青藏高原北部的第四纪断层运动
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摘要
近10年来,通过详细考察和填图工作,对青藏高原北部的第四纪活动构造及断层运动取得了大批新资料。在最近的中法合作研究中,对东昆仑活动断裂带及邻区又进行了较深入的调查。本文以上述新资料为基础,简要讨论了青藏高原北部第四纪活断层的运动学和动力学基本特征。本区重要的活动断裂可划分为下述3类: (1)大规模的弧形左旋走滑断裂带。其中包括青藏高原北部边缘的阿尔金活动断裂带、昌马活动断裂带及海原活动断裂带、中部的东昆仑活动断裂带、以及南部的甘孜-玉树活动断裂带和鲜水河活动断裂带等。它们的左旋走滑速率多在10——20mm/a范围内。 (2)高原边缘逆冲断裂带。主要发育于祁连山、六盘山及龙门山等地区,其走向大致与高原边缘平行,因地而异。它们的垂直滑动速率可达到1mm/a左右。 (3)北北西走向的压扭性断裂,或称之为具有右旋走滑分量的逆冲断裂。它们主要发育于高原北部,约在东经98——104°之间,并控制着若干第三——第四纪盆地及对冲山的边缘。其中,部分断裂的水平走滑速率最大可达2——3mm/a。 自喜马拉雅运动以来,大型左旋走滑断裂运动及所挟持的断块东移,对中生代区域构造有很大的改造作用。同时,边缘逆冲作用在区域构造变形中也扮演了重要角色。诸如祁连山、六盘山等边缘山系,很大程度上是?
Quaternary faulting in the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is discussed in this paper with their slip rate data obtained by many field investigations and mapping in recent years, including that newly obtained during the Sino-France cooperation on the East Kun-lun in 1993-1994. Significant Quaternary active faults in this region can be classified into three categories:
(1) Large-scale, arcuate left-lateral strike-slip fault zones, which include the Altyn Tagh, the Changma, and the Haiyuan fault zones following the northwest and northeast edges of the plateau ; the East Kunlun Active Fault Zone in the middle , and the Garze -Yushu and the Xianshuihe active fault zones across the south of the area, their slip rates have been estimated as in the range of 10 -20mm/a.
(2) Marginal thrusts, including those developed in Mts. Qilian of about 300 km in width, and in Mts. Liupan Shan and Mts. Longmen Shan. Their slip rates have been sug- gested as around 1mm/a.
( 3 ) NNW-trending transcompressional faults , or , thrusts with right - lateral strike -slip components that developed longitudinally between 98-104E.They have controlled the borders of some Tertiary-Quaternary basins and ranges. The horizontal slip rate of some of the faults have reached 2-3mm/a.
Since the Himalayan Movement, the regional tectonics have been largely reformed by faulting. Recent studies demonstrate that the late Quaternary crustal deformation mainly involves left-lateral strike-slip along the three arcuate fault belts, and the consequently eastward motion of the two blocks in between. Marginal thrusting has also played an important role, especially in the early stage. Mts. Qilian and Mts. Liupan might have built mostly in Quaternary. Finally, the NNW-trending transcompressional faults may have accommodated northeastward differential compression caused by the boundary condition of the Indian plate , and absorbed a fraction of the eastward motion of the two faulted blocks mentioned above.
Quaternary faulting in the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is discussed in this paper with their slip rate data obtained by many field investigations and mapping in recent years, including that newly obtained during the Sino-France cooperation on the East Kun-lun in 1993-1994. Significant Quaternary active faults in this region can be classified into three categories:
(1) Large-scale, arcuate left-lateral strike-slip fault zones, which include the Altyn Tagh, the Changma, and the Haiyuan fault zones following the northwest and northeast edges of the plateau ; the East Kunlun Active Fault Zone in the middle , and the Garze -Yushu and the Xianshuihe active fault zones across the south of the area, their slip rates have been estimated as in the range of 10 -20mm/a.
(2) Marginal thrusts, including those developed in Mts. Qilian of about 300 km in width, and in Mts. Liupan Shan and Mts. Longmen Shan. Their slip rates have been sug- gested as around 1mm/a.
( 3 ) NNW-trending transcompressional faults , or , thrusts with right - lateral strike -slip components that developed longitudinally between 98-104E.They have controlled the borders of some Tertiary-Quaternary basins and ranges. The horizontal slip rate of some of the faults have reached 2-3mm/a.
Since the Himalayan Movement, the regional tectonics have been largely reformed by faulting. Recent studies demonstrate that the late Quaternary crustal deformation mainly involves left-lateral strike-slip along the three arcuate fault belts, and the consequently eastward motion of the two blocks in between. Marginal thrusting has also played an important role, especially in the early stage. Mts. Qilian and Mts. Liupan might have built mostly in Quaternary. Finally, the NNW-trending transcompressional faults may have accommodated northeastward differential compression caused by the boundary condition of the Indian plate , and absorbed a fraction of the eastward motion of the two faulted blocks mentioned above.
引文
陈志泰、虢顺民、戴华光,1993,河西-祁连山地区断层活动及其动力作用,《中法合作活断层对比研究》,29 50,地震出版社,北京。
邓起东、陈社发、赵小麟,1994,龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震及动力学,地震地质,Vol.16,No.4,389-403。
丁国瑜、卢演俦,1986,中国现代板内运动状态的初步研究,科学通报,No.18,1412-1415。
丁国瑜,199O,全新世断层活动的不均匀性,中国地震,Vol.6,No.1,1-9。
国家地震局《阿尔金活动断裂带》课题组,1992,阿尔金活动断裂带,319,地震出版社,北京。
国家地震局地质研究所、宁夏回族自治区地震局,1990,海原活动断裂带,289,地震出版社,北京。
国家地震局地质研究所、兰州地震研究所,1993,祁连山-河西走廊活动断裂系,340,地震出版社。
国家地震局兰州地震研究所,1992,昌马活动断裂带,206,地震出版社,北京。
虢顺民、P.Tapponnier,陈志泰,1993,中法合作活断层对比研究,253,地震出版社,北京。
向宏发等,1993,祁连块体的旋转运动与区域地震活动的时空分布,《中法合作活断层对比研究》,地震出版社,北京。
许志琴、侯立玮、王宗秀,1992,中国松潘-甘孜造山带的造山过程,190,地质出版社,北京。
Allen,C.R.,et al.,1991,Field study of a highly active fault zone:the Xianshuihe fault of Southwest China,Bull.Geol.Soc.Am.,103,1178-1199．
Armijo,R.,P.Tapponnier and Han Tonglin,1989,Late Cenozoic right-lateral strike-slip faulting across south Tibet,J.Geophys.Res.,94,2787-2838．
Avouac,J.-P.and P.Tapponnier,1993,Kinematic model of active deformation in central Asia,Geophys.Res.Lett.,20,895-898．
Deng Qidong,Chen Shefa,Song Fangmin,Zhu Shilong,Wang Yipeng,Zhang Weiqi,Jiao Decheng,B.C.Burchfiel,P.Molnar,L.Royden and Zhang Peizheng,1986,Variations in the geometry and amount of slip on the Haiyuan fault zone,and the surface rupture of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake,In:Maurice Ewing Series 6,Am.Geophys.Un.,Wash.,160-182．
Kidd,W.S.F.and P.Molnar,1988,Quaternary and active faulting observed on the 1985 Academia Sinica-Royal Society Geotraverse of Tibet,In:The Geological Evolution of Tibet-Report of the 1985 Royal Society-Academia Sinica Geotraverse of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,337-363．
Peltzer,G.,P.Tapponnier,Y.Gaudemer,B.Meyer,S.Guo,K.Yin,Z.Chen,and H.Dai,1988,Offsets of late Quaternary morphology,rate of slip and recurrence of large earthquakes on the Changma Fault,J.Geophys Res.,93,7793-7812．
Peltzer,G.,P.Tapponnier,and R.Armijo,1989,Magnitude of late Quaternary left-lateral displacements along the north edge of Tibet,Science,246,1285-1289．
Tapponnier,P.,B.Meyer,J.P.Avouac,G.Peltzer,Y.Gaudemer,S.Guo,H.Xiang,K.Yin,Z.Chen,S.Cai,and H.Dai,1990,Active thrusting and folding in the Qilian Shan,and decoupling between upper crust and mantle in northeastern Tibet,Earth Planet Sci.Lett.,97,382-403．
Xu Zhiqin,Jiang Mei,Zhao Guoguang,Lin Baoyu,Ji Qiang,Xu Qiang,Qian Fang,Zhang Wenzhi,Yang Jingsui,Qu Jinchuan,Zhao Rongli,Li Haibin,Chen Wen,Guo Zhengfu,He Qunlu,Shi Danian,Xue Guangqi,Lu Qingtian,Ma Kaiyi,Su Heping,and Wang Yinsheng,1995,Tectonic evolution and lithospheric shortening mechanism in the East Kunlun Mountains and adjacent area(abstract),Symp.on Uplift,Deformation and Deep Structure of Northern Tibet,la Grande Motte-France,September,21-23．
Zhao Guoguang,Liu Dequan,Wei Wei,He Qunlu,Su Gang,et al.,1990,Late Quaternary slip rate and segmentation of the Xianshuihe Active Fault Zone,In:Proc.PRC-USA Symp.on Xianshuihe Active Fault Zone,held in Chengdu,China,Oct.,1990,Seismological Press,41-57．
邓起东、陈社发、赵小麟,1994,龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震及动力学,地震地质,Vol.16,No.4,389-403。
丁国瑜、卢演俦,1986,中国现代板内运动状态的初步研究,科学通报,No.18,1412-1415。
丁国瑜,199O,全新世断层活动的不均匀性,中国地震,Vol.6,No.1,1-9。
国家地震局《阿尔金活动断裂带》课题组,1992,阿尔金活动断裂带,319,地震出版社,北京。
国家地震局地质研究所、宁夏回族自治区地震局,1990,海原活动断裂带,289,地震出版社,北京。
国家地震局地质研究所、兰州地震研究所,1993,祁连山-河西走廊活动断裂系,340,地震出版社。
国家地震局兰州地震研究所,1992,昌马活动断裂带,206,地震出版社,北京。
虢顺民、P.Tapponnier,陈志泰,1993,中法合作活断层对比研究,253,地震出版社,北京。
向宏发等,1993,祁连块体的旋转运动与区域地震活动的时空分布,《中法合作活断层对比研究》,地震出版社,北京。
许志琴、侯立玮、王宗秀,1992,中国松潘-甘孜造山带的造山过程,190,地质出版社,北京。
Allen,C.R.,et al.,1991,Field study of a highly active fault zone:the Xianshuihe fault of Southwest China,Bull.Geol.Soc.Am.,103,1178-1199．
Armijo,R.,P.Tapponnier and Han Tonglin,1989,Late Cenozoic right-lateral strike-slip faulting across south Tibet,J.Geophys.Res.,94,2787-2838．
Avouac,J.-P.and P.Tapponnier,1993,Kinematic model of active deformation in central Asia,Geophys.Res.Lett.,20,895-898．
Deng Qidong,Chen Shefa,Song Fangmin,Zhu Shilong,Wang Yipeng,Zhang Weiqi,Jiao Decheng,B.C.Burchfiel,P.Molnar,L.Royden and Zhang Peizheng,1986,Variations in the geometry and amount of slip on the Haiyuan fault zone,and the surface rupture of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake,In:Maurice Ewing Series 6,Am.Geophys.Un.,Wash.,160-182．
Kidd,W.S.F.and P.Molnar,1988,Quaternary and active faulting observed on the 1985 Academia Sinica-Royal Society Geotraverse of Tibet,In:The Geological Evolution of Tibet-Report of the 1985 Royal Society-Academia Sinica Geotraverse of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,337-363．
Peltzer,G.,P.Tapponnier,Y.Gaudemer,B.Meyer,S.Guo,K.Yin,Z.Chen,and H.Dai,1988,Offsets of late Quaternary morphology,rate of slip and recurrence of large earthquakes on the Changma Fault,J.Geophys Res.,93,7793-7812．
Peltzer,G.,P.Tapponnier,and R.Armijo,1989,Magnitude of late Quaternary left-lateral displacements along the north edge of Tibet,Science,246,1285-1289．
Tapponnier,P.,B.Meyer,J.P.Avouac,G.Peltzer,Y.Gaudemer,S.Guo,H.Xiang,K.Yin,Z.Chen,S.Cai,and H.Dai,1990,Active thrusting and folding in the Qilian Shan,and decoupling between upper crust and mantle in northeastern Tibet,Earth Planet Sci.Lett.,97,382-403．
Xu Zhiqin,Jiang Mei,Zhao Guoguang,Lin Baoyu,Ji Qiang,Xu Qiang,Qian Fang,Zhang Wenzhi,Yang Jingsui,Qu Jinchuan,Zhao Rongli,Li Haibin,Chen Wen,Guo Zhengfu,He Qunlu,Shi Danian,Xue Guangqi,Lu Qingtian,Ma Kaiyi,Su Heping,and Wang Yinsheng,1995,Tectonic evolution and lithospheric shortening mechanism in the East Kunlun Mountains and adjacent area(abstract),Symp.on Uplift,Deformation and Deep Structure of Northern Tibet,la Grande Motte-France,September,21-23．
Zhao Guoguang,Liu Dequan,Wei Wei,He Qunlu,Su Gang,et al.,1990,Late Quaternary slip rate and segmentation of the Xianshuihe Active Fault Zone,In:Proc.PRC-USA Symp.on Xianshuihe Active Fault Zone,held in Chengdu,China,Oct.,1990,Seismological Press,41-57．
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