成都市避震疏散公园绿地面积指标
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摘要
城市公园绿地作为城市生态系统的重要组成部分,在避震疏散中发挥了重要作用。以5.12汶川大地震灾害对成都市中心城的影响为例,通过计算地震后避难人数和避震疏散所需公园绿地面积,从而探讨研究区现有公园绿地面积是否满足避震疏散需求。研究结果显示,成都市中心城区在5.12汶川大地震中长期避难人数为30.92万人,所需紧急、固定避震疏散场所总面积分别为441.82hm2、77.31hm2,所需紧急、固定避震疏散公园绿地面积分别为300.85hm2、46.26hm2。研究区现有不同规模的公园绿地表现出景观分布格局差异。除高新区和武侯区外,其余4个区的公园绿地面积均不能满足紧急避震疏散需求,而6个区可作为固定避震疏散公园绿地的面积均能满足长期避震需求。研究结果体现了避震疏散公园绿地面积指标体系的可行性和合理性,以此作为城市建设和公园绿地规划的参考,在提高城市绿地率的同时也满足避震疏散需求。
As a vital component of urban ecosystem,urban park and open land plays an important role in evacuation and refuge during earthquake.Aiming to understand whether the existing parks and open lands can meet the demand of seismic refuges for evacuation,this paper taking the impacts of 5·12 Wenchuan Earthquake on the central zone of Chengdu City as an example,analyzed the population of refuge and the area of park and open land needed for evacuation and refuge during earthquake.The results showed that,the total population of long-term refuge suffered from 5·12 Wenchuan Earthquake was 309.2 thousands.The total area of urgent and permanent seismic refuges for evacuation is 441.82 hm2 and 77.31 hm2 respectively.The area of urban park and open land available for urgent and permanent seismic refuges for evacuation 300.85 hm2 and 46.26 hm2,respectively,and they are spatially unhomogeneous distributed.Except Gaoxin and Wuhou districts,the urban park open area in other four districts could not meet the demand of evacuation and refuge during earthquake.Whereas,the area for permanent refuge in six districts could all meet the demand of refuge after earthquake.In a summary,the results infer that it is feasible and rationale to use the area of urban park and open land as an indicator for assessing land available for evacuation and refuge during earthquake.This provided an indicator for urban construction and park planning,and it could not only enhance the greening ratio,but also meet the demand of seismic refuges for evacuation.
As a vital component of urban ecosystem,urban park and open land plays an important role in evacuation and refuge during earthquake.Aiming to understand whether the existing parks and open lands can meet the demand of seismic refuges for evacuation,this paper taking the impacts of 5·12 Wenchuan Earthquake on the central zone of Chengdu City as an example,analyzed the population of refuge and the area of park and open land needed for evacuation and refuge during earthquake.The results showed that,the total population of long-term refuge suffered from 5·12 Wenchuan Earthquake was 309.2 thousands.The total area of urgent and permanent seismic refuges for evacuation is 441.82 hm2 and 77.31 hm2 respectively.The area of urban park and open land available for urgent and permanent seismic refuges for evacuation 300.85 hm2 and 46.26 hm2,respectively,and they are spatially unhomogeneous distributed.Except Gaoxin and Wuhou districts,the urban park open area in other four districts could not meet the demand of evacuation and refuge during earthquake.Whereas,the area for permanent refuge in six districts could all meet the demand of refuge after earthquake.In a summary,the results infer that it is feasible and rationale to use the area of urban park and open land as an indicator for assessing land available for evacuation and refuge during earthquake.This provided an indicator for urban construction and park planning,and it could not only enhance the greening ratio,but also meet the demand of seismic refuges for evacuation.
引文
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[1]Lu X M,Xue Z L,Zhao Z G.The plan research of disaster-proof parks.Journal of Hebei Institute of Technology,2006,28(4):135-138.
[2]Boyuan S L,Shangye C,Sentian X F.Study on seismic refuge of Banshen.Danlu Earthquake.Osaka:Osaka University Press,1998.23-24.
[3]Qing S Z(Japan).Park green area and Earthquake in Banshen.Danlu.City Planning Review,1999,23(10):56-58.
[4]Hong J X,Cui YJ.Urban garden virescence and disaster prevention and mitigation.Journal of Chinese Landscape Architecture,1999,15(3):57-58.
[5]Nie Y H,Li F D.Post-earthquake secondary fire disasters and the function of urban afforested land in reducing disaster.Earthquake Resistant Engineering,1999,4(12):38-39.
[6]Yang W B,Han S W,Zhang J J,et al.Planning construction of earthquake emergency shelters and urban disaster reduction.Journal of Natural Disasters,2004,13(1):126-131.
[7]Li Y T,Shu Y P,Liu R X.Planning of urban disaster-prevention park.City Planning Review,2004,(5):71-73.
[8]Li HY,Yang Y.Distribution of urban afforested land and its function for preventing disasters and taking refuge.City and Disaster Reduction,2005,2:9-13.
[9]Li J Q,Xia J.Study of urban disaster prevention park planning.Journal of Chinese Landscape Architecture,2007,16(7):16-22.
[10]Chu J Y,Shu Y P,Liu R X.The integrated design principle of urban disaster prevention parks.World Earthquake Engineering,2008,24(1):99-102.
[11]Liu HY,Wu Z D.A study on the planning of urban calamity prevention park based on GIS-take Xi′an City for example.Planners,2006,10(22):55-58.
[12]Piao Y H,Xie X Y,Li X Y.Planning and study of urban disaster-prevention parks.Science Technology and Engineering,2008,8(5):1212-1218.
[13]Li J P.Emergency shelters:Open the umbrella that protect the people′s life.Chinese Construction Newspaper,2003-11-21.
[14]Chu J Y,Shu Y P.The planning principles and requirements of urban seismic refuges for evacuation.World Earthquake Engneering,2006,22(4):80-83.
[15]Yin Z Q.The basic frame and methods of analysis on the harm of earthquake disaster in city.Earthquake Engneering and Engneering Vibration,1999,19(1):70-75.
[16]Xie L L,Zhang X Z,Zhou Y N.Antiseismic and defensive standards of project.Earthquake Research in Sichuan,1996,(4):11-13.
[17]Cao C Y.Statistic yearbook of Chengdu(2005).Beijing:China Statistic Press,2005.338-340.
[18]Zhou TY,Jian P R.Study on establishing the supporting system for location of the urgent refuge.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,8(1):17-24.
[19]Disaster prevention parliament of Tokyo.Yuan Y F Trans.Planning of disaster prevention in okyo area(emending in2003).Beijing:Earthquake Publishing House,2004.100-114.
[20]Shu Y P,Ma Y J,Liu R X.Types,functions and disposition rules of the disaster prevention gardens in Japan.World Earthquake engineering,2004,20(4):27-29.
[21]Shu Y P,Liu R X.The planning principles and outline of urban seismic refuges.Journal of Catastrophology,2004,19(1):87-91.
[22]Qi Y.Planning and constructing of emergency refuges in Beijing.Disaster Reduction in China,2005,3:34-36.
[23]Chao G Q,Li G,Ma D H.The study of park green area criterion for evacuation during earthquake in cities.Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2006,26(2):224-228.
[1]卢秀梅,薛振林,赵志刚.城市防灾公园规划问题.河北理工学院学报,2006,28(4):135～138.
[2]柏原士郎,上野淳,森田孝夫(日).阪神.淡路大震災における避難所の研究.大阪:大阪大学出版社,1998.23～24.
[3]清水正之(日).公园绿地与阪神.淡路大地震.城市规划,1999,23(10):56～58.
[4]洪金祥,崔雅君.城市园林绿化与抗震防灾.中国园林,1999,15(3):57～58.
[5]聂运华,李逢东.地震次生火灾与城市绿地的减灾作用.工程抗震,1999,4(12):38～39.
[6]杨文斌,韩世文,张敬军,等.地震应急避难场所的规划建设与城市防灾.自然灾害学报,2004,13(1):126～131.
[7]李延涛,苏幼坡,刘瑞兴.城市防灾公园的规划思想.城市规划,2004,(5):71～73.
[8]李洪远,杨洋.城市绿地分布状况与防灾避难功能.城市减灾,2005(2):9～13.
[9]李景奇,夏季.城市防灾公园规划研究.中国园林,2007,16(7):16～22.
[10]初建宇,苏幼坡,刘瑞兴.城市防灾公园“平灾结合”的规划设计理念.世界地震工程,2008,24(1):99～102.
[11]刘海燕,武志东.基于GIS的城市防灾公园规划研究——以西安市为例.规划师,2006,10(22):55～58.
[12]卜燕华,谢晓英,李新宇.城市防灾型公园规划设计研究.科学技术与工程,2008,8(5):1212～1218.
[13]李佳鹏.应急避难场所:撑起人民生命的保护伞.中国建设报,2003-11-21.
[14]初建宇,苏幼坡.城市地震避难疏散场所的规划原则与要求.世界地震工程,2006,22(4):80～83.
[15]尹之潜.城市地震灾害危害性分析的基本框架和方法.地震工程与工程振动,1999,19(1):70～75.
[16]谢礼立,张晓志,周雍年.论工程抗震设防标准.四川地震,1996,(4):11～13.
[17]曹昌玉.成都统计年鉴——2005.北京:中国统计出版社,2005.338～340.
[18]周天颖,简甫任.紧急避难所区位决策支持系统建立研究.水土保持研究,2001,8(1):17～24.
[19]东京都防灾议会编.袁一凡译.东京都地区防灾规划(2003年修订).北京:地震出版社,2004.15～20.
[20]苏幼坡,马亚杰,刘瑞兴.日本防灾公园的类型、作用与配置原则.世界地震工程,2004,20(4):27～29.
[21]苏幼坡,刘瑞兴.城市地震避难所的规划原则与要点.灾害学,2004,19(1):87～91.
[22]齐瑜.北京应急避难场所规划与建设.中国减灾,2005,3:34～36.
[23]曹国强,李刚,马东辉.城市避震疏散场所公园绿地面积指标的研究.防震减灾工程学报,2006,26(2):224～228.
[1]Lu X M,Xue Z L,Zhao Z G.The plan research of disaster-proof parks.Journal of Hebei Institute of Technology,2006,28(4):135-138.
[2]Boyuan S L,Shangye C,Sentian X F.Study on seismic refuge of Banshen.Danlu Earthquake.Osaka:Osaka University Press,1998.23-24.
[3]Qing S Z(Japan).Park green area and Earthquake in Banshen.Danlu.City Planning Review,1999,23(10):56-58.
[4]Hong J X,Cui YJ.Urban garden virescence and disaster prevention and mitigation.Journal of Chinese Landscape Architecture,1999,15(3):57-58.
[5]Nie Y H,Li F D.Post-earthquake secondary fire disasters and the function of urban afforested land in reducing disaster.Earthquake Resistant Engineering,1999,4(12):38-39.
[6]Yang W B,Han S W,Zhang J J,et al.Planning construction of earthquake emergency shelters and urban disaster reduction.Journal of Natural Disasters,2004,13(1):126-131.
[7]Li Y T,Shu Y P,Liu R X.Planning of urban disaster-prevention park.City Planning Review,2004,(5):71-73.
[8]Li HY,Yang Y.Distribution of urban afforested land and its function for preventing disasters and taking refuge.City and Disaster Reduction,2005,2:9-13.
[9]Li J Q,Xia J.Study of urban disaster prevention park planning.Journal of Chinese Landscape Architecture,2007,16(7):16-22.
[10]Chu J Y,Shu Y P,Liu R X.The integrated design principle of urban disaster prevention parks.World Earthquake Engineering,2008,24(1):99-102.
[11]Liu HY,Wu Z D.A study on the planning of urban calamity prevention park based on GIS-take Xi′an City for example.Planners,2006,10(22):55-58.
[12]Piao Y H,Xie X Y,Li X Y.Planning and study of urban disaster-prevention parks.Science Technology and Engineering,2008,8(5):1212-1218.
[13]Li J P.Emergency shelters:Open the umbrella that protect the people′s life.Chinese Construction Newspaper,2003-11-21.
[14]Chu J Y,Shu Y P.The planning principles and requirements of urban seismic refuges for evacuation.World Earthquake Engneering,2006,22(4):80-83.
[15]Yin Z Q.The basic frame and methods of analysis on the harm of earthquake disaster in city.Earthquake Engneering and Engneering Vibration,1999,19(1):70-75.
[16]Xie L L,Zhang X Z,Zhou Y N.Antiseismic and defensive standards of project.Earthquake Research in Sichuan,1996,(4):11-13.
[17]Cao C Y.Statistic yearbook of Chengdu(2005).Beijing:China Statistic Press,2005.338-340.
[18]Zhou TY,Jian P R.Study on establishing the supporting system for location of the urgent refuge.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,8(1):17-24.
[19]Disaster prevention parliament of Tokyo.Yuan Y F Trans.Planning of disaster prevention in okyo area(emending in2003).Beijing:Earthquake Publishing House,2004.100-114.
[20]Shu Y P,Ma Y J,Liu R X.Types,functions and disposition rules of the disaster prevention gardens in Japan.World Earthquake engineering,2004,20(4):27-29.
[21]Shu Y P,Liu R X.The planning principles and outline of urban seismic refuges.Journal of Catastrophology,2004,19(1):87-91.
[22]Qi Y.Planning and constructing of emergency refuges in Beijing.Disaster Reduction in China,2005,3:34-36.
[23]Chao G Q,Li G,Ma D H.The study of park green area criterion for evacuation during earthquake in cities.Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2006,26(2):224-228.
[1]卢秀梅,薛振林,赵志刚.城市防灾公园规划问题.河北理工学院学报,2006,28(4):135～138.
[2]柏原士郎,上野淳,森田孝夫(日).阪神.淡路大震災における避難所の研究.大阪:大阪大学出版社,1998.23～24.
[3]清水正之(日).公园绿地与阪神.淡路大地震.城市规划,1999,23(10):56～58.
[4]洪金祥,崔雅君.城市园林绿化与抗震防灾.中国园林,1999,15(3):57～58.
[5]聂运华,李逢东.地震次生火灾与城市绿地的减灾作用.工程抗震,1999,4(12):38～39.
[6]杨文斌,韩世文,张敬军,等.地震应急避难场所的规划建设与城市防灾.自然灾害学报,2004,13(1):126～131.
[7]李延涛,苏幼坡,刘瑞兴.城市防灾公园的规划思想.城市规划,2004,(5):71～73.
[8]李洪远,杨洋.城市绿地分布状况与防灾避难功能.城市减灾,2005(2):9～13.
[9]李景奇,夏季.城市防灾公园规划研究.中国园林,2007,16(7):16～22.
[10]初建宇,苏幼坡,刘瑞兴.城市防灾公园“平灾结合”的规划设计理念.世界地震工程,2008,24(1):99～102.
[11]刘海燕,武志东.基于GIS的城市防灾公园规划研究——以西安市为例.规划师,2006,10(22):55～58.
[12]卜燕华,谢晓英,李新宇.城市防灾型公园规划设计研究.科学技术与工程,2008,8(5):1212～1218.
[13]李佳鹏.应急避难场所:撑起人民生命的保护伞.中国建设报,2003-11-21.
[14]初建宇,苏幼坡.城市地震避难疏散场所的规划原则与要求.世界地震工程,2006,22(4):80～83.
[15]尹之潜.城市地震灾害危害性分析的基本框架和方法.地震工程与工程振动,1999,19(1):70～75.
[16]谢礼立,张晓志,周雍年.论工程抗震设防标准.四川地震,1996,(4):11～13.
[17]曹昌玉.成都统计年鉴——2005.北京:中国统计出版社,2005.338～340.
[18]周天颖,简甫任.紧急避难所区位决策支持系统建立研究.水土保持研究,2001,8(1):17～24.
[19]东京都防灾议会编.袁一凡译.东京都地区防灾规划(2003年修订).北京:地震出版社,2004.15～20.
[20]苏幼坡,马亚杰,刘瑞兴.日本防灾公园的类型、作用与配置原则.世界地震工程,2004,20(4):27～29.
[21]苏幼坡,刘瑞兴.城市地震避难所的规划原则与要点.灾害学,2004,19(1):87～91.
[22]齐瑜.北京应急避难场所规划与建设.中国减灾,2005,3:34～36.
[23]曹国强,李刚,马东辉.城市避震疏散场所公园绿地面积指标的研究.防震减灾工程学报,2006,26(2):224～228.
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