东亚西太平洋巨型裂谷体系岩石圈与软流圈结构及动力学
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摘要
笔者根据地震面波层析成像结果,对欧亚大陆及西太平洋岩石圈和软流圈速度结构进行了研究,发现东亚至西太平洋间存在一巨型低速异常带,结合构造地质学、地幔岩石学、地球化学及其他地球物理特性的研究,确认该区存在巨型裂谷体系。该巨型裂谷体系的岩石圈和软流圈三维Vs速度结构与太平洋洋中脊、大西洋洋中脊和印度洋洋中脊及其邻区的岩石圈和软流圈地震Vs速度结构十分相似,而与东太平洋边缘现代板块俯冲带的岩石圈与软流圈Vs速度结构有显著差异。在进一步论述该区动力学特征后认为,该巨型裂谷体系是中生代中晚期以来岩石圈整体主动伸展变形,大型裂陷盆地形成,岩石圈强烈拆沉减薄,以及软流圈物质上涌加热引起的。边缘海是在大陆裂谷系形成基础上发展起来的,主导扩张期为中渐新世至中中新世(32～13Ma),这些边缘海在17～15Ma后停止扩张,因而未能将所有边缘海和洋中脊联通。据此划分出4期构造变形动力学演化阶段,现今东亚至西太平洋间大陆裂谷、边缘海与沟弧体系是新生代中晚期以来,邻区各板块构造相互作用叠加的结果。
Based on the seismic S-wave tomography,the authors carried out a systematic study of the speed structures of the lithosphere and asthenospher e of Eurasia and the West Pacific,and found a gigantic low-velocity anomaly z one between East Asia and the West Pacific.According to this discovery,combine d with the tectonic,mantle petrological and geochemical characteristics,as wel l as other geophysical features,a mega-rift system is defined in the region.T he3D seismic Vs speed structures of the lithosphere and as-thenosphere are v ery similar to those of the Mid-Pacific,Mid-Atlantic,and Mid-Indian ridges and their neighboring regions ,but notably different from those of the pres ent plate subduction zone on the East Pacific margin.On the basis of a furth er discussion on the dynamic characteristics of this re gion,it is con-cluded that the rift system resulted from the massively active extensional deformation and strong delamina-tion and thinning of the lithosphere,formation of large rift basins ,and upwelling and heating of a large amount of the asthenosphe ric substances since the Mid-Late Mesozoic.Marginal seas developed on the basi s of the continental rift system,and the main extension stage is determined to be from the middle Oligocene to middle Miocene(32-13Ma ).The extensions of these marginal seas had ended after the peri-od from17to15Ma ;as a r esult not all of the seas were connected with the mid-ocean ridges.Four sta ges of the tectonic-deformational dynamic evolution may be distinguished,and it is considered that the tectonic superposition of interactions of various neighboring plates resulted in the formation of the continen-tal rifts,margin al seas,and trench-arc-basin systems between present East Asia and the West Pacific since the Mid-Late Cenozoic.
Based on the seismic S-wave tomography,the authors carried out a systematic study of the speed structures of the lithosphere and asthenospher e of Eurasia and the West Pacific,and found a gigantic low-velocity anomaly z one between East Asia and the West Pacific.According to this discovery,combine d with the tectonic,mantle petrological and geochemical characteristics,as wel l as other geophysical features,a mega-rift system is defined in the region.T he3D seismic Vs speed structures of the lithosphere and as-thenosphere are v ery similar to those of the Mid-Pacific,Mid-Atlantic,and Mid-Indian ridges and their neighboring regions ,but notably different from those of the pres ent plate subduction zone on the East Pacific margin.On the basis of a furth er discussion on the dynamic characteristics of this re gion,it is con-cluded that the rift system resulted from the massively active extensional deformation and strong delamina-tion and thinning of the lithosphere,formation of large rift basins ,and upwelling and heating of a large amount of the asthenosphe ric substances since the Mid-Late Mesozoic.Marginal seas developed on the basi s of the continental rift system,and the main extension stage is determined to be from the middle Oligocene to middle Miocene(32-13Ma ).The extensions of these marginal seas had ended after the peri-od from17to15Ma ;as a r esult not all of the seas were connected with the mid-ocean ridges.Four sta ges of the tectonic-deformational dynamic evolution may be distinguished,and it is considered that the tectonic superposition of interactions of various neighboring plates resulted in the formation of the continen-tal rifts,margin al seas,and trench-arc-basin systems between present East Asia and the West Pacific since the Mid-Late Cenozoic.
引文
洪学海.中国大陆地壳上地幔S波品质因子三维层析成像,成都理工大学博士学位论文,2001.
蔡学林,朱介寿,曹家敏,等.上扬子地块岩石圈与软流圈结构及大陆动力学,2000.
梁春涛.东亚及邻区地幔体波层析成像,成都理工大学硕士学位论文,2001.
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[1]TapponnierP,PeltzerG,LeDainAY,etal.PropagatingextrusiontectonicsinAsia:newinsightsfromsimpleexperi-mentswithplasticene[J].Geology,1982,7:611～616.
[2]马杏垣,刘和甫,王维襄,等.中国东部中、新生代裂陷作用和伸展构造[J].地质学报,1983,57(1):22～32.
[3]刘光鼎.中国海区及邻域地质地球物理图集[M].北京:科学出版社.1993.56～91.
[4]杨巍然,孙继源,纪克诚,等.大陆裂谷对比———汾渭裂谷系与贝加尔裂谷系例析[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1995.100～121.
[5]任纪舜,王作勋,陈炳蔚,等.从全球看中国大地构造———中国及邻区大地构造图简要说明[M].北京:地质出版社,1998.1～35.
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[9]朱介寿,蔡学林,曹家敏,等.东亚西太平洋边缘海高分辨率地震层析成像[J].中国大洋钻探通讯,2001,(6):4～7.
[10]ТyезовИК著,何志桐译.亚洲—澳州—太平洋过渡带的大地构造、地球动力学及地质特征[J].地球物理学进展,1991,6(1):99～113.
[11]EkstrmGJ,TrompJE,LarsonWF.Measurementsandglobalmodelsofsurfacewavepropagation[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102:8137～8158.
[12]MenziesAMandXuYigang.GeodynamicsoftheNorthChinaCraton[A].In:FlowerMFJed.MantleDynamicsandPlateInteractionsinEastAsia[C].GeodynamicsSer.27.Washington,D.C.:AGU,1998.155～165.
[13]王登红.地幔柱及成矿作用[M].北京:地震出版社,1998.45～61.
[14]GladczenkoTP.CrustalstructureoftheOntongJavaPlateau:Modelingofnewgravityandexistingseismicdata[J].J.Geophys.Res.1997,102(B10):22711～22729.
[15]和政军,任纪舜.大洋中的水下陆块[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1994,14(2):71～80.
[16]许东禹,刘锡清,张训华,等.中国近海地质[M].北京:地质出版社.1997.179～262.
[17]袁学诚,左愚,蔡学林,等.华南板块岩石圈构造与地球物理[A].见:八十年代中国地球物理学进展[C],北京:学术书刊出版社,1989.243～250.
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[19]朱介寿,曹家敏,李显贵,等.中国及其邻区地球三维结构初始模型的建立[J].地球物理学报,1997,40(5):627～648.
[20]邓晋福,赵海玲,莫宣学,等.中国大陆根—柱构造———大陆动力学的钥匙[M].北京:地质出版社,1996.1～83.
[21]蔡学林,彭大钧,刘援朝,等.塔里木盆地变形构造格局及其动力学模式———兼论楔入造山推覆成盆作用[J].成都理工学院学报,1997,24(2):29～39.
[22]蔡学林,朱介寿,曹家敏,等.欧亚大陆及西太平洋岩石圈结构样式及地球动力学[A].见:中国地球物理学会年刊(2000)[C].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,2000.271.
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[24]钟应先,刘援朝,蔡学林.湖南道县玄武岩中麻粒岩包体初步研究[J].成都地质学院学报,1993,20(1):56～61.
[25]徐夕生,蔡元峰,周新民.中国东南部新生代岩石圈地幔研究[J].南京大学学报(自然科学),2000,36(6):773～779.
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[34]万天丰.中国东部中、新生代板内变形构造应力场及其应用[M].北京:地质出版社,1993.12～37.
[35]吴树仁,陈庆宣,谭成轩.洋脊分段研究进展[J].地质科技情报,1998,17(2):1～6.
[36]姚伯初,曾维军,HayesDE,等.中美合作调查南海地质专报(GMSCS)[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1994.1～196.
[37]金性春,周祖翼,汪品先.大洋钻探与中国地球科学[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1995.181～205.
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