中国大陆与各活动地块、南北地震带实测应力特征分析
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摘要
本文以"中国大陆地壳应力环境基础数据库"为基础,补充了迄今为止查阅到的中国大陆水压致裂法与应力解除法的实测地应力数据,在1474个测点上得到3586条数据,研究区经度范围75°E-130°E,纬度范围18°N-47°N,深度范围0～4000m,基本覆盖了中国大陆的各活动地块与南北地震带各段等研究区.本文采用等深度段分组归纳的方法解决了实测地应力数据样本数量沿深度分布的不均匀问题,给出了中国大陆与各研究区地壳浅层测量深度范围内应力量值、方位特征.结果显示:(1)中国大陆地壳浅层最大水平应力、最小水平应力、垂直应力随深度呈线性增加;(2)中国大陆地区侧压系数随深度的变化特征为:浅部离散,随着深度增加而集中,并趋向0.68,D=465m是水平作用为主导向垂直作用为主导的转换深度,Kav=1;(3)中国大陆水平差应力在地表为3 MPa左右,随深度增加以5.8MPa/km的梯度增大;(4)在测量深度范围内,中国大陆各研究区最大水平应力中间值(深度为2000m时的统计回归值)从大到小的顺序是:青藏地块63.6MPa、南北带北段57.3MPa、华南地块51.4MPa、华北地块50.5MPa、南北带中段47.9MPa、西域地块47.5MPa、南北带南段45.4MPa、东北地块44.8MPa,总体表现为"西强东弱"的基本特征,反映了印度板块与欧亚板块的强烈碰撞是中国大陆构造应力场强度总体特征的主要来源;(5)与其他研究区相比较,青藏地块地壳在从南向北的挤压作用下呈现出明显的"浅弱深强"特点;(6)最大水平应力方向的总体特征,基本以青藏高原为中心,呈辐射状展布,由西向东,从近N-S方向逐步顺时针旋转至NNE-SSW、NE-SW、NEE-SWW、NW-SE方向,与深部的震源机制解研究结果有一致性.
The latest hydraulic fracturing and stress relief measurement data of Chinese mainland was collected and supplemented to the "Database of Crustal Stress in China and Adjacent Area" which was established in 2003.The entries of in situ stress data measured at 1474 points are 3586.The longitude,latitude,and depth range is 75°E—130°E,18°N~47°N and 0~4000 meters respectively.Every active block and each section of north-south seismic belt have data more or less.Depth-grouping analysis was used in this paper to solve the problem caused by uneven distribution of measurement data along the depth.The magnitude and direction characteristics of stresses measured in the shallow crust of Chinese mainland and each study area were given.The result is summarized as follows.(1) The magnitudes of maximum horizontal stress,minimum horizontal stress,and vertical stress all increase linearly with depth;(2) The characteristics of the lateral pressure coefficient with depth can be described as follow.The distribution of Kav is scattered in superficial crust,becomes more concentrated in the deeper crust and trends to 0.68.At a depth of 465 m Kav equals to 1 which indicates the transition from horizontal to vertical stress domination.(3) The magnitude of horizontal differential stress equals to 3 MPa at surface.The growth gradient is 5.8 MPa/km.(4) In the middle depth range of measurement data in Chinese mainland(i.e.depth equals to 2000 meters),the descending order of stress magnitudes in various blocks is: 63.6 MPa in Qinghai-Tibet,57.3 MPa in north section of north-south seismic belt,51.4 MPa in south China,50.5 MPa in north China,47.9 MPa in middle section of north-south seismic belt,47.5 MPa in northwestern China,45.4 MPa in south section of north-south seismic belt,and 44.8 MPa in northeast China.Generally,the basic characteristic of magnitude is high in west and weak in east.This indicates that the strong collision of Indian plate and Eurasian plate determines the general strength characteristics of tectonic stress field in Chinese mainland.(5) Compared to most other study regions,the crustal stress magnitude feature of the Qinghai-Tibet block under northward compression is lower in the shallow and higher in the deep.(6) The general direction characteristics of maximum horizontal stress basically spread radially from the center of Tibetan Plateau.The directions of maximum horizontal stress gradually rotate clockwise from N-S to NNE-SSW,NE-SW,NEE-SWW,NW-SE and are consistent with the result of focal mechanism solution.
The latest hydraulic fracturing and stress relief measurement data of Chinese mainland was collected and supplemented to the "Database of Crustal Stress in China and Adjacent Area" which was established in 2003.The entries of in situ stress data measured at 1474 points are 3586.The longitude,latitude,and depth range is 75°E—130°E,18°N~47°N and 0~4000 meters respectively.Every active block and each section of north-south seismic belt have data more or less.Depth-grouping analysis was used in this paper to solve the problem caused by uneven distribution of measurement data along the depth.The magnitude and direction characteristics of stresses measured in the shallow crust of Chinese mainland and each study area were given.The result is summarized as follows.(1) The magnitudes of maximum horizontal stress,minimum horizontal stress,and vertical stress all increase linearly with depth;(2) The characteristics of the lateral pressure coefficient with depth can be described as follow.The distribution of Kav is scattered in superficial crust,becomes more concentrated in the deeper crust and trends to 0.68.At a depth of 465 m Kav equals to 1 which indicates the transition from horizontal to vertical stress domination.(3) The magnitude of horizontal differential stress equals to 3 MPa at surface.The growth gradient is 5.8 MPa/km.(4) In the middle depth range of measurement data in Chinese mainland(i.e.depth equals to 2000 meters),the descending order of stress magnitudes in various blocks is: 63.6 MPa in Qinghai-Tibet,57.3 MPa in north section of north-south seismic belt,51.4 MPa in south China,50.5 MPa in north China,47.9 MPa in middle section of north-south seismic belt,47.5 MPa in northwestern China,45.4 MPa in south section of north-south seismic belt,and 44.8 MPa in northeast China.Generally,the basic characteristic of magnitude is high in west and weak in east.This indicates that the strong collision of Indian plate and Eurasian plate determines the general strength characteristics of tectonic stress field in Chinese mainland.(5) Compared to most other study regions,the crustal stress magnitude feature of the Qinghai-Tibet block under northward compression is lower in the shallow and higher in the deep.(6) The general direction characteristics of maximum horizontal stress basically spread radially from the center of Tibetan Plateau.The directions of maximum horizontal stress gradually rotate clockwise from N-S to NNE-SSW,NE-SW,NEE-SWW,NW-SE and are consistent with the result of focal mechanism solution.
引文
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[2]Worotniki G,Denham D.The state stress in the upper partof the Earth's crust in Australia according to measurements intunnels and mines and from seismic observation:Investigation ofStress in Rock-Advances in Stress Measurement,Int.Soc.Rock Mech.Symp.Sydney,Australia:[s.n.],1976:71-82.
[3]Brown E T,Hoek E.Trends in relationships betweenmeasured in-situ stresses and depth.Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.Geomech.Abstr.,1978,15(4):211-215.
[4]Stacey T R,Wesseloo J.In situ stresses in mining areas inSouth Africa,JIS.Afr.Inst.Min.Metall.,1998,98(7):365-368.
[5]Zoback M L.First-and second-order patterns of stress in thelithosphere:the world stress map project.J.Geophys.Res.,1992,97(B8):11703-11728.
[6]李方全,祁英男.地壳应力随深度的变化规律.岩石力学与工程学报,1988,7(4):301-309.Li F Q,Qi Y N.Variation of crustal stresses with depth inChina.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering(in Chinese),1988,7(4):301-309.
[7]蔡美峰.地应力测量原理和技术.北京:科学出版社,2000.Cai M F.The Principle and Technology of In-Situ StressMeasurement(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,2000.
[8]朱焕春,陶振宇.不同岩石中地应力分布.地震学报,1994,16(1):49-63.Zhu H C,Tao Z Y.Geostress distributions in differentrocks.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1994,16(1):49-63.
[9]景锋,盛谦,张勇慧等.不同地质成因岩石地应力分布规律的统计分析.岩土力学,2008,29(7):1877-1883.Jing F,Sheng Q,Zhang Y H,et al.Statistical analysis ofgeostress distribution laws for different rocks.Rock and SoilMechanics(in Chinese),2008,29(7):1877-1883.
[10]朱焕春,陶振宇.地形地貌与地应力分布的初步分析.水利水电技术,1994,223(1):29-34.Zhu H C,Tao Z Y.A preliminary analysis on ground stressand topography morphology.Water Resources andHydropower Engineering(in Chinese),1994,223(1):29-34.
[11]赵德安,陈志敏,蔡小林等.中国地应力场分布规律统计分析.岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(6):1265-1271.Zhao D A,Chen Z M,Cai X L,et al.Analysis ofdistribution rule of geostress in China.Chinese Journal ofRock Mechanics and Engineering(in Chinese),2007,26(6):1265-1271.
[12]石耀霖.地应力主应力的方位角求和与平均.地震学报,2004,26(1):106-109.Shi Y L.Summation and decomposition of principal stressesin the crust.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2004,26(1):106-109.
[13]谢富仁,陈群策,崔效锋等.中国大陆地壳应力环境研究.北京:地质出版社,2003.Xie F R,Chen Q C,Cui X F,et al.Research on CrustalStress State in China and Adjacent Area.Beijing:GeologicalPublish House,2003.
[14]张培震,邓起东,张国民等.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(增):12-20.Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Zhang G M,et al.Active tectonicblocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China.ScienceinChina(Series D),2003,46(Suppl.):13-24.
[15]谢富仁,崔效锋,赵建涛等.中国大陆及邻区现代构造应力场分区.地球物理学报,2004,47(4):654-662.Xie F R,Cui X F,Zhao J T,et al.Regional division of therecent tectonic stress field in China and adjacent areas.Chinese J.Geophysics.(in Chinese),2004,47(4):654-662.
[16]景锋,盛谦,张勇慧等.中国大陆浅层地壳实测地应力分布规律研究.岩土力学与工程学报,2007,26(10):2057-2062.Jing F,Sheng Q,Zhang Y H,et al.Research on distributionrule of shallow crustal geostress in China mainland.ChineseJournal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering(in Chinese),2007,26(10):2057-2062.
[17]许忠淮,石耀霖.岩石圈结构与大陆动力学.地震学报,2003,25(5):512-527.Xu Z H,Shi Y L.Lithospheric structure and continentalgeodynamics.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2003,25(5):512-527.
[18]邓起东,张裕明,许桂林等.中国构造应力场特征及其与板块运动的关系.地震地质,1979,1(1):11-22.Deng Q D,Zhang Y M,Xu G L,et al.On the tectonic stressfield in China and its relation to plate movement.Seismologyand Geology(in Chinese),1979,1(1):11-22.
[19]许忠淮,汪素云,黄雨蕊等.由大量的地震资料推断的我国大陆构造应力场.地球物理学报,1989,32(6):636-647.Xu Z H,Wang S Y,Huang Y R,et al.The tectonic stressfield of Chinese continent deduced from a great number ofearthquakes.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1989,32(6):636-647.
[20]阚荣举,张四昌,晏凤桐等.我国西南地区现代构造应力场与现代构造活动特征的探讨.地球物理学报,1977,20(2):96-108.Kan R J,Zhang S C,Yan F T,et al.Present tectonic stressfield and its relation to the characteristics of recent tectonicactivity in Southwestern China.Acta Geophysica Sinica(Chinese J.Geophys.)(in Chinese),1977,20(2):96-108.
[21]王连捷,吴珍汉,王薇等.青藏高原中段现今构造应力场的数值模拟.地质力学学报,2006,12(2):140-149.Wang L J,Wu Z H,Wang W,et al.Numerical modeling ofthe present tectonic stress field in the central Qinghai-Tibetplateau.Journal of Geomechanics(in Chinese),2006,12(2):140-149.
[22]张春山,吴满路,廖椿庭等.青海格尔木—五道梁地区现今地应力测量结果及其构造分析.地球物理学报,2005,26(2):183-186.Zhang C S,Wu M L,Liao C T,et al.Current stressmeasurement and structure analysis of Golmud-Wudaoliangregion in Qinghai province.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,26(2):183-186.
[23]邓阳凡,李守林,范蔚茗等.深地震测深揭示的华南地区地壳结构及其动力学意义.地球物理学报,2011,54(10):2560-2574.Deng Y F,Li S L,Fan W M,et al.Crustal structurebeneath South China revealed by deep seismic soundings andits dynamics implications.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(10):2560-2574.
[24]张辉,高原,石玉涛等.基于地壳介质各向异性分析青藏高原东北缘构造应力特征.地球物理学报,2012,55(1):95-104.Zang H,Gao Y,Shi Y T,et al.Tectonic stress analysisbased on the crustal seismic anisotropy in the northeasternmargin of Tibetan plateau.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(1):95-104.
[25]姜辉,高祥林.欧亚东边缘的双向板块汇聚及其对大陆的影响.地球物理学报,2012,55(3):897-905.Jiang H,Gao X L.Two-directional plate convergence alongthe east margin of Eurasia and its influence on the continent.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(3):897-905.
[2]Worotniki G,Denham D.The state stress in the upper partof the Earth's crust in Australia according to measurements intunnels and mines and from seismic observation:Investigation ofStress in Rock-Advances in Stress Measurement,Int.Soc.Rock Mech.Symp.Sydney,Australia:[s.n.],1976:71-82.
[3]Brown E T,Hoek E.Trends in relationships betweenmeasured in-situ stresses and depth.Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.Geomech.Abstr.,1978,15(4):211-215.
[4]Stacey T R,Wesseloo J.In situ stresses in mining areas inSouth Africa,JIS.Afr.Inst.Min.Metall.,1998,98(7):365-368.
[5]Zoback M L.First-and second-order patterns of stress in thelithosphere:the world stress map project.J.Geophys.Res.,1992,97(B8):11703-11728.
[6]李方全,祁英男.地壳应力随深度的变化规律.岩石力学与工程学报,1988,7(4):301-309.Li F Q,Qi Y N.Variation of crustal stresses with depth inChina.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering(in Chinese),1988,7(4):301-309.
[7]蔡美峰.地应力测量原理和技术.北京:科学出版社,2000.Cai M F.The Principle and Technology of In-Situ StressMeasurement(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,2000.
[8]朱焕春,陶振宇.不同岩石中地应力分布.地震学报,1994,16(1):49-63.Zhu H C,Tao Z Y.Geostress distributions in differentrocks.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1994,16(1):49-63.
[9]景锋,盛谦,张勇慧等.不同地质成因岩石地应力分布规律的统计分析.岩土力学,2008,29(7):1877-1883.Jing F,Sheng Q,Zhang Y H,et al.Statistical analysis ofgeostress distribution laws for different rocks.Rock and SoilMechanics(in Chinese),2008,29(7):1877-1883.
[10]朱焕春,陶振宇.地形地貌与地应力分布的初步分析.水利水电技术,1994,223(1):29-34.Zhu H C,Tao Z Y.A preliminary analysis on ground stressand topography morphology.Water Resources andHydropower Engineering(in Chinese),1994,223(1):29-34.
[11]赵德安,陈志敏,蔡小林等.中国地应力场分布规律统计分析.岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(6):1265-1271.Zhao D A,Chen Z M,Cai X L,et al.Analysis ofdistribution rule of geostress in China.Chinese Journal ofRock Mechanics and Engineering(in Chinese),2007,26(6):1265-1271.
[12]石耀霖.地应力主应力的方位角求和与平均.地震学报,2004,26(1):106-109.Shi Y L.Summation and decomposition of principal stressesin the crust.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2004,26(1):106-109.
[13]谢富仁,陈群策,崔效锋等.中国大陆地壳应力环境研究.北京:地质出版社,2003.Xie F R,Chen Q C,Cui X F,et al.Research on CrustalStress State in China and Adjacent Area.Beijing:GeologicalPublish House,2003.
[14]张培震,邓起东,张国民等.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(增):12-20.Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Zhang G M,et al.Active tectonicblocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China.ScienceinChina(Series D),2003,46(Suppl.):13-24.
[15]谢富仁,崔效锋,赵建涛等.中国大陆及邻区现代构造应力场分区.地球物理学报,2004,47(4):654-662.Xie F R,Cui X F,Zhao J T,et al.Regional division of therecent tectonic stress field in China and adjacent areas.Chinese J.Geophysics.(in Chinese),2004,47(4):654-662.
[16]景锋,盛谦,张勇慧等.中国大陆浅层地壳实测地应力分布规律研究.岩土力学与工程学报,2007,26(10):2057-2062.Jing F,Sheng Q,Zhang Y H,et al.Research on distributionrule of shallow crustal geostress in China mainland.ChineseJournal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering(in Chinese),2007,26(10):2057-2062.
[17]许忠淮,石耀霖.岩石圈结构与大陆动力学.地震学报,2003,25(5):512-527.Xu Z H,Shi Y L.Lithospheric structure and continentalgeodynamics.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2003,25(5):512-527.
[18]邓起东,张裕明,许桂林等.中国构造应力场特征及其与板块运动的关系.地震地质,1979,1(1):11-22.Deng Q D,Zhang Y M,Xu G L,et al.On the tectonic stressfield in China and its relation to plate movement.Seismologyand Geology(in Chinese),1979,1(1):11-22.
[19]许忠淮,汪素云,黄雨蕊等.由大量的地震资料推断的我国大陆构造应力场.地球物理学报,1989,32(6):636-647.Xu Z H,Wang S Y,Huang Y R,et al.The tectonic stressfield of Chinese continent deduced from a great number ofearthquakes.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1989,32(6):636-647.
[20]阚荣举,张四昌,晏凤桐等.我国西南地区现代构造应力场与现代构造活动特征的探讨.地球物理学报,1977,20(2):96-108.Kan R J,Zhang S C,Yan F T,et al.Present tectonic stressfield and its relation to the characteristics of recent tectonicactivity in Southwestern China.Acta Geophysica Sinica(Chinese J.Geophys.)(in Chinese),1977,20(2):96-108.
[21]王连捷,吴珍汉,王薇等.青藏高原中段现今构造应力场的数值模拟.地质力学学报,2006,12(2):140-149.Wang L J,Wu Z H,Wang W,et al.Numerical modeling ofthe present tectonic stress field in the central Qinghai-Tibetplateau.Journal of Geomechanics(in Chinese),2006,12(2):140-149.
[22]张春山,吴满路,廖椿庭等.青海格尔木—五道梁地区现今地应力测量结果及其构造分析.地球物理学报,2005,26(2):183-186.Zhang C S,Wu M L,Liao C T,et al.Current stressmeasurement and structure analysis of Golmud-Wudaoliangregion in Qinghai province.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,26(2):183-186.
[23]邓阳凡,李守林,范蔚茗等.深地震测深揭示的华南地区地壳结构及其动力学意义.地球物理学报,2011,54(10):2560-2574.Deng Y F,Li S L,Fan W M,et al.Crustal structurebeneath South China revealed by deep seismic soundings andits dynamics implications.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(10):2560-2574.
[24]张辉,高原,石玉涛等.基于地壳介质各向异性分析青藏高原东北缘构造应力特征.地球物理学报,2012,55(1):95-104.Zang H,Gao Y,Shi Y T,et al.Tectonic stress analysisbased on the crustal seismic anisotropy in the northeasternmargin of Tibetan plateau.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(1):95-104.
[25]姜辉,高祥林.欧亚东边缘的双向板块汇聚及其对大陆的影响.地球物理学报,2012,55(3):897-905.Jiang H,Gao X L.Two-directional plate convergence alongthe east margin of Eurasia and its influence on the continent.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(3):897-905.
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