高速远程崩滑及其形成条件初探
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摘要
高速远程崩滑所造成的地质灾害极为严重,波及范围大,早已引起国内外工程技术人员的关注。2008年5.12汶川8级地震所诱发的崩塌和滑坡数以万计,其中高速远程崩滑数量虽不多,但是灾害严重。与一般崩塌和滑坡相比,高速远程崩滑的形成条件究竟有何差异?为了预测高速远程崩滑灾害的严重性和波及范围,以便为国土规划和防治对策设计提供依据,作者依据本人的工程实践经验并搜集分析了国内外所发生的高速远程崩滑实例,在前人研究的基础上,总结了高速远程崩滑的特征,系统地分析了影响高速和远程的因素。本文在考虑地震、降雨、地下水、采矿活动等因素作用导致斜坡失稳启动前提下,从崩滑体特征及其所处地质环境出发,提出形成高速远程崩滑必须同时具备以下3个条件:(1)崩滑体规模巨大,体积在106 m3以上;(2)剪出口高悬,高差达数十至数百米;(3)存在有利于动体运动的地形条件。这为进一步预测高速远程崩滑的空间分布提供了重要的研究内容。
The geological event of long runout rockfall-landslide can cause great damages and broader coverage,which are followed closely by engineering and technical personnel.The Wenchuan Earthquake,happened in May 12,2008,induced tens of thousands of landslides.Though the number of long runout rockfall-landslides was not high,they did greater damage than the other types of landslides.Comparing with general landslides,the forming conditions of the long runout rockfall-landslide are studied.In order to predict its severity and range and provide basis for homeland planning and preventive treatment design,this paper summarizes its characteristic and comprehensively analyses the factors influencing its high speed and long distance.The paper is based on practical engineering experience and widely collection of studies about the long runout rockfall-landslides at home and abroad.Earthquake,ground water,and mining activities can cause the landslide instability and make it active.The paper proposes that the long runout rockfall-landslide must exist the following three conditions: namely large-scale sliding masses,cut export overhang and the terrain available for geology body to movement.It provides important research contents for further prediction of the space distribution of the long runout rockfall-landslide.
The geological event of long runout rockfall-landslide can cause great damages and broader coverage,which are followed closely by engineering and technical personnel.The Wenchuan Earthquake,happened in May 12,2008,induced tens of thousands of landslides.Though the number of long runout rockfall-landslides was not high,they did greater damage than the other types of landslides.Comparing with general landslides,the forming conditions of the long runout rockfall-landslide are studied.In order to predict its severity and range and provide basis for homeland planning and preventive treatment design,this paper summarizes its characteristic and comprehensively analyses the factors influencing its high speed and long distance.The paper is based on practical engineering experience and widely collection of studies about the long runout rockfall-landslides at home and abroad.Earthquake,ground water,and mining activities can cause the landslide instability and make it active.The paper proposes that the long runout rockfall-landslide must exist the following three conditions: namely large-scale sliding masses,cut export overhang and the terrain available for geology body to movement.It provides important research contents for further prediction of the space distribution of the long runout rockfall-landslide.
引文
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[5]吴树仁,王涛,石玲,等.2008汶川大地震极端滑坡事件初步研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,(2):145～159.Wu Shuren,Wang Tao,Shi Ling,et al.Study on catastrophic land-slides triggered by 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,Chi-na.Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,(2):145～159.
[6]许强,黄润秋.5.12汶川大地震诱发大型崩滑灾害动力特征初探[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):721～729.Xu Qiang,Huang Runqiu.Kinetics characteristics of largelandslides triggered by May 12th Wenchuan earthquake.Journal ofEngineering Geology,2008,16(6):721～729.
[7]许强,黄润秋,殷跃平,等.2009年6.5重庆武隆鸡尾山崩滑灾害基本特征与成因机理初步研究[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(4):433～444.Xu Qiang,Huang Runqiu,Yin Yueping,et al.The Jiweishan land-slide of June 5,2009 in Wulong,Chongqing:Characteristics andfailure mechanism.Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(4):433～444.
[8]曹炳兰,杨志双,洪勇.中国洒勒山大型滑坡高速运动成因机制和灾害预测[C].第五届全国工程地质大会文集[A].北京:地震出版社,1996,3:118～123.Cao Binglan,Yang Zhishuang,Hong Yong.The high-speedmotional formation mechanism and hazard prediction ofCatastrophic Mount Sale landslide in China.The Proceedings of the5th National Engineering Geology,Seismological Press,1996,3:118～123.
[9]詹铮.中国西北地区高速碎屑流型滑坡变形破坏模式及运动特征的研究[C].全国第三次工程地质大会论文选集(下卷)[A].成都:成都科技大学出版社,1988,11:726～731.Zhan Zheng.Research on the failure mode and kinematic charac-teristics of high-speed debris flow landslides in Northwest China.The Proceedings of the 3rd National Engineering Geology(VolumeⅡ),Chengdu University of Science and Technology Press,1988,726～731.
[10]殷跃平,朱继良,杨胜元.贵州关岭大寨高速远程滑坡-碎屑流研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(4):445～454.Yin Yueping,Zhu Jiliang,Yang Shengyuan.Inverstigation of ahigh speed and long run-out rockslide-debris flow at Dazhai inGuanling of Guizhou province.Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(4):445～454.
[11]周洪福,韦玉婷,聂德新.黄河上游戈龙布滑坡高速下滑成因机制及堵江分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(4):483～488.Zhou Hongfu,Wei Yuting,Nie Dexin.Formation mechanism ofhigh-speed Gelongbu landslide and associated blockage of upperreach Yellow river.Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(4):483～488.
[12]周迎春,刘伦军,李宝东.四川巫溪县西宁高速滑坡形成演化机理及运动特征分析[C].全国第三次工程地质大会论文选集(下卷)[A].成都:成都科技大学出版社,1988,11:760～767.Zhou Yingchun,Liu Lunjun,Li Baodong.The evolutionmechanism and kinematic characteristics analysis of Xi'ning high-way landslide in Wuxi county,Sichuan.The Proceedings of the3rd National Engineering Geology(VolumeⅡ),ChengduUniversity of Science and Technology Press,1988,760～767.
[13]殷跃平.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(4):433～444.Yin Yueping.Researches on the geo-hazards triggered by Wen-chuan earthquake,Sichuan.Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(4):433～444.
[14]黄润秋,裴向军,李天斌.汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡基本特征及形成机理分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):730～741.Huang Runqiu,Pei Xiangjun,Li Tianbin.Basic characteristicsand formation mechanism of the largest scale landslide at Daguan-bao occurred during the Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engi-neering Geology,2008,16(6):730～741.
[15]王运生,罗永红,吉峰,等.汶川大地震山地灾害发育的控制因素分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):759～763.Wang Yunsheng,Luo Yonghong,Ji Feng,et al.Analysis of thecontrolling factors on geo-hazards in mountainous epicenter zonesof the Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(6):759～763.
[16]许冲,戴福初,姚鑫,等.基于GIS与确定性系数分析方法的汶川地震滑坡易发性评价[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(1):15～26.Xu Chong,Dai Fuchu,Yao Xin,et al.GIS platform and certaintyfactor analysis method based Wenchuan earthquake-induced land-slide susceptibility evaluation.Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(1):15～26.
[17]黄河清,赵其华.汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡-碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(2):169～177.Huang Heqing,Zhao Qihua.Basic characteristics and preliminarymechanism analysis of large scale rockslide-sturzstrom atWenjiagou triggered by Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engi-neering Geology,2010,18(2):169～177.
[18]魏欣,胡瑞林,李丽慧,等.强震条件下高速滑坡的空间分布特征研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(4):490～496.Wei Xin,Hu Ruilin,Li Lihui,et al.Study on distribution and spa-tial characteristics of high speed landslides under strong earth-quakes.Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(4):490～496.
[2]殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡高速远程特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(2):153～166.Yin Yueping.Rapid and long run-out features of landslidestriggered by the Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Ge-ology,2009,17(2):153～166.
[3]孙萍,殷跃平,吴树仁,等.高速远程地震黄土滑坡发生机制试验研究[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(4):449～454.Sun Ping,Yin Yueping,Wu Shuren,et al.An experimental studyon the initiation mechanism of rapid and long run-out loesslandslide caused by 1920 Haiyuan earthquake.Journal of Engineer-ing Geology,2009,17(4):449～454.
[4]孙萍,张永双,殷跃平,等.东河口滑坡-碎屑流高速远程运移机制探讨[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(6):737～744.Sun Ping,Zhang Yongshuang,Yin Yueping,et al.Discussion onlong run-out sliding mechanism of Donghekou landslide-devrisflow.Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(6):737～744.
[5]吴树仁,王涛,石玲,等.2008汶川大地震极端滑坡事件初步研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,(2):145～159.Wu Shuren,Wang Tao,Shi Ling,et al.Study on catastrophic land-slides triggered by 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,Chi-na.Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,(2):145～159.
[6]许强,黄润秋.5.12汶川大地震诱发大型崩滑灾害动力特征初探[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):721～729.Xu Qiang,Huang Runqiu.Kinetics characteristics of largelandslides triggered by May 12th Wenchuan earthquake.Journal ofEngineering Geology,2008,16(6):721～729.
[7]许强,黄润秋,殷跃平,等.2009年6.5重庆武隆鸡尾山崩滑灾害基本特征与成因机理初步研究[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(4):433～444.Xu Qiang,Huang Runqiu,Yin Yueping,et al.The Jiweishan land-slide of June 5,2009 in Wulong,Chongqing:Characteristics andfailure mechanism.Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(4):433～444.
[8]曹炳兰,杨志双,洪勇.中国洒勒山大型滑坡高速运动成因机制和灾害预测[C].第五届全国工程地质大会文集[A].北京:地震出版社,1996,3:118～123.Cao Binglan,Yang Zhishuang,Hong Yong.The high-speedmotional formation mechanism and hazard prediction ofCatastrophic Mount Sale landslide in China.The Proceedings of the5th National Engineering Geology,Seismological Press,1996,3:118～123.
[9]詹铮.中国西北地区高速碎屑流型滑坡变形破坏模式及运动特征的研究[C].全国第三次工程地质大会论文选集(下卷)[A].成都:成都科技大学出版社,1988,11:726～731.Zhan Zheng.Research on the failure mode and kinematic charac-teristics of high-speed debris flow landslides in Northwest China.The Proceedings of the 3rd National Engineering Geology(VolumeⅡ),Chengdu University of Science and Technology Press,1988,726～731.
[10]殷跃平,朱继良,杨胜元.贵州关岭大寨高速远程滑坡-碎屑流研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(4):445～454.Yin Yueping,Zhu Jiliang,Yang Shengyuan.Inverstigation of ahigh speed and long run-out rockslide-debris flow at Dazhai inGuanling of Guizhou province.Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(4):445～454.
[11]周洪福,韦玉婷,聂德新.黄河上游戈龙布滑坡高速下滑成因机制及堵江分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(4):483～488.Zhou Hongfu,Wei Yuting,Nie Dexin.Formation mechanism ofhigh-speed Gelongbu landslide and associated blockage of upperreach Yellow river.Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(4):483～488.
[12]周迎春,刘伦军,李宝东.四川巫溪县西宁高速滑坡形成演化机理及运动特征分析[C].全国第三次工程地质大会论文选集(下卷)[A].成都:成都科技大学出版社,1988,11:760～767.Zhou Yingchun,Liu Lunjun,Li Baodong.The evolutionmechanism and kinematic characteristics analysis of Xi'ning high-way landslide in Wuxi county,Sichuan.The Proceedings of the3rd National Engineering Geology(VolumeⅡ),ChengduUniversity of Science and Technology Press,1988,760～767.
[13]殷跃平.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(4):433～444.Yin Yueping.Researches on the geo-hazards triggered by Wen-chuan earthquake,Sichuan.Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(4):433～444.
[14]黄润秋,裴向军,李天斌.汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡基本特征及形成机理分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):730～741.Huang Runqiu,Pei Xiangjun,Li Tianbin.Basic characteristicsand formation mechanism of the largest scale landslide at Daguan-bao occurred during the Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engi-neering Geology,2008,16(6):730～741.
[15]王运生,罗永红,吉峰,等.汶川大地震山地灾害发育的控制因素分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):759～763.Wang Yunsheng,Luo Yonghong,Ji Feng,et al.Analysis of thecontrolling factors on geo-hazards in mountainous epicenter zonesof the Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(6):759～763.
[16]许冲,戴福初,姚鑫,等.基于GIS与确定性系数分析方法的汶川地震滑坡易发性评价[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(1):15～26.Xu Chong,Dai Fuchu,Yao Xin,et al.GIS platform and certaintyfactor analysis method based Wenchuan earthquake-induced land-slide susceptibility evaluation.Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(1):15～26.
[17]黄河清,赵其华.汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡-碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(2):169～177.Huang Heqing,Zhao Qihua.Basic characteristics and preliminarymechanism analysis of large scale rockslide-sturzstrom atWenjiagou triggered by Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engi-neering Geology,2010,18(2):169～177.
[18]魏欣,胡瑞林,李丽慧,等.强震条件下高速滑坡的空间分布特征研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(4):490～496.Wei Xin,Hu Ruilin,Li Lihui,et al.Study on distribution and spa-tial characteristics of high speed landslides under strong earth-quakes.Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(4):490～496.
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