小江-则木河断裂带大地震序列的静应力触发作用
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摘要
通过计算和研究1733-1850年期间发生在小江-则木河断裂带上的、由4次M≥7地震组成的大地震序列引起的库仑应力变化图像,分析先发大地震破裂对后发大地震破裂的静态应力触发作用.结果表明,在该序列中,后发大地震破裂均发生在先发大地震破裂引起的库仑应力显著增加区内.其中,1733年小江断裂带北段的73/4级大地震破裂和1833年中段的8级大地震破裂均引起则木河断裂带较显著的库仑应力正值变化,亦即1850年则木河断裂带发生的71/2级大地震与前2次大地震破裂引起的应力触发作用有关;1733年小江断裂带北段和中-南段的73/4级和1789年2次7级大地震均对该断裂带中段产生了十分显著的库仑应力触发作用,与此相关的是1833年8级大地震的发生.因此,认为小江断裂带各段之间以及该断裂带与则木河断裂带之间存在显著的力学上的相互作用.
In this article,we calculate and map the patterns of Coulomb stress changes induced by a major earthquake sequence of 4 events M≥7 on the Xiaojiang-Zemuhe fault zone in 1733 to 1850,and analyze the effects of the static stress triggering induced by the individual preceding events to the following events.The results show that,in the sequence of major earthquakes,every following event occurred in an area where Coulomb stress had been remarkably increased by the preceding event(s).For instance,both the M=73/4 earthquake of 1733 on the northern segment of the Xiaojiang fault zone and the M=8 earthquake of 1833 on the middle segment of the fault zone induced positive increments of Coulomb stress on the Zemuhe fault zone,suggesting that the occurrence of the M=71/2 earthquake of 1850 on Zemuhe fault zone is related to the stress triggering effects caused by the 2 preceding major events.Again,the M=73/4 earthquake of 1733 on the northern segment of the Xiaojiang fault zone and the M=7 earthquake of 1789 on the middle-southern segment of the fault zone produced remarkable Coulomb stress triggering effects on the middle segment of the fault zone,that is related with the occurrence of the M=8 earthquake of 1833 on the middle segment of the fault zone.Therefore,we believe that mechanically significant interactions exist among the different segments of the Xiaojiang fault zone,as well as between the fault zone and the Zemuhe fault zone.
In this article,we calculate and map the patterns of Coulomb stress changes induced by a major earthquake sequence of 4 events M≥7 on the Xiaojiang-Zemuhe fault zone in 1733 to 1850,and analyze the effects of the static stress triggering induced by the individual preceding events to the following events.The results show that,in the sequence of major earthquakes,every following event occurred in an area where Coulomb stress had been remarkably increased by the preceding event(s).For instance,both the M=73/4 earthquake of 1733 on the northern segment of the Xiaojiang fault zone and the M=8 earthquake of 1833 on the middle segment of the fault zone induced positive increments of Coulomb stress on the Zemuhe fault zone,suggesting that the occurrence of the M=71/2 earthquake of 1850 on Zemuhe fault zone is related to the stress triggering effects caused by the 2 preceding major events.Again,the M=73/4 earthquake of 1733 on the northern segment of the Xiaojiang fault zone and the M=7 earthquake of 1789 on the middle-southern segment of the fault zone produced remarkable Coulomb stress triggering effects on the middle segment of the fault zone,that is related with the occurrence of the M=8 earthquake of 1833 on the middle segment of the fault zone.Therefore,we believe that mechanically significant interactions exist among the different segments of the Xiaojiang fault zone,as well as between the fault zone and the Zemuhe fault zone.
引文
Cui,D.X.,Hu,Y.X.,Wang W.P.,et al.,2009.Coulombstress accumulation along Haiyuan fault zone.EarthScience—Journal of China University of Geosciences,34(4):641-650.
Deng,J.,Sykes,L.R.,1997.Evolution of the stress field insouthern California and triggering of moderate-sizeearthquakes:a200-year perspective.J.Geophys.Res.,103:9859-9886.doi:10.1029/96JB03897
Freed,A.M.,2005.Earthquake triggering by static,dynamic,and postseismic stress transfer.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,33:335-367.doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122505
Gkarlaouni,C.H.,Papadimitriou,E.E.,Karakostas,V.G.,et al.,2008.Implication of fault interaction to seismicharzard assessment in Sichuan-Yunnan region of southeastern China.Translated by Yang,J.L..Acta Seismologica Sinica,30(2):176-197(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
Huang,Y.B.,2000.The Songming,Yunnan Province,earthquake of M5.0of September20th,1989.In:Zhang,Z.C.,Zheng D.L.,Luo P.,et al.,eds.,Earthquake casesin China(1989-1991).Seismological Press,Beijing,43-58(in Chinese).
King,G.C.P.,Stein,R.S.,Lin,J.,1994.Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes.Bull.Seismo.Soc.Amer.,84(3):935-953.
Liu,Z.Y.,Su,Y.J.,Qin,J.Z.,et al.,2002.Seismicity inYunnan on20th Century.Seismological Press,Beijing,75-79(in Chinese).
Ma,J.,Ma,S.L.,Liu,L.Q.,et al.,2002.Experimentalstudy on patterns of fault interaction.Progress in Natural Sciences,12(5):503-508(in Chinese with Englishabstract).
Okada,Y.,1992.Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Amer.,82(2),1018-1040.
Papadimitriou,E.E.,Sykes,L.R.,2001.Evolution of thestress field in the northern Aegean Sea(Greece).Geophys.J.Int.,146(3):747-759.doi:10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01486.x
Papadimitriou,E.E.,Wen,X.Z.,Karakostas,V.,et al.,2004.Earthquake triggering along the Xianshuihe faultzone of western Sichuan,China.Pure Appl.Geophys.,161(8):1683-1707.doi:10.1007/s00024-0032471-4
Qin,J.Z.,Qian,X.D.,2005.Study on the Huize M5.3andWenshan M5.3earthquakes in Yunnan.Journal ofSeismological Research,28(4):403-407(in Chinesewith English abstract).
Scholz,C.H.,1990.The mechanics of earthquakes and faulting.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,UK,439.
Shen,Z.K.,Wan,Y.G.,Gan,W.J.,et al.,2003.Viscoelastic triggering among large earthquakes along the EastKunlun fault system.Chinese J.Geophys.,46(6):786-795(in Chinese with English abstract).
Stein,R.S.,1999.The role of stress transfer in earthquakeoccurrence.Nature,402(6762):605-609.doi:10.1038/45144
Stein,R.S.,Barka,A.A.,Dieterich,J.H.,1997.Progressivefailure on the North Anatolian fault since1939by earthquake stress triggering.Geophys.J.Int.,128(3):594604.doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb05321.x
Wells,D.L.,Coppersmith,K.J.,1994.New empirical relationships among magnitude,rupture length,rupturewidth,rupture area,and surface displacement.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Amer.,84(4):974-1002.
Wen,X.Z.,Du,F.,Long,F.,et al.,2011.Tectonic dynamicsand correlation of major earthquake sequences of theXiaojiang and Qujiang-Shiping fault systems,Yunnan,China.Sci.China Earth Sci.,54.doi:10.1007/s11430-011-4231-0
Wen,X.Z.,Ma,S.L.,Xu,X.W.,et al.,2008.Historicalpattern and behavior of earthquake ruptures along theeastern boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan faulted-block, southwestern China.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,168(1-2):16-36.doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2008.04.013
Working Group for Geologic Mapping on Zemuhe Fault,2000.Geologic mapping and comprehensive analysis onthe active faults of Zemuhe.Earthquake Research in Sichuan,(Supple)(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu,W.X.,Song,F.M.,Wen,X.Z.,et al.,2001.Study ofthe surface rupture zone of Xichang earthquake in1850.Journal of Seismological Research,24(4):346-350(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou,C.H.,Pei,T.,Li,Q.L.,et al.,2003.Research onspatial pattern and temporal-spatial migration model ofstrong earthquakes in China and its adjacent areas.Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences,28(3):306-314.
Zhu,H.,Wen,X.Z.,2009.Stress triggering process of the1973to1976Songpan,Sichuan,sequence of strongearthquakes.Chinese J.Geophys,52(4):994-1003.doi:10.3969/j.issn.00015733.2009.04.016
Zhu,H.,Wen,X.Z.,2010.Static stress triggering effects related with Ms8.0Wenchuan earthquake.Journal ofEarth Science,21(1):32-41.doi:10.1007/s12583010-0001-8
Gkarlaouni,C.H.,Papadimitriou,E.E.,Karakostas,V.G.,等,2008.断层相互作用对中国川滇地区地震危险评估的意义.杨家亮译.地震学报,30(2):176-197.
崔笃信,胡亚轩,王文萍,等,2009.海原断裂带库仑应力积累.地球科学——中国地质大学学报,34(4):641-650.
黄云宝,2000.1989年9月20日云南省嵩明5.0级地震.见:张肇诚,郑大林,徐京华,等编,中国震例(19891991).北京:地震出版社,43-58.
刘祖荫,苏有锦,秦嘉政,等,2002.20世纪云南地震活动.北京:地震出版社,75-79.
马瑾,马胜利,刘力强,等,2002.断层相互作用型式的实验研究.自然科学进展,12(5):503-508.
秦嘉政,钱晓东,2005.云南会泽和文山5.3级地震研究.地震研究,28(4):403-407.
沈正康,万永革,甘卫军,等,2003.东昆仑活动断裂带大地震之间的黏弹性应力触发研究.地球物理学报,46(6):786-795.
闻学泽,杜方,龙锋,等,2011.小江和曲江-石屏两断裂系统的构造动力学与强震序列的关联性.中国科学(D辑),41(5):713-724.
俞维贤,宋方敏,闻学泽,等,2001.1850年西昌地震地表破裂带的考察研究.地震研究,24(4):346-350.
则木河活断裂填图组,2000.则木河活动断裂带1∶5万地质填图及综合研究.四川地震,(增刊).
周成虎,裴韬,李全林,等,2003.近500年中国及邻区强震空间格局及迁移模式初步分析.地球科学——中国地质大学学报,28(3):306-314.
朱航,闻学泽,2009.1973-1976年四川松潘强震序列的应力触发过程.地球物理学报,52(4):994-1003.
Deng,J.,Sykes,L.R.,1997.Evolution of the stress field insouthern California and triggering of moderate-sizeearthquakes:a200-year perspective.J.Geophys.Res.,103:9859-9886.doi:10.1029/96JB03897
Freed,A.M.,2005.Earthquake triggering by static,dynamic,and postseismic stress transfer.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,33:335-367.doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122505
Gkarlaouni,C.H.,Papadimitriou,E.E.,Karakostas,V.G.,et al.,2008.Implication of fault interaction to seismicharzard assessment in Sichuan-Yunnan region of southeastern China.Translated by Yang,J.L..Acta Seismologica Sinica,30(2):176-197(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
Huang,Y.B.,2000.The Songming,Yunnan Province,earthquake of M5.0of September20th,1989.In:Zhang,Z.C.,Zheng D.L.,Luo P.,et al.,eds.,Earthquake casesin China(1989-1991).Seismological Press,Beijing,43-58(in Chinese).
King,G.C.P.,Stein,R.S.,Lin,J.,1994.Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes.Bull.Seismo.Soc.Amer.,84(3):935-953.
Liu,Z.Y.,Su,Y.J.,Qin,J.Z.,et al.,2002.Seismicity inYunnan on20th Century.Seismological Press,Beijing,75-79(in Chinese).
Ma,J.,Ma,S.L.,Liu,L.Q.,et al.,2002.Experimentalstudy on patterns of fault interaction.Progress in Natural Sciences,12(5):503-508(in Chinese with Englishabstract).
Okada,Y.,1992.Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Amer.,82(2),1018-1040.
Papadimitriou,E.E.,Sykes,L.R.,2001.Evolution of thestress field in the northern Aegean Sea(Greece).Geophys.J.Int.,146(3):747-759.doi:10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01486.x
Papadimitriou,E.E.,Wen,X.Z.,Karakostas,V.,et al.,2004.Earthquake triggering along the Xianshuihe faultzone of western Sichuan,China.Pure Appl.Geophys.,161(8):1683-1707.doi:10.1007/s00024-0032471-4
Qin,J.Z.,Qian,X.D.,2005.Study on the Huize M5.3andWenshan M5.3earthquakes in Yunnan.Journal ofSeismological Research,28(4):403-407(in Chinesewith English abstract).
Scholz,C.H.,1990.The mechanics of earthquakes and faulting.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,UK,439.
Shen,Z.K.,Wan,Y.G.,Gan,W.J.,et al.,2003.Viscoelastic triggering among large earthquakes along the EastKunlun fault system.Chinese J.Geophys.,46(6):786-795(in Chinese with English abstract).
Stein,R.S.,1999.The role of stress transfer in earthquakeoccurrence.Nature,402(6762):605-609.doi:10.1038/45144
Stein,R.S.,Barka,A.A.,Dieterich,J.H.,1997.Progressivefailure on the North Anatolian fault since1939by earthquake stress triggering.Geophys.J.Int.,128(3):594604.doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb05321.x
Wells,D.L.,Coppersmith,K.J.,1994.New empirical relationships among magnitude,rupture length,rupturewidth,rupture area,and surface displacement.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Amer.,84(4):974-1002.
Wen,X.Z.,Du,F.,Long,F.,et al.,2011.Tectonic dynamicsand correlation of major earthquake sequences of theXiaojiang and Qujiang-Shiping fault systems,Yunnan,China.Sci.China Earth Sci.,54.doi:10.1007/s11430-011-4231-0
Wen,X.Z.,Ma,S.L.,Xu,X.W.,et al.,2008.Historicalpattern and behavior of earthquake ruptures along theeastern boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan faulted-block, southwestern China.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,168(1-2):16-36.doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2008.04.013
Working Group for Geologic Mapping on Zemuhe Fault,2000.Geologic mapping and comprehensive analysis onthe active faults of Zemuhe.Earthquake Research in Sichuan,(Supple)(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu,W.X.,Song,F.M.,Wen,X.Z.,et al.,2001.Study ofthe surface rupture zone of Xichang earthquake in1850.Journal of Seismological Research,24(4):346-350(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou,C.H.,Pei,T.,Li,Q.L.,et al.,2003.Research onspatial pattern and temporal-spatial migration model ofstrong earthquakes in China and its adjacent areas.Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences,28(3):306-314.
Zhu,H.,Wen,X.Z.,2009.Stress triggering process of the1973to1976Songpan,Sichuan,sequence of strongearthquakes.Chinese J.Geophys,52(4):994-1003.doi:10.3969/j.issn.00015733.2009.04.016
Zhu,H.,Wen,X.Z.,2010.Static stress triggering effects related with Ms8.0Wenchuan earthquake.Journal ofEarth Science,21(1):32-41.doi:10.1007/s12583010-0001-8
Gkarlaouni,C.H.,Papadimitriou,E.E.,Karakostas,V.G.,等,2008.断层相互作用对中国川滇地区地震危险评估的意义.杨家亮译.地震学报,30(2):176-197.
崔笃信,胡亚轩,王文萍,等,2009.海原断裂带库仑应力积累.地球科学——中国地质大学学报,34(4):641-650.
黄云宝,2000.1989年9月20日云南省嵩明5.0级地震.见:张肇诚,郑大林,徐京华,等编,中国震例(19891991).北京:地震出版社,43-58.
刘祖荫,苏有锦,秦嘉政,等,2002.20世纪云南地震活动.北京:地震出版社,75-79.
马瑾,马胜利,刘力强,等,2002.断层相互作用型式的实验研究.自然科学进展,12(5):503-508.
秦嘉政,钱晓东,2005.云南会泽和文山5.3级地震研究.地震研究,28(4):403-407.
沈正康,万永革,甘卫军,等,2003.东昆仑活动断裂带大地震之间的黏弹性应力触发研究.地球物理学报,46(6):786-795.
闻学泽,杜方,龙锋,等,2011.小江和曲江-石屏两断裂系统的构造动力学与强震序列的关联性.中国科学(D辑),41(5):713-724.
俞维贤,宋方敏,闻学泽,等,2001.1850年西昌地震地表破裂带的考察研究.地震研究,24(4):346-350.
则木河活断裂填图组,2000.则木河活动断裂带1∶5万地质填图及综合研究.四川地震,(增刊).
周成虎,裴韬,李全林,等,2003.近500年中国及邻区强震空间格局及迁移模式初步分析.地球科学——中国地质大学学报,28(3):306-314.
朱航,闻学泽,2009.1973-1976年四川松潘强震序列的应力触发过程.地球物理学报,52(4):994-1003.
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