Wenchuan earthquake[J].Sci Sin Terrae.2009,39(1):1-10.
[33]Peng H S,Wu Z L,Wu Y M,et al.2011.Developing aprototype earthquake early warning system in the Beijingcapital region[J].Seismological research letters,82(3):394-403.
[34]金星,张红才,李军,韦永祥,马强.地震预警连续定位方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(3):925-936,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.03.022.Jin X,Zhang H C,Li J,Wei Y X,Ma Q.Research oncontinuous location method used in earthquake early warningsystem.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(3):925-936,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.03.022.
[35]张小红,郭斐,郭博峰,吕翠仙.利用高频GPS进行地表同震位移监测及震相识别.地球物理学报,2012,55(6):1912-1918,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.06.012.Zhang X H,Guo F,Guo B F,Lu C X.Coseismicdisplacement monitoring and wave picking with high-frequency GPS.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(6):1912-1918,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.06.012.
[36]Anderson K R.Epicentral location using arrival time order[J].Bulletin of seismological society of America,1981,70(2):541-545.
[37]Rosenberger A.Arrival-time order location revisited[J].Bulletin of seismological society of America,2009,99(3):2027-2034.
[38]Kanamori H.Locating earthquakes with amplitude:application toreal-time seismology[J].Bulletin of seismological society ofAmerica,1993,83(1):264-268.
[39]Zhou H W.Rapid three-dimensional hypocentral determinationusing a master station method[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1994,9(8):15439-15455.
[40]Odaka T,Ashiya K,Tsukada S,et al.A new method ofquickly estimating epicentral distance and magnitude from asingle seismic record[J].Bulletin of seismological society ofAmerica,2003,93(1):526-532.
[41]Rydelek P,Pujol J.Real-time seismic warning with a two-station subarray[J].Bulletin of seismological society ofAmerica,2004,94(4):1546-1550.
[42]Horiuchi S,Negishi H,Abe K,et al.An automatic processingsystem for broadcasting earthquake alarms[J].Bulletin ofseismological society of America,2005,95(2):708-718.
[43]Satriano C,Lomax A,Zollo A.Real-time evolutionary earthquakelocation for seismic early warning[J].Bulletin ofseismological society of America,2008,98(3):1482-1494.
[44]Wu Y M,Shin T C,Tsai Y B.Quick and reliable determination ofmagnitude for seismic early warning[J].Bulletin ofSeismological Society of America,1998,88(5):1254-1259.
[45]Wu Y M,Li Z.Magnitude estimation using the first threeseconds p-wave amplitude in earthquake early warning[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33:L16312.
[46]Wu Y M,Kanamori H,Allen R M,Hauksson E.Determinationof earthquake early warning parameters,tc and Pd,forsouthern California[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2007,170:711-717.
[47]Kanamori H,Hauksson E,Heaton T.Real-time seismologyand earthquake hazard mitigation[J].Nature,1997,390:461-464.
[48]Kanamori H.Real-time seismology and earthquake damagemitigation[J].Annual Review of Earth and PlanetarySciences,2005,33:195-214.
[49]Lockman A B,Allen R M.Single-Station EarthquakeCharacterization for Early Warning[J].Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,2005,95(6):2029-2039.
[50]Wolfe C J.On the properties of predominant-period estimators forearthquake early warning[J].Bulletin of the SeismologicalSociety of America,2006,96(5):1961-1965.
[51]Lancieri M,Zollo A.A bayesian approach to the real-timeestimation of magnitude from the early P and S wavedisplacement peaks[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2008:113.B12302,doi:10.1029/2007JB005386.
[52]Yamamoto S,Rydelek P,Horiuchi S,eta l.On the estimation ofseismic intensity in the earthquake warning systems[J].Geophysical research letters,2008,35:L07302.
[53]Festa G,Zollo A,Lancieri M.Earthquake magnitude estimationfrom early radiated energy[J].Geophysical research letters,2008,35:L22307.
[54]Olson E L,Allen R M.The deterministic nature of earthquakerupture[J].Nature,2005,438(10):212-215.
[55]Rydelek P,Horiuchi S.Is earthquake rupture deterministic?[J].Nature,2006,442(20):5-6.
[56]Umeda Y.High-amplitude seismic waves radiated from thebright spot of an earthquake[J].Tectonophysics,1990,175(1-3):335-43.
[57]Iio Y.Slow initial phase of the P-wave velocity pulse generated bymicroearthquakes[J].Geophysical research letters,1992,19(5):477-480.
[58]Iio Y.Observations of the slow initial phase generated bymicroearthquakes:Implications for earthquake nucleation andpropagation[J].Journal of geophysical research,1995,100(B5):15333-49.
[59]Ellsworth W L,Beroza G C.Seismic evidence for an earthquakenucleation phase[J].Science,1995,268(5212):851-855.
[60]Nakatani M,Kaneshima S,Fukao Y.Size dependentmicroearthquake initiation inferred from high-gain and lownoise observations at Nikko district,Japan[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,2000,105(B12):28095-28109.
[61]Mori J,Kanamori H.Rupture initiations of microearthquakes inthe 1995Ridgecrest,California,sequence[J].GeophysicalResearch Letters,1996,23(18):2437-40.
[62]Kilb D,Gomberg J.The initial subevent of the 1994Northridge,California,earthquake:Is earthquake size predictable?[J].Journal of Seismological,1999,3:409-420.
[63]Okada Y,Kasahara K,Hori S,Obara K,et al.Recentprogress of seismic observation networks in Japan-Hi-net,F-net,K-NET and KiK-net[J].Earth planets space,2004,56:xv-xxviii.
[64]Horiuchi S,Horiuchi Y,Yamamoto S,et al.Home seismometerfor earthquake early warning[J].Geophysical researchletters,2009,36:L00B04,doi:10.1029/2008GL036572.
[65]Brown H M,Allen R M,Grasso V F.Testing ElarmS inJapan[J].Seismological research letters,2009,80(5):727-739.
[66]Allen R V.Automatic earthquake recognition and timingfrom single traces[J].Bulletin of the seismological society ofAmerica,68(5):1521-1532.
[67]Cua G,Fischer M,Heaton T,Wiemer S.Real-time performanceof the virtual seismologist earthquake early warning algorithmin southern California[J].Seismological research letters,2009,80(5):740-747.
[68]Bse M,Wenzel F,Erdik M.PreSEIS:a neural network-based approach to earthquake early warning for finite faults[J].Bulletin of seismological society of America,2008,98(1):366-382.
[69]Khler N,Cua G,Wenzel F,Bse M.Rapid source parameterestimation of southern California earthquakes using PreSEIS[J].Seismological research letters,2009,80(5):748-754.
[70]Crowell B W,Bock Y,Squibb M B.Demonstration of earthquakeearly warning using total displacement waveforms form real-time GPS networks[J].Seismological research letters,2009,80(5):772-782.
[71]Iervolino I,Giorgio M,Galasso C,Manfredi G.Uncertaintyin early warning predictions of engineering ground motionparameters:what really matters?[J].Geophysical researchletters,2009,36:L00B06,doi:10.1029/2008GL036644.
[72]Olivieri M,Allen R M,Wurman G.The potential for earthquakeearly warning in Italy using ElarmS[J].Bulletin of theseismological society of America,2008,98(1):495-503.
[73]Iervolino I,Conertito V,Giorgio M,Zollo A.Real-time riskanalysis for hybrid earthquake early warning systems[J].Earthquake Engineering,2006,10(6):867-875.
[74]Alcik H,Ozel O,Apaydin N,Erdik M.A study on warningalgorithms for Istanbul earthquake early warning system[J].Geophysical research letters,2009,36,L00B05,doi:10.1029/2008GL036659.
[75]Fleming K,Picozzi M,Milkereit C,et al.The self-organizingseismic early warning information network(SOSEWIN)[J].Seismological research letters,2009,80(5):755-771.
[76]Wenzel F,Oncescu M C,Baur M,Fiedrich F,Ionescu C.An early warning system for Bucharest[J].Seismologicalresearch letters,1999,70(2):161-169.
[77]Bse M,Ionescu C,Wenzel F.Earthquake early warning forBucharest,Romania:Novel and revised scaling relations[J].Geophysical research letters,2007,34,L07302,doi:10.1029/2007GL029396.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心