汶川地震强震区映秀地区泥石流的危险性
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摘要
汶川地震震中四川省汶川县映秀镇及附近于2010-08-14暴发群发性泥石流(简称"8.14"泥石流),造成巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失。地震灾区松散固体物源丰富,泥石流灾害相对活跃,估算未来不同降雨频率下泥石流的暴发规模并评价其危险性,是泥石流灾害风险管制的首要工作。在研究四川省部分地区的泥石流和对应降雨频率资料的基础上,得到泥石流规模和降雨频率之间的关系式。以映秀"8.14"泥石流的暴发规模和降雨频率为基础数据,通过泥石流规模和降雨频率之间的关系式推算得到映秀及附近岷江两岸13条泥石流沟在不同降雨频率下的泥石流规模。以泥石流在堆积扇上的平均堆积厚度(泥石流规模/堆积扇面积)、泥石流发生频率、流域面积、主沟长度、流域相对高度、流域切割密度和不稳定沟床比例为危险性判断因子,分别对映秀及邻近地区的13条泥石流沟在100 a、50 a、20 a、10 a和5 a一遇5种不同频率降雨条件下的泥石流危险性进行评价。结果表明:在5种降雨频率下,8条沟的泥石流危险性为高度,4条沟的为中度到高度,1条沟的为中度。
Group debris flows occurred on August 14,2010 in Yingxiu area,epicenter of Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan province,which caused enormous life and property losses.The debris flows are very active because of the abundant loose materials in earthquake-stricken areas,it is the primary work for the management and control of debris flow risk to estimate the scale and hazard under different rainfall frequencies in the future.The empirical formula between debris flow scale and rainfall frequency was obtained by collecting and studying the datum.The scales of 13 debris flows under different rainfall frequencies were calculated through the empirical formula with the basic datum of "8.14"debris flows scales and rainfall frequency in Yingxiu area along the Minjiang river.Chosen the average deposition thickness of alluvial fan(scale / alluvial fan area),occurrence frequency,drainage area,channel length,basin relative height,valley incision density and instability gully cutting proportion as hazard judgment factors,the debris flow hazards of 13 gullies were assessed under the rainfall return period of 100 years,50 years,20 years,10 years and 5 years in Yingxiu area.The results indicated that debris flow hazards of 8 gullies were high under 5 rainfall frequencies,debris flow hazards of 4 gullies were moderate to high under different rainfall frequency,the remaining one was moderate hazard under 5 rainfall frequencies.The method using average deposition thickness on alluvial fan as the variable factor of hazard assessment can better estimate the debris flow hazard in different rainfall frequency.
Group debris flows occurred on August 14,2010 in Yingxiu area,epicenter of Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan province,which caused enormous life and property losses.The debris flows are very active because of the abundant loose materials in earthquake-stricken areas,it is the primary work for the management and control of debris flow risk to estimate the scale and hazard under different rainfall frequencies in the future.The empirical formula between debris flow scale and rainfall frequency was obtained by collecting and studying the datum.The scales of 13 debris flows under different rainfall frequencies were calculated through the empirical formula with the basic datum of "8.14"debris flows scales and rainfall frequency in Yingxiu area along the Minjiang river.Chosen the average deposition thickness of alluvial fan(scale / alluvial fan area),occurrence frequency,drainage area,channel length,basin relative height,valley incision density and instability gully cutting proportion as hazard judgment factors,the debris flow hazards of 13 gullies were assessed under the rainfall return period of 100 years,50 years,20 years,10 years and 5 years in Yingxiu area.The results indicated that debris flow hazards of 8 gullies were high under 5 rainfall frequencies,debris flow hazards of 4 gullies were moderate to high under different rainfall frequency,the remaining one was moderate hazard under 5 rainfall frequencies.The method using average deposition thickness on alluvial fan as the variable factor of hazard assessment can better estimate the debris flow hazard in different rainfall frequency.
引文
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[9]Xue Feng.Development characters and negative influences of Long-da-gou debris flow in Huangjinping hydroelectric power station[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2006[薛峰.黄金坪水电站坝区龙达沟泥石流发育特征及其对工程影响研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2006]
[10]Wu Lijun.The Shenqidi debris flow's development character andprevention countermeasure Pubugou power station,Dadu river[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2006[吴丽君.大渡河瀑布沟水电站坝址左岸深启低沟泥石流发育特征及防治研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2006]
[11]Zhu Haiyong,Hu Xiewen,LüXiaoping.The debris flow movementcharacteristics and their influences on engineering projects in theDaqiao channel in Yalong river,southwest of China[J].Journal ofChengdu University of Technology:Science&Technology Edition,2006,33(6):557-560[朱海勇,胡卸文,吕小平.大桥沟泥石流运动特征及其对工程影响分析[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2006,33(6):557-560]
[12]Wei Chengwu,Wu Xiyong.The debris flow movement characteris-tics and their influences on engineering projects in the Lamaxichannel[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,15(6):170-172[魏成武,巫锡勇.喇嘛溪沟泥石流运动特征及其对工程影响分析[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(6):170-172]
[13]Su Xiaoqin.The study on the characteristics and risk assessment ofdebris flow in Shenjia gully of Luding country of Sichuan[D].Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2008[苏小琴.四川泸定县城区深家沟泥石流特征及风险评价研究[D].成都:成都理工大学,2008]
[14]Ao Haoxiang,Liu Jing,Kuang Mingsheng,et al.The formation con-dition and disaster assessment of debris flow-take Dazhaigou valleyas an example[J].Journal of Jiangxi Normal University:NaturalScience,2006,30(3):303-307[敖浩翔,刘晶,况明生,等.泥石流的形成条件及灾害评估方法——以大寨沟流域泥石流灾害评估为例[J].江西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2006,30(3):303-307]
[15]Tang Chuan,Zhang Weifeng,Huang Da.Features of debris flow inreservoir of hydropower station in the Meigu river of Jinshajiang[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2006,26(2):129-135[唐川,张伟峰,黄达.美姑河牛牛坝水电站库区泥石流基本特征[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2006,26(2):129-135]
[16]Chen Ningsheng,Chen Qingbo.Frequency of different scale debrisflows in limited triggering earth——taking luojiaba valley debrisflow for example[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technolo-gy:Science&Technology Edition,2003,30(6):612-616[陈宁生,陈清波.有限物源流域不同规模的泥石流频率分析——以川西黑水河罗家坝泥石流沟为例[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2003,30(6):612-616]
[17]Zhao Xurun.Mechanism about debris flow?s formation and inves-tigation on method of treatment in Hailiu clough[D].Nanjing:Ho-hai University,2007[赵旭润.海流沟泥石流形成机理及治理方法研究[D].南京:河海大学,2007]
[18]Chen Ningsheng,Gao Yanchao,Li Dongfeng,et al.Conflux processanalysis of disastrous debris flow in Qiongshan ravine,Danba,Si-chuan province[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2004,13(3):104-108[陈宁生,高延超,李东风,等.丹巴县邛山沟特大灾害性泥石流汇流过程分析[J].自然灾害学报,2004,13(3):104-108]
[19]Liu Xilin.Study on the decision of debris flow hazard degree[J].Journal of Catastrophology,1988,(3):10-15[刘希林.泥石流危险度判定的研究[J].灾害学,1988,(3):10-15]
[20]Liu Xilin.Quantitative assessment on site-specific debris flow haz-ard and application[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitiga-tion Engineering,2010,30(3):241-245[刘希林.沟谷泥石流危险度计算公式的由来及其应用实例[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2010,30(3):241-245]
[21]Liu Xilin,LüXuejun,Su Pengcheng.Characteristics and hazard as-sessment of debris flow in Chayuan Gully of Wenchuan county inSichuan[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2004,13(1):66-71[刘希林,吕学军,苏鹏程.四川汶川茶园沟泥石流灾害特征及危险度评价[J].自然灾害学报,2004,13(1):66-71]
[22]Tang Chuan,Zhou Juqian,Zhu Jing,et al.A study on the risk zon-ing of debris flow on alluvial fans by applying technology of numeri-cal simulation[J].Journal of Catastrophology,1994,9(4):7-13[唐川,周钜乾,朱静,等.泥石流堆积扇危险度分区评价的数值模拟研究[J].灾害学,1994,9(4):7-13]
[23]Jakob M,Hungr O.Debris-flow hazards and related phenomena[M].Chichester:Praxis Publishing Ltd,2005:519-538
[24]Marcel Hürlimann,Ramon Copons,Joan Altimir.Detailed debrisflow hazard assessment in Andorra:a multidisciplinary approach[J].Geomorphology,2006,(78):359-372
[25]Liu Qinghua,Yu Bin,Tang Chuan,et al.The study on hazard as-sessment of debris flows in Longchi area of Dujiangyan city,Si-chuan province[J].Advances in Earth Science,2012,27(6):50-57[刘清华,余斌,唐川,等.四川省都江堰市龙池地区泥石流危险性评价研究.地球科学进展,2012,27(6):50-57]
[26]Chuan Tang,Jing Zhu,Jun Ding,et al.Catastrophic debris flowstriggered by a 14 August 2010 rainfall at the epicenter of the Wen-chuan earthquake[J].Landslides,2011,8(4):485-497
[2]Xie Hong,Zhong Dunlun,Jiao Zhen,et al.Debris flow in Wenchuanquake-hit area in 2008[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2009,27(4):501-509[谢洪,钟敦伦,矫震,等.2008年汶川地震重灾区的泥石流[J].山地学报,2009,27(4):501-509]
[3]Tang Chuan,Li Weile,Ding Jun,et al.Field investigation and re-search on giant debris flow on August 14,2010 in Yingxiu town,epi-center of Wenchuan earthquake[J].Earth Science:Journal of ChinaUniversity of Geosciences,2011,36(1):172-180[唐川,李为乐,丁军,等.汶川震区映秀镇“8.14”特大泥石流灾害调查[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,2011,36(1):172-180]
[4]Ministry of Land and Resources of the People's Republic of China.DZ/T 0220-2006 specification of geological investigation for deb-ris flow stabilization[S].Beijing:Ministry of Land and Resources ofthe People's Republic,2006[国土资源部.DZ/T0220-2006泥石流灾害防治工程勘察规范[S].北京:国土资源部,2006]
[5]Shen Xingju,Zhang Jinshan,Wang Shige,et al.Evaluation of debrisflow risk in worst-hit area of Wenchuan earthquake based on increasecoefficient[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,30(5):97-101[沈兴菊,张金山,王士革,等.5.12地震后灾区泥石流危险度增加系数评价[J].水土保持通报,2010,30(5):97-101]
[6]You Yong,Chen Xingzhang,Liu Jinfeng.Dam-breaking debris flowsand its countermeasures of Gangou gully following the Wenchuanearthquake in Anxian county,Sichuan[J].Journal of Mountain Sci-ence,2011,29(3):320-327[游勇,陈兴长,柳金峰.汶川地震后四川安县甘沟堵溃泥石流及其对策[J].山地学报,2011,29(3):320-327]
[7]Hu Xiewen,LüXiaoping,Huang Runqiu,et al.Analyses of riverblocking and breaking mode of“9.24”debris flow near Tangjiashanbarrier dam[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,2009,44(3):312-320,326[胡卸文,吕小平,黄润秋,等.唐家山堰塞坝“9.24”泥石流堵江及溃决模式[J].西南交通大学学报,2009,44(3):312-320,326]
[8]Pei Kening.Development characters and negative influences of haierdebris flow in Longtoushi hydroelectric power station[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2007[裴克宁.龙头石水电站海尔沟泥石流发育特征及对移民场地影响评价[D].成都:西南交通大学,2007]
[9]Xue Feng.Development characters and negative influences of Long-da-gou debris flow in Huangjinping hydroelectric power station[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2006[薛峰.黄金坪水电站坝区龙达沟泥石流发育特征及其对工程影响研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2006]
[10]Wu Lijun.The Shenqidi debris flow's development character andprevention countermeasure Pubugou power station,Dadu river[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2006[吴丽君.大渡河瀑布沟水电站坝址左岸深启低沟泥石流发育特征及防治研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2006]
[11]Zhu Haiyong,Hu Xiewen,LüXiaoping.The debris flow movementcharacteristics and their influences on engineering projects in theDaqiao channel in Yalong river,southwest of China[J].Journal ofChengdu University of Technology:Science&Technology Edition,2006,33(6):557-560[朱海勇,胡卸文,吕小平.大桥沟泥石流运动特征及其对工程影响分析[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2006,33(6):557-560]
[12]Wei Chengwu,Wu Xiyong.The debris flow movement characteris-tics and their influences on engineering projects in the Lamaxichannel[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,15(6):170-172[魏成武,巫锡勇.喇嘛溪沟泥石流运动特征及其对工程影响分析[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(6):170-172]
[13]Su Xiaoqin.The study on the characteristics and risk assessment ofdebris flow in Shenjia gully of Luding country of Sichuan[D].Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2008[苏小琴.四川泸定县城区深家沟泥石流特征及风险评价研究[D].成都:成都理工大学,2008]
[14]Ao Haoxiang,Liu Jing,Kuang Mingsheng,et al.The formation con-dition and disaster assessment of debris flow-take Dazhaigou valleyas an example[J].Journal of Jiangxi Normal University:NaturalScience,2006,30(3):303-307[敖浩翔,刘晶,况明生,等.泥石流的形成条件及灾害评估方法——以大寨沟流域泥石流灾害评估为例[J].江西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2006,30(3):303-307]
[15]Tang Chuan,Zhang Weifeng,Huang Da.Features of debris flow inreservoir of hydropower station in the Meigu river of Jinshajiang[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2006,26(2):129-135[唐川,张伟峰,黄达.美姑河牛牛坝水电站库区泥石流基本特征[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2006,26(2):129-135]
[16]Chen Ningsheng,Chen Qingbo.Frequency of different scale debrisflows in limited triggering earth——taking luojiaba valley debrisflow for example[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technolo-gy:Science&Technology Edition,2003,30(6):612-616[陈宁生,陈清波.有限物源流域不同规模的泥石流频率分析——以川西黑水河罗家坝泥石流沟为例[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2003,30(6):612-616]
[17]Zhao Xurun.Mechanism about debris flow?s formation and inves-tigation on method of treatment in Hailiu clough[D].Nanjing:Ho-hai University,2007[赵旭润.海流沟泥石流形成机理及治理方法研究[D].南京:河海大学,2007]
[18]Chen Ningsheng,Gao Yanchao,Li Dongfeng,et al.Conflux processanalysis of disastrous debris flow in Qiongshan ravine,Danba,Si-chuan province[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2004,13(3):104-108[陈宁生,高延超,李东风,等.丹巴县邛山沟特大灾害性泥石流汇流过程分析[J].自然灾害学报,2004,13(3):104-108]
[19]Liu Xilin.Study on the decision of debris flow hazard degree[J].Journal of Catastrophology,1988,(3):10-15[刘希林.泥石流危险度判定的研究[J].灾害学,1988,(3):10-15]
[20]Liu Xilin.Quantitative assessment on site-specific debris flow haz-ard and application[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitiga-tion Engineering,2010,30(3):241-245[刘希林.沟谷泥石流危险度计算公式的由来及其应用实例[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2010,30(3):241-245]
[21]Liu Xilin,LüXuejun,Su Pengcheng.Characteristics and hazard as-sessment of debris flow in Chayuan Gully of Wenchuan county inSichuan[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2004,13(1):66-71[刘希林,吕学军,苏鹏程.四川汶川茶园沟泥石流灾害特征及危险度评价[J].自然灾害学报,2004,13(1):66-71]
[22]Tang Chuan,Zhou Juqian,Zhu Jing,et al.A study on the risk zon-ing of debris flow on alluvial fans by applying technology of numeri-cal simulation[J].Journal of Catastrophology,1994,9(4):7-13[唐川,周钜乾,朱静,等.泥石流堆积扇危险度分区评价的数值模拟研究[J].灾害学,1994,9(4):7-13]
[23]Jakob M,Hungr O.Debris-flow hazards and related phenomena[M].Chichester:Praxis Publishing Ltd,2005:519-538
[24]Marcel Hürlimann,Ramon Copons,Joan Altimir.Detailed debrisflow hazard assessment in Andorra:a multidisciplinary approach[J].Geomorphology,2006,(78):359-372
[25]Liu Qinghua,Yu Bin,Tang Chuan,et al.The study on hazard as-sessment of debris flows in Longchi area of Dujiangyan city,Si-chuan province[J].Advances in Earth Science,2012,27(6):50-57[刘清华,余斌,唐川,等.四川省都江堰市龙池地区泥石流危险性评价研究.地球科学进展,2012,27(6):50-57]
[26]Chuan Tang,Jing Zhu,Jun Ding,et al.Catastrophic debris flowstriggered by a 14 August 2010 rainfall at the epicenter of the Wen-chuan earthquake[J].Landslides,2011,8(4):485-497
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