建立华北及西北地区垂线变化试验监测网的意义和可行性
|
摘要
本文介绍了天文时间和纬度观测资料的残差值在天体测量仪器周围一定范围内的地震发生前夕出现短期异常波动的现象,及不同地区天体测量仪器的观测残差与地震关系的特征,认为地方铅垂线的震前异常变化是造成天文时纬观测资料的残差值出现异常波动的主要原因.相关的研究结果曾两次获得中国科学院科技进步奖.本文还论述了该现象发展成为有效的短期地震前兆的可能性和目前该研究面临的情况,及利用天体测量仪器监测垂线变化及对其开展深入研究的意义.讨论了利用一定数量的天体测量仪器组建试验观测网对认识什么构造区带上的什么类型的地震更容易使处于何种构造区带上的时纬仪器提前出现残差异常,异常特征和时间提前量出现差别的主要原因是什么,异常与地震三要素的定量或半定量的关系,以及优化观测和提取有效信息的方法的必要性.讨论了组建观测网所需观测仪器的性能,简要介绍了中国科学院国家天文台与山东科技大学测绘学院合作试制的新仪器的特征.再次提出了在多震的华北、西北地区组建试验观测网的建议,讨论了组网的意义、可行性和有关问题.
This paper introduces the phenomenon that short-term anomalous fluctuations appeared in residuals of astronomical time and latitude observations(RATL) before earthquakes that occurred in some regions around astrometric instruments and the characteristics of the relationship between RATL of astrometric instruments located in different regions and earthquakes that occurred around.The anomalous variation of the local plumb line before earthquake is thought to be the main reason of the anomalous fluctuations in RATL.The related research achievements have won the science and technology award of Chinese Academy of Sciences twice.The possibility that the phenomenon will become an effective short-term precursor for strong earthquakes,the current situations and problems faced by the research as well as the significance to detect plumb line variations with astrometric instruments and to carry out further related researches are also discoursed.The necessity to set up the trial observation networks with certain amount of astrometric instruments to understand which kinds of earthquakes on which kinds of tectonic zones are easier to cause short-term residuals anomalies in instruments that located in which kinds of tectonic zones,what is the main reason for the differences in characteristics of anomalies and time interval between anomalies and earthquakes,and the quantitative or semi-quantitative relationships between anomalies and the three key factors of earthquake,to optimize and to extract effective information,as well as the requirements on the performance of observation instruments are discussed.The characteristics of the trial-manufactured new instrument developed by National Astronomical Observatories,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Geomatics college of Shandong University of Science and Technology is introduced briefly.And the authors once again put forward the proposal to set up test observation networks for detecting variation of the vertical in North and North-West regions of China which are earthquake-prone,and discusses the significance,feasibility and related problems to set up the networks.
This paper introduces the phenomenon that short-term anomalous fluctuations appeared in residuals of astronomical time and latitude observations(RATL) before earthquakes that occurred in some regions around astrometric instruments and the characteristics of the relationship between RATL of astrometric instruments located in different regions and earthquakes that occurred around.The anomalous variation of the local plumb line before earthquake is thought to be the main reason of the anomalous fluctuations in RATL.The related research achievements have won the science and technology award of Chinese Academy of Sciences twice.The possibility that the phenomenon will become an effective short-term precursor for strong earthquakes,the current situations and problems faced by the research as well as the significance to detect plumb line variations with astrometric instruments and to carry out further related researches are also discoursed.The necessity to set up the trial observation networks with certain amount of astrometric instruments to understand which kinds of earthquakes on which kinds of tectonic zones are easier to cause short-term residuals anomalies in instruments that located in which kinds of tectonic zones,what is the main reason for the differences in characteristics of anomalies and time interval between anomalies and earthquakes,and the quantitative or semi-quantitative relationships between anomalies and the three key factors of earthquake,to optimize and to extract effective information,as well as the requirements on the performance of observation instruments are discussed.The characteristics of the trial-manufactured new instrument developed by National Astronomical Observatories,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Geomatics college of Shandong University of Science and Technology is introduced briefly.And the authors once again put forward the proposal to set up test observation networks for detecting variation of the vertical in North and North-West regions of China which are earthquake-prone,and discusses the significance,feasibility and related problems to set up the networks.
引文
[1]Robert J.Geller,David D.Jackson,Yan Y.Kagan,et al.Earthquakes Cannot Be Predicted[J].Science,1997,275:1616-1617.
[2]Max Wyss.Cannot Earthquakes Be Predicted?[J].Science,1997,278:487-488.
[3]Knopoff L.Earthquake prediction is difficult but not impossible[J].Nature debate on earthquake prediction,1999.
[4]陈运泰.地震预测:回顾与展望[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2009,39(12):1633-1658.Chen Y T.Earthquake prediction:Retrospect and prospect[J].Sci.China Ser D-Earth Sci,2009,39(12):1633-1658.
[5]李致森,张国栋,张焕志,等.天文测时测纬的一种短时间异常与台站附近强震的对应关系[J].地球物理学报,1978,21(4):278-291.Li Z S,Zhang G D,Zhang H Z,et al.Correlation Betweenthe short anomalies of residuals of astronomical time andlatitude and the major earthquakes around the observatories[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1978,21(4):278-291.
[6]张国栋.强震前地下水活动引起的垂线变化[J].地震学报,1981,3(2):152-159.Zhang G D.Deviation of the vertical caused by change ofground water level before a strong earthquake[J].ActaSeismological Sinica,1981,3(2):152-159.
[7]韩延本,胡辉,杜红荣.禄劝6.3级地震前云南天文台时纬残差的初步分析[J].科学通报,1986,32(16):1244-1246.Han Y B,Hu H,Du H R.Occurrence of short-periodanomaly of residuals of astronomical time-latitude at Yunnanobservatory preceding the Luquan earthquake(ML=6.3)[J].Chinese Science Bulltin,1986,32(16):1244-1246.
[8]李致森,张国栋.震前时纬残差异常的补充证据[A].见:李致森,高建国主编.地球动力学进展[C].北京:海洋出版社,1988,37-43.Li Z S,Zhang G D.Supplementary evidence for anomaly oftime-latitude residuals before earthquake[A].Li Z S,Gao JG.Geodynamics Progress[C].Beijing:Ocean Press,1988,37-43.
[9]Hu H,Kan R J,Wang R,et al.A method for predicting astrong earthquake by means of astrometric observations[J].Astronomy and Astrophysics,1989,224:321-322.
[10]廖德春,郑大伟.江苏太仓五级地震与上海天文台测时异常[J].科学通报,1990,35(23):1838-1839.Liao D C,Zheng D W.Earthquake(MS=5)in Taicang andanomalous residuals of time determination at Shanghaiobservatory[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1990,35(23):1838-1839.
[11]Han Y B,Tian J,et al.A possible warning sign of majorearthquake through observations of astronomical time andlatitude[J].Astrophysics and Space Science,1991,177:383-384.
[12]韩延本.北京天文台Ⅱ型光电等高仪时纬残差异常与地震的相关性[J].科学通报,1992,12:1105-1108.Han Y B.Relationship between residual anomalies of time-latitude and earthquakes,Chinese Science Bull.1993,38(4):303-307.
[13]Han Y B,Li Z S,Zhang G D.Possible contributions ofclassical astrometric instrument to the study of geoscience andrequirements on star catalogues[J].(IAU Sympo.),J.H.Lieske and V.K.Abalakin(eds.):Inertial CoordinateSystem on the Sky,Kluwer Academic Publishers,1990:69-172.
[14]韩延本,李志安.地震活动性的天文学研究——回顾与展望[J].地球物理学进展,1996,11(3):59-69.Han Y B,Li Z A.Astronomical research on seismicity[J].Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),1996,11(3):59-69.
[15]韩延本,赵娟.天文学与自然灾害研究[J].地球物理学进展,1998,13(3):111-116.Han Y B,Zhao J.Correlation research of astronomy and thenatural disaster[J].Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),1998,13(3):111-116.
[16]赵娟,韩延本.天文因素与地震灾害关系研究的进展[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(4):1386-1392.Zhao J,Han Y B.Progress of researches on astronomicalfactor and earthquake[J].Progress in Geophysics.(inChinese),2007,22(4):1386-1392.
[17]廖德春,金文敬,郑大伟,等.1986-1991年间我国六架仪器的时纬观测分析[J].中国科学院上海天文台年刊,1994,15:28-33.Liao D C,Jin W J,Zheng D W,et al.An analysis of opticalobservations in China during 1986to 1991[J].Annals ofShanghai Observatory Academia Sinica,1994,15:28-33.
[18]张国栋,韩延本.天文测震的基本原理和方法[A].见:叶叔华主编.特大自然灾害预测的新途径和新方法[C].北京:科学出版社,2002,71-75.Zhang G D,Han Y B.Basic principles and methods ofastronomical measurement of earthquake precursor[A].Newways and methods for serious natural disasters prediction,Beijing:Science Press,2002,71-75.
[19]阚荣举,胡辉.云南及其周邻大地震与云南天文台时纬残差变化[J].中国地震,1995,11(4):299-309.Kan R J,Hu H.The major earthquakes in and aroundYunnan and variation of astronomical time-latitude residualsdetermined in Yunnan observatory[J].Earthquake Researchin China,1995,11(4):299-309.
[20]Li Z X.Measurements of interannual variation of the verticalat Jozefoslaw by astrometric and gravimetric observations[J].Astronomy&Astrophysics Supplement Series,1998,129(0):353-355.
[21]张国栋,韩延本,赵复垣.从天文观测提取地震前兆信息[J].地震学报,2002,24(1):75-81.Zhang G D,Han Y B,Zhao F Y.Earthquake precursorsdetected by astronomical observations[J].Acata SeismologicaSinsca,2002,24(1):75-81.
[22]Li Z X,Li H,Li Y F,et al.Non-tidal variation in thedeflection of the vertical at Beijing observatory[J].Journal ofGeodesy,2005,78(10):588-593.
[23]胡辉,苏有锦,付虹,等.大姚、普洱地震前云南天文台时纬残差异常[J].自然灾害学报,2007,16(5):106-110.Hu H,Su Y J,Fu H,et al.Anomalies in time-latituderesiduals at Yunnan Observatory before Dayao and Puerearthquakes[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2007,16(5):106-110.
[24]Han Y B,Hu H,Ma L H,et al.Application of astronomictime-latitude residuals in earthquake prediction[J].EarthMoon and Planets,2007,100:125-135.
[25]胡辉等.云南天文台时纬残差与昆明周围强震[J].地球物理学报,1988,4:483-485.Hu H,Li Y S,Wang R,et al.Time and latitude residuals atYunnan Observatory and major earthquake around Kunming[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1988,31(04):483-485.
[26]胡辉,韩延本,苏有锦,等.2008-2009年云台等高仪时纬残差的异常波动[J].天文研究与技术,2011,8(1):91-94.Hu H,Han Y B,Su Y J,et al.Anomalous Variations ofDaily Residual Fluctuations of Astronomical Time of theAstrolabe in the Yunnan Observatory during 2008to 2009[J].Astronomical Research and Technology,2011,8(1):91-94.
[27]李正心,李辉.1987～1998年间唐山铅垂线变化及其与周围地震的关联[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2008,38(4):432-438.Li Z X,Li H.Correlation between plumb line variations andearthquakes around at Tangshan during 1987to 1998[J].2008,38(4):432-438.
[28]Li Z X,L H.Earthquake-related Gravity Field Changes atBeijing-Tangshan Gravimetric Network During1987-1998[J].Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica,2009,53(0):185-197.
[29]李正心,李辉,唐山地区铅垂线变化与地震前后地下物质变化的关系[J].地震学报,2011,33(6):817-827.Li Z X,Li H.Relation between plumb line variation inTangshan region and underground material change before andafter earthquakes[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2011,33(6):817-827.
[30]顾功叙,JohnT.Kuo(郭宗汾),刘克人,等.中国京津唐张地区时间上连续的重力变化与地震的孕育和发生[J].科学通报,1997,18:1919-1930.Gu G X,Kuo J T,Liu K R,et al.Seismogenesis andoccurrence of earthquakes as observed by temporallycontinuous gravity variations in China[J].Chinese ScienceBullition,1997,18:1919-1930.
[31]赵娟,韩延本.地球重力场时变形的研究进展[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(4):980-985.Zhao J,Han Y B.Temporal Variation in the Gravity Field ofthe Earth[J].Progress in Geophysics.(in Chinese),2005,20(4):980-985.
[32]韩延本等.经典天文仪器用于短期地震预报及组建天文时纬测震网[A].见:天文与自然灾害委员会编.天文与自然灾害[C].北京:地震出版社,1991:9-16.Han Y B,et al.Using classical astronomical instruments forshort term earthquake prediction and setting up astronomicaltime and latitude earthquake observation networks[A].In:committee of astronomy and natural disaster.Astronomy andNatural Disaster[C].Beijing:Earthquake Press,1991:9-16.
[33]韩延本等.建立和完善北京地区的天文时纬测震网[A].见:北京市科学技术协会编.首都圈自然灾害与减灾对策[C].北京:气象出版社,1991,181-186.Han Y B,et al.Set up and perfect astronomical time andlatitude earthquake observation network in Beijing region[A].In:Beijing Institute of Science and Technology.Natural disasters and Disaster Relief Measures ofMetropolitan area[C].Beijing:Meteorological Press,1991,181-186.
[34]韩延本,张国栋,胡辉,等.组建云南天文时纬测震网的意义及可行性[J].地震研究,1994,17(1):1-6.Han Y B,Zhang G D,Hu H,et al.The significance andfeasibility of setting up the observation network ofastronomical time and latitude for earthquake monitoring inYunnan province[J].Journal of Seismological Research,1994,17(1):1-6.
[35]韩延本,田静.用于垂线变化研究和测震的北京天文时纬预测网[J].地球物理学进展,11(1):97-103.Han Y B,Tian J.Observational network for studies ofvariation of the vertical and earthquake in Beijing[J].Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),1996,11(1):97-103.
[36]Hirt C.The digital zenith camera TZK2-D a modern highprecision geodetic instrument for automatic geographicpositioning in real time[J].In:Payne HE,Jedrzejewski RI,Hook RN.Eds.Astronomical Data Analysis Software andSystems XII,ASP Conference Series,2003,295:156-159.
[37]Gerstbach G,Pichler H.A small CCD zenith camera(ZC-G1)-developed for rapid geoid monitoring in difficult projects[J].XIII Astro Conf Beograd,2002:1-6.
[38]Hirt C.Monitoring and Analysis of Anomalous RefractionUsing a Digital Zenith Camera System[J].Astronomy andAstrophysics,2006,459(1):283-290.
[39]Hirt C.et al.Modern determination of vertical deflectionsusing digital zenith cameras[J].Journal SurveyingEngineering,2010,136(1):1-12.
[40]王红旗,韩延本,郭金运,等.用于测量铅垂线变化的小型天体测量仪器[M].中国地球物理,2011:528.Wang H Q,Han Y B,Guo J Y,et al.Small astronomicinstruments for measuring variation of the vertical[M].TheChinese Geophysics,2011:528.
[2]Max Wyss.Cannot Earthquakes Be Predicted?[J].Science,1997,278:487-488.
[3]Knopoff L.Earthquake prediction is difficult but not impossible[J].Nature debate on earthquake prediction,1999.
[4]陈运泰.地震预测:回顾与展望[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2009,39(12):1633-1658.Chen Y T.Earthquake prediction:Retrospect and prospect[J].Sci.China Ser D-Earth Sci,2009,39(12):1633-1658.
[5]李致森,张国栋,张焕志,等.天文测时测纬的一种短时间异常与台站附近强震的对应关系[J].地球物理学报,1978,21(4):278-291.Li Z S,Zhang G D,Zhang H Z,et al.Correlation Betweenthe short anomalies of residuals of astronomical time andlatitude and the major earthquakes around the observatories[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1978,21(4):278-291.
[6]张国栋.强震前地下水活动引起的垂线变化[J].地震学报,1981,3(2):152-159.Zhang G D.Deviation of the vertical caused by change ofground water level before a strong earthquake[J].ActaSeismological Sinica,1981,3(2):152-159.
[7]韩延本,胡辉,杜红荣.禄劝6.3级地震前云南天文台时纬残差的初步分析[J].科学通报,1986,32(16):1244-1246.Han Y B,Hu H,Du H R.Occurrence of short-periodanomaly of residuals of astronomical time-latitude at Yunnanobservatory preceding the Luquan earthquake(ML=6.3)[J].Chinese Science Bulltin,1986,32(16):1244-1246.
[8]李致森,张国栋.震前时纬残差异常的补充证据[A].见:李致森,高建国主编.地球动力学进展[C].北京:海洋出版社,1988,37-43.Li Z S,Zhang G D.Supplementary evidence for anomaly oftime-latitude residuals before earthquake[A].Li Z S,Gao JG.Geodynamics Progress[C].Beijing:Ocean Press,1988,37-43.
[9]Hu H,Kan R J,Wang R,et al.A method for predicting astrong earthquake by means of astrometric observations[J].Astronomy and Astrophysics,1989,224:321-322.
[10]廖德春,郑大伟.江苏太仓五级地震与上海天文台测时异常[J].科学通报,1990,35(23):1838-1839.Liao D C,Zheng D W.Earthquake(MS=5)in Taicang andanomalous residuals of time determination at Shanghaiobservatory[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1990,35(23):1838-1839.
[11]Han Y B,Tian J,et al.A possible warning sign of majorearthquake through observations of astronomical time andlatitude[J].Astrophysics and Space Science,1991,177:383-384.
[12]韩延本.北京天文台Ⅱ型光电等高仪时纬残差异常与地震的相关性[J].科学通报,1992,12:1105-1108.Han Y B.Relationship between residual anomalies of time-latitude and earthquakes,Chinese Science Bull.1993,38(4):303-307.
[13]Han Y B,Li Z S,Zhang G D.Possible contributions ofclassical astrometric instrument to the study of geoscience andrequirements on star catalogues[J].(IAU Sympo.),J.H.Lieske and V.K.Abalakin(eds.):Inertial CoordinateSystem on the Sky,Kluwer Academic Publishers,1990:69-172.
[14]韩延本,李志安.地震活动性的天文学研究——回顾与展望[J].地球物理学进展,1996,11(3):59-69.Han Y B,Li Z A.Astronomical research on seismicity[J].Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),1996,11(3):59-69.
[15]韩延本,赵娟.天文学与自然灾害研究[J].地球物理学进展,1998,13(3):111-116.Han Y B,Zhao J.Correlation research of astronomy and thenatural disaster[J].Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),1998,13(3):111-116.
[16]赵娟,韩延本.天文因素与地震灾害关系研究的进展[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(4):1386-1392.Zhao J,Han Y B.Progress of researches on astronomicalfactor and earthquake[J].Progress in Geophysics.(inChinese),2007,22(4):1386-1392.
[17]廖德春,金文敬,郑大伟,等.1986-1991年间我国六架仪器的时纬观测分析[J].中国科学院上海天文台年刊,1994,15:28-33.Liao D C,Jin W J,Zheng D W,et al.An analysis of opticalobservations in China during 1986to 1991[J].Annals ofShanghai Observatory Academia Sinica,1994,15:28-33.
[18]张国栋,韩延本.天文测震的基本原理和方法[A].见:叶叔华主编.特大自然灾害预测的新途径和新方法[C].北京:科学出版社,2002,71-75.Zhang G D,Han Y B.Basic principles and methods ofastronomical measurement of earthquake precursor[A].Newways and methods for serious natural disasters prediction,Beijing:Science Press,2002,71-75.
[19]阚荣举,胡辉.云南及其周邻大地震与云南天文台时纬残差变化[J].中国地震,1995,11(4):299-309.Kan R J,Hu H.The major earthquakes in and aroundYunnan and variation of astronomical time-latitude residualsdetermined in Yunnan observatory[J].Earthquake Researchin China,1995,11(4):299-309.
[20]Li Z X.Measurements of interannual variation of the verticalat Jozefoslaw by astrometric and gravimetric observations[J].Astronomy&Astrophysics Supplement Series,1998,129(0):353-355.
[21]张国栋,韩延本,赵复垣.从天文观测提取地震前兆信息[J].地震学报,2002,24(1):75-81.Zhang G D,Han Y B,Zhao F Y.Earthquake precursorsdetected by astronomical observations[J].Acata SeismologicaSinsca,2002,24(1):75-81.
[22]Li Z X,Li H,Li Y F,et al.Non-tidal variation in thedeflection of the vertical at Beijing observatory[J].Journal ofGeodesy,2005,78(10):588-593.
[23]胡辉,苏有锦,付虹,等.大姚、普洱地震前云南天文台时纬残差异常[J].自然灾害学报,2007,16(5):106-110.Hu H,Su Y J,Fu H,et al.Anomalies in time-latituderesiduals at Yunnan Observatory before Dayao and Puerearthquakes[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2007,16(5):106-110.
[24]Han Y B,Hu H,Ma L H,et al.Application of astronomictime-latitude residuals in earthquake prediction[J].EarthMoon and Planets,2007,100:125-135.
[25]胡辉等.云南天文台时纬残差与昆明周围强震[J].地球物理学报,1988,4:483-485.Hu H,Li Y S,Wang R,et al.Time and latitude residuals atYunnan Observatory and major earthquake around Kunming[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1988,31(04):483-485.
[26]胡辉,韩延本,苏有锦,等.2008-2009年云台等高仪时纬残差的异常波动[J].天文研究与技术,2011,8(1):91-94.Hu H,Han Y B,Su Y J,et al.Anomalous Variations ofDaily Residual Fluctuations of Astronomical Time of theAstrolabe in the Yunnan Observatory during 2008to 2009[J].Astronomical Research and Technology,2011,8(1):91-94.
[27]李正心,李辉.1987～1998年间唐山铅垂线变化及其与周围地震的关联[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2008,38(4):432-438.Li Z X,Li H.Correlation between plumb line variations andearthquakes around at Tangshan during 1987to 1998[J].2008,38(4):432-438.
[28]Li Z X,L H.Earthquake-related Gravity Field Changes atBeijing-Tangshan Gravimetric Network During1987-1998[J].Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica,2009,53(0):185-197.
[29]李正心,李辉,唐山地区铅垂线变化与地震前后地下物质变化的关系[J].地震学报,2011,33(6):817-827.Li Z X,Li H.Relation between plumb line variation inTangshan region and underground material change before andafter earthquakes[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2011,33(6):817-827.
[30]顾功叙,JohnT.Kuo(郭宗汾),刘克人,等.中国京津唐张地区时间上连续的重力变化与地震的孕育和发生[J].科学通报,1997,18:1919-1930.Gu G X,Kuo J T,Liu K R,et al.Seismogenesis andoccurrence of earthquakes as observed by temporallycontinuous gravity variations in China[J].Chinese ScienceBullition,1997,18:1919-1930.
[31]赵娟,韩延本.地球重力场时变形的研究进展[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(4):980-985.Zhao J,Han Y B.Temporal Variation in the Gravity Field ofthe Earth[J].Progress in Geophysics.(in Chinese),2005,20(4):980-985.
[32]韩延本等.经典天文仪器用于短期地震预报及组建天文时纬测震网[A].见:天文与自然灾害委员会编.天文与自然灾害[C].北京:地震出版社,1991:9-16.Han Y B,et al.Using classical astronomical instruments forshort term earthquake prediction and setting up astronomicaltime and latitude earthquake observation networks[A].In:committee of astronomy and natural disaster.Astronomy andNatural Disaster[C].Beijing:Earthquake Press,1991:9-16.
[33]韩延本等.建立和完善北京地区的天文时纬测震网[A].见:北京市科学技术协会编.首都圈自然灾害与减灾对策[C].北京:气象出版社,1991,181-186.Han Y B,et al.Set up and perfect astronomical time andlatitude earthquake observation network in Beijing region[A].In:Beijing Institute of Science and Technology.Natural disasters and Disaster Relief Measures ofMetropolitan area[C].Beijing:Meteorological Press,1991,181-186.
[34]韩延本,张国栋,胡辉,等.组建云南天文时纬测震网的意义及可行性[J].地震研究,1994,17(1):1-6.Han Y B,Zhang G D,Hu H,et al.The significance andfeasibility of setting up the observation network ofastronomical time and latitude for earthquake monitoring inYunnan province[J].Journal of Seismological Research,1994,17(1):1-6.
[35]韩延本,田静.用于垂线变化研究和测震的北京天文时纬预测网[J].地球物理学进展,11(1):97-103.Han Y B,Tian J.Observational network for studies ofvariation of the vertical and earthquake in Beijing[J].Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),1996,11(1):97-103.
[36]Hirt C.The digital zenith camera TZK2-D a modern highprecision geodetic instrument for automatic geographicpositioning in real time[J].In:Payne HE,Jedrzejewski RI,Hook RN.Eds.Astronomical Data Analysis Software andSystems XII,ASP Conference Series,2003,295:156-159.
[37]Gerstbach G,Pichler H.A small CCD zenith camera(ZC-G1)-developed for rapid geoid monitoring in difficult projects[J].XIII Astro Conf Beograd,2002:1-6.
[38]Hirt C.Monitoring and Analysis of Anomalous RefractionUsing a Digital Zenith Camera System[J].Astronomy andAstrophysics,2006,459(1):283-290.
[39]Hirt C.et al.Modern determination of vertical deflectionsusing digital zenith cameras[J].Journal SurveyingEngineering,2010,136(1):1-12.
[40]王红旗,韩延本,郭金运,等.用于测量铅垂线变化的小型天体测量仪器[M].中国地球物理,2011:528.Wang H Q,Han Y B,Guo J Y,et al.Small astronomicinstruments for measuring variation of the vertical[M].TheChinese Geophysics,2011:528.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心