河流冲沟裂点展布对全新世断层活动事件的响应——以山西交城断裂为例
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摘要
交城断裂带位于山西断陷系中部,是晋中盆地西界的控制性断裂。该断裂北端起自阳曲县泥屯镇,南到汾阳西侧,长约125km,总体走向NE,倾向SE。文中通过对山西交城断裂带41条冲沟124个裂点的实测和研究,论述了交城断裂带冲沟裂点的展布特征:1)冲沟上游裂点级数的数目与冲沟上游的长度呈正比关系;2)在各级裂点中,裂点距离与冲沟的长度呈正比关系;3)约1/3冲沟不同级别裂点距离接近,这种冲沟裂点的等间距反映了断层垂直位移事件活动的时间等间隔性;4)基岩裂点和松散沉积物中的裂点具有共性,两者之间不存在明显差异;5)在测区124个裂点中,1～5m高的裂点占裂点总数的72%,这种主体裂点高度反映了断裂位移事件的垂直活动量;6)与该断裂带沿线开挖探槽揭示的古地震事件进行对比,调查区内最新的一、二、三级裂点分别对应距今3.06～3.74ka、5.91ka和8.53～8.56ka发生的断层活动事件;7)以古地震事件的时间为参照,得到a～d级冲沟第一级裂点后退速率分别为0.6～0.7cm/a、2.7～3.3cm/a、5.6～6.8cm/a和8.4～10.2cm/a,b～d级冲沟第二级裂点后退速率分别为2.6cm/a、4.6cm/a和8.4cm/a;8)这3次事件的平均高度分别为2.8m、3.0m、2.6m,与前人通过探槽揭示的3次古地震事件位错吻合。最后讨论了可能影响裂点级数及裂点距离的部分因素。
Jiaocheng Fault zone is located in central Shanxi downfaulted system,and controlls the western margin of the Jinzhong Basin. It starts at Nitun town,Yangqu County in the north and ends to the west of Fenyang city in the south,about 125km long,striking NE and dipping SE.Based on the survey and research of 41 gullies and 124 knickpoints along Jiaocheng Fault zone,this paper discusses the distribution characteristics of knickpoints of the gullies along Jiaocheng Fault zone: ①The number of knickpoint series of upstream gully is positively proportional to the length of upstream gully; ②The distance of knickpoints is positively proportional to the length of the gully in each class knickpoints.③The distance of different class knickpoints is close to equal in about 1/3 gullies,and it reflects equal interval in time of the fault activity with vertical displacement; ④Bedrock knickpoints and knickpoints in loose sediments have commonness,there isn't obvious difference between them; ⑤ 1～5m high knickpoints accounted for 72%of the total 124 knickpoints in the survey area,the height of the main knickpoints reflects the vertical displacement of the fault activity; ⑥With the comparison of the paleoearthquake events revealed by the excavation of trenches along the fault zone,the latest first,second,third class knickpoints in survey area are corresponding with three faulting events occurring respectively 3.06～3.74ka,5.91ka and 8.53～8.56ka BP; ⑦taking the time of the paleoearthquake events as a reference,the headward erosion rates of the first knickpoints of a-d grade gullies are 0.6～0.7cm/yr,2.7～3.3cm/yr,5.6～6.8cm/yr and 8.4～10.2cm/yr,respectively. The rates of the second class knickpoints of b-d grade gullies are 2.6cm/yr,4.6cm/yr and 8.4cm/yr,respectively; and ⑧ the average heights of the 3 events are 2.8m,3.0m and 2.6m,respectively,which match the dislocations of the 3 paleoearthquake events revealed by previous trenches. Some factors which may influence knickpoint series and knickpoint distance in the investigation of knickpoint are discussed in the end.
Jiaocheng Fault zone is located in central Shanxi downfaulted system,and controlls the western margin of the Jinzhong Basin. It starts at Nitun town,Yangqu County in the north and ends to the west of Fenyang city in the south,about 125km long,striking NE and dipping SE.Based on the survey and research of 41 gullies and 124 knickpoints along Jiaocheng Fault zone,this paper discusses the distribution characteristics of knickpoints of the gullies along Jiaocheng Fault zone: ①The number of knickpoint series of upstream gully is positively proportional to the length of upstream gully; ②The distance of knickpoints is positively proportional to the length of the gully in each class knickpoints.③The distance of different class knickpoints is close to equal in about 1/3 gullies,and it reflects equal interval in time of the fault activity with vertical displacement; ④Bedrock knickpoints and knickpoints in loose sediments have commonness,there isn't obvious difference between them; ⑤ 1～5m high knickpoints accounted for 72%of the total 124 knickpoints in the survey area,the height of the main knickpoints reflects the vertical displacement of the fault activity; ⑥With the comparison of the paleoearthquake events revealed by the excavation of trenches along the fault zone,the latest first,second,third class knickpoints in survey area are corresponding with three faulting events occurring respectively 3.06～3.74ka,5.91ka and 8.53～8.56ka BP; ⑦taking the time of the paleoearthquake events as a reference,the headward erosion rates of the first knickpoints of a-d grade gullies are 0.6～0.7cm/yr,2.7～3.3cm/yr,5.6～6.8cm/yr and 8.4～10.2cm/yr,respectively. The rates of the second class knickpoints of b-d grade gullies are 2.6cm/yr,4.6cm/yr and 8.4cm/yr,respectively; and ⑧ the average heights of the 3 events are 2.8m,3.0m and 2.6m,respectively,which match the dislocations of the 3 paleoearthquake events revealed by previous trenches. Some factors which may influence knickpoint series and knickpoint distance in the investigation of knickpoint are discussed in the end.
引文
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程新原,侯廷爱.1996.交城断裂中段的活动特征及其地震危险性[J].山西地震,(3):28—32.CHENG Xin-yuan,HOU Ting-ai.1996.Active characteristics of the central segment of Jiaocheng Fault and its seismicrisk[J].Earthquake Research in Shanxi,(3):28—32(in Chinese).
崔黎明,王萍,潘祖寿,等.1990.贺兰山东麓冲沟裂点溯源迁移速率及其形成年龄的讨论[J].地震地质,12(1):87—95.CUI Li-ming,WANG Ping,PAN Zu-shou,et al.1990.The headward migration rate and age of knickpoints of the gulliesat eastern piedmont of Helanshan Mt.[J].Seismology and Geology,12(1):87—95(in Chinese).
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邓起东,徐锡伟.1995.山西断陷盆地带的活动断裂和分段性研究[A].见:国家地震局地质研究所编.现代地壳运动研究(6).北京:地震出版社.225—242.DENG Qi-dong,XU Xi-wei.1995.Segmentation study of active faults in the Shanxi fault-depression basin belt[A].In:Institute of Geology,State Seismological Bureau(ed).Research on Recent Crustal Movement(6).SeismologicalPress,Beijing.225—242(in Chinese).
丁国瑜,卢演俦.1983.华北地块新构造基本特点的讨论[J].华北地震科学,1(2):1—9.DING Guo-yu,LU Yan-chou.1983.Discussion on the characteristic of neotectonic deformation in North China block[J].North China Earthquake Sciences,1(2):1—9(in Chinese).
江娃利,聂宗笙,张康富.1992.山西交城断裂断错全新世洪积扇[J].地震地质,14(3):216.JIANG Wa-li,NIE Zong-sheng,ZHANG Kang-fu.1992.The dislocated Holocene alluvial-diluvial fans related to the activity of the Jiaocheng Fault in Shanxi Province[J].Seismology and Geology,14(3):216(in Chinese).
江娃利,聂宗笙,张康富.1993.山西交城断裂全新世活动证据及第四纪活动历史[A].见:国家地震局地壳应力研究所编.地壳构造与地壳应力文集(6).北京:地震出版社.98—104.JIANG Wa-li,NIE Zong-sheng,ZHANG Kang-fu.1993.Evidence of Holocene activity and history of Quaternary activityon the Jiaocheng Fault in Shanxi[A].In:Institute of Crustal Dynamics,China Seismological Bureau(ed).CrustalTectonics and Crustal Stress(6).Seismological Press,Beijing.98—l04(in Chinese).
江娃利,谢新生,王瑞,等.2004.山西断陷系交城断裂全新世古地震活动初步研究[J].地震研究,27(2):184—190.JIANG Wa-li,XIE Xin-sheng,WANG Rui,et al.2004.Preliminary study on activity of Holocene paleoearthquakes alongthe Jiaocheng Fault in the Shanxi downfaulted system[J].Journal of Seismological Research,27(2):l84—l90(inChinese).
刘光勋,肖振敏.1982.山西地堑系及其地震构造特征[A].见:中国地质学会构造地质专业委员会编.第二届全国地质构造学术会议论文选集.第三卷.中新生代构造.北京:科学出版社.66—74.LIU Guang-xun,XIAO Zhen-min.1982.Shanxi graben system and its seismotectonics[A].In:Commission on Tectonics of the Geological Society of China(ed).Selected Papers of the Second Congress on Tectonics,VolumeⅢ:TheMid Cenozoic Tectonics.Science Press,Beijing.66—74(in Chinese).
马保起,许桂林,盛小青,等.1999.山西交城断裂活动的构造地貌学研究[A].见:中国地震局地壳应力研究所编.地壳构造与地壳应力文集(12).北京:地震出版社.7—15.MA Bao-qi,XU Gui-lin,SHENG Xiao-qing,et al.1999.A study on tectonogeomorphology along the Jiaocheng Fault,Shanxi Province[A].In:Institute of Crustal Dynamics,CEA(ed).Crustal Tectonics and Crustal Stress(12).Seismological Press,Beijing.7—l5(in Chinese).
彭建兵.1991.骊山北缘山前断层的活动特征[J].西安地质学院学报,13(3):29—38.PENG Jian-bing.1991.The activities and age of the fault at the northern foothills of Mt.Lishan[J].Journal of Xi'anCollege of Geology,13(3):29—38(in Chinese).
苏宗正.1988.山西断陷带地震活动的新构造背景[J].山西地震,(4):2—6.SU Zong-zheng.1988.Neotectonic background of seismic activities in the Shanxi fault-depression zone[J].EarthquakeResearch in Shanxi,(4):2—6(in Chinese).
谢新生,江娃利,孙昌斌,等.2008.山西交城断裂带多个大探槽全新世古地震活动对比研究[J].地震地质,30(2):412—430.XIE Xin-sheng,JIANG Wa-li,SUN Chang-bin,et al.2008.Comparison study on Holocene paleoseismic activities amongmulti-trenches along the Jiaocheng Fault zone,Shanxi[J].Seismology and Geology,30(2):412—430(in Chinese).
谢新生,赵晋泉,江娃利,等.2007.山西交城断裂带西张探槽全新世古地震研究[J].地震地质,29(4):744—755.XIE Xin-sheng,ZHAO Jin-quan,JIANG Wa-li,et al.2007.Study on Holocene paleoearthquake in Xizhang trench on theJiaocheng Fault zone,Shanxi Province[J].Seismology and Geology,29(4):744—755(in Chinese).
许桂林,马保起,江娃利.1998.山西交城断裂带第四纪活动习性及其分段特征[A].见:中国地震局地壳应力研究所编.地壳构造与地壳应力文集(11).北京:地震出版社.13—21.XU Gui-lin,MA Bao-qi,JIANG Wa-li.1998.The behavior and segmentation of the Shanxi Jiaocheng active fault[A].In:Institute of Crustal Dynamics,China Seismological Bureau(ed).Crustal Tectonics and Crustal Stress(11).Seismological Press,Beijing.13—2l(in Chinese).
徐锡伟.1989.山西地堑系的新构造活动特征及其形成机制[D]:[学位论文].北京:国家地震局地质研究所.1—242.XU Xi-wei.1989.Characteristic of neotectonic activity and its formation mechanism of Shanxi graben system[D].Doctor thesis.Institute of Geology,SSB,Beijing.1—242(in Chinese).
杨景春,郭正堂,曹家栋.1985.用地貌学方法研究贺兰山山前断层全新世活动状况[J].地震地质,7(4):23—31.YANG Jing-chun,GUO Zheng-tang,CAO Jia-dong.1985.Investigation on the Holocene activities of the HelanMountains piedmont fault by use of geomorphological method[J].Seismology and Geology,7(4):23—31(inChinese).
程新原,侯廷爱.1996.交城断裂中段的活动特征及其地震危险性[J].山西地震,(3):28—32.CHENG Xin-yuan,HOU Ting-ai.1996.Active characteristics of the central segment of Jiaocheng Fault and its seismicrisk[J].Earthquake Research in Shanxi,(3):28—32(in Chinese).
崔黎明,王萍,潘祖寿,等.1990.贺兰山东麓冲沟裂点溯源迁移速率及其形成年龄的讨论[J].地震地质,12(1):87—95.CUI Li-ming,WANG Ping,PAN Zu-shou,et al.1990.The headward migration rate and age of knickpoints of the gulliesat eastern piedmont of Helanshan Mt.[J].Seismology and Geology,12(1):87—95(in Chinese).
邓起东,王克鲁,汪一鹏,等.1973.山西隆起区断陷地震带地震地质条件及地震发展趋势概述[J].地质科学,(1):37—47.DENG Qi-dong,WANG Ke-lu,WANG Yi-peng,et al.1973.On the tendency of seismicity and their geological set up ofthe seismic belt of Shanxi Graben[J].Scientia Geologica Sinica,(1):37—47(in Chinese).
邓起东,徐锡伟.1995.山西断陷盆地带的活动断裂和分段性研究[A].见:国家地震局地质研究所编.现代地壳运动研究(6).北京:地震出版社.225—242.DENG Qi-dong,XU Xi-wei.1995.Segmentation study of active faults in the Shanxi fault-depression basin belt[A].In:Institute of Geology,State Seismological Bureau(ed).Research on Recent Crustal Movement(6).SeismologicalPress,Beijing.225—242(in Chinese).
丁国瑜,卢演俦.1983.华北地块新构造基本特点的讨论[J].华北地震科学,1(2):1—9.DING Guo-yu,LU Yan-chou.1983.Discussion on the characteristic of neotectonic deformation in North China block[J].North China Earthquake Sciences,1(2):1—9(in Chinese).
江娃利,聂宗笙,张康富.1992.山西交城断裂断错全新世洪积扇[J].地震地质,14(3):216.JIANG Wa-li,NIE Zong-sheng,ZHANG Kang-fu.1992.The dislocated Holocene alluvial-diluvial fans related to the activity of the Jiaocheng Fault in Shanxi Province[J].Seismology and Geology,14(3):216(in Chinese).
江娃利,聂宗笙,张康富.1993.山西交城断裂全新世活动证据及第四纪活动历史[A].见:国家地震局地壳应力研究所编.地壳构造与地壳应力文集(6).北京:地震出版社.98—104.JIANG Wa-li,NIE Zong-sheng,ZHANG Kang-fu.1993.Evidence of Holocene activity and history of Quaternary activityon the Jiaocheng Fault in Shanxi[A].In:Institute of Crustal Dynamics,China Seismological Bureau(ed).CrustalTectonics and Crustal Stress(6).Seismological Press,Beijing.98—l04(in Chinese).
江娃利,谢新生,王瑞,等.2004.山西断陷系交城断裂全新世古地震活动初步研究[J].地震研究,27(2):184—190.JIANG Wa-li,XIE Xin-sheng,WANG Rui,et al.2004.Preliminary study on activity of Holocene paleoearthquakes alongthe Jiaocheng Fault in the Shanxi downfaulted system[J].Journal of Seismological Research,27(2):l84—l90(inChinese).
刘光勋,肖振敏.1982.山西地堑系及其地震构造特征[A].见:中国地质学会构造地质专业委员会编.第二届全国地质构造学术会议论文选集.第三卷.中新生代构造.北京:科学出版社.66—74.LIU Guang-xun,XIAO Zhen-min.1982.Shanxi graben system and its seismotectonics[A].In:Commission on Tectonics of the Geological Society of China(ed).Selected Papers of the Second Congress on Tectonics,VolumeⅢ:TheMid Cenozoic Tectonics.Science Press,Beijing.66—74(in Chinese).
马保起,许桂林,盛小青,等.1999.山西交城断裂活动的构造地貌学研究[A].见:中国地震局地壳应力研究所编.地壳构造与地壳应力文集(12).北京:地震出版社.7—15.MA Bao-qi,XU Gui-lin,SHENG Xiao-qing,et al.1999.A study on tectonogeomorphology along the Jiaocheng Fault,Shanxi Province[A].In:Institute of Crustal Dynamics,CEA(ed).Crustal Tectonics and Crustal Stress(12).Seismological Press,Beijing.7—l5(in Chinese).
彭建兵.1991.骊山北缘山前断层的活动特征[J].西安地质学院学报,13(3):29—38.PENG Jian-bing.1991.The activities and age of the fault at the northern foothills of Mt.Lishan[J].Journal of Xi'anCollege of Geology,13(3):29—38(in Chinese).
苏宗正.1988.山西断陷带地震活动的新构造背景[J].山西地震,(4):2—6.SU Zong-zheng.1988.Neotectonic background of seismic activities in the Shanxi fault-depression zone[J].EarthquakeResearch in Shanxi,(4):2—6(in Chinese).
谢新生,江娃利,孙昌斌,等.2008.山西交城断裂带多个大探槽全新世古地震活动对比研究[J].地震地质,30(2):412—430.XIE Xin-sheng,JIANG Wa-li,SUN Chang-bin,et al.2008.Comparison study on Holocene paleoseismic activities amongmulti-trenches along the Jiaocheng Fault zone,Shanxi[J].Seismology and Geology,30(2):412—430(in Chinese).
谢新生,赵晋泉,江娃利,等.2007.山西交城断裂带西张探槽全新世古地震研究[J].地震地质,29(4):744—755.XIE Xin-sheng,ZHAO Jin-quan,JIANG Wa-li,et al.2007.Study on Holocene paleoearthquake in Xizhang trench on theJiaocheng Fault zone,Shanxi Province[J].Seismology and Geology,29(4):744—755(in Chinese).
许桂林,马保起,江娃利.1998.山西交城断裂带第四纪活动习性及其分段特征[A].见:中国地震局地壳应力研究所编.地壳构造与地壳应力文集(11).北京:地震出版社.13—21.XU Gui-lin,MA Bao-qi,JIANG Wa-li.1998.The behavior and segmentation of the Shanxi Jiaocheng active fault[A].In:Institute of Crustal Dynamics,China Seismological Bureau(ed).Crustal Tectonics and Crustal Stress(11).Seismological Press,Beijing.13—2l(in Chinese).
徐锡伟.1989.山西地堑系的新构造活动特征及其形成机制[D]:[学位论文].北京:国家地震局地质研究所.1—242.XU Xi-wei.1989.Characteristic of neotectonic activity and its formation mechanism of Shanxi graben system[D].Doctor thesis.Institute of Geology,SSB,Beijing.1—242(in Chinese).
杨景春,郭正堂,曹家栋.1985.用地貌学方法研究贺兰山山前断层全新世活动状况[J].地震地质,7(4):23—31.YANG Jing-chun,GUO Zheng-tang,CAO Jia-dong.1985.Investigation on the Holocene activities of the HelanMountains piedmont fault by use of geomorphological method[J].Seismology and Geology,7(4):23—31(inChinese).
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