古湖岸线的识别及其对砂体和油气的控制
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摘要
古湖岸线是一定历史时期湖平面与古陆地的交线,即陆上与水下沉积的分界线。古湖岸线的识别过程就是一个沉积环境恢复的过程,识别标志包括地貌特征、特殊岩性、古生物特征、沉积构造、地球化学指标、地震反射特征以及沉积相变等多个方面。沉积盆地中古湖岸线对于砂体和油气的分布具有明显的控制作用,主要表现在:(1)古湖岸线的类型控制了砂体的成因,古湖岸线的位置及迁移控制了砂体的分布和垂向叠加样式;(2)古湖岸线控制了优质储集层的形成与发育,一般情况下水下砂体的储集层物性优于水上砂体;(3)古湖岸线的频繁迁移为形成良好的储盖组合提供良好的沉积条件;(4)古湖岸线附近是地层超覆油气藏、不整合遮挡油气藏及岩性油气藏发育的有利区带,并且油气藏沿古湖岸线呈现裙带状分布。
Lacustrine palaeoshoreline is the intersection between the lake level and the ancient land in geologic time,and the boundary between the onshore deposits and the subaqueous deposits.The identification of lacustrine palaeoshoreline is the process of reconstructing the depositional environment.The identification markers of lacustrine palaeoshoreline include geomorphology,special lithology,palaeontologic characters,sedimentary structures,geochemistry indexes,seismic reflection characters and sedimentary facies changes.The lacustrine palaeoshoreline in the sedimentary basin has a key control on the distribution of the sandbodies and hydrocarbon. (1)The type of lacustrine palaeoshoreline controls the genesis of sandbodies, the location of lacustrine palaeoshoreline controls the distribution of sandbodies and the movement of lacustrine palaeoshoreline controls the vertical superimposed pattern of sandbodies;(2)The lacustrine palaeoshoreline controls the formation and development of the high quality reservoir.Generally,the physical properties of subaqueous sandbodies are better than those of onshore sandbodies;(3)The frequent movement of lacustrine palaeoshoreline supplies excellent deposition conditions for high quality assemblage of reservoir and cap rocks; (4)The areas sourrounding lacustrine palaeoshoreline are favorable for development of stratigraphic reservoirs like stratigraphic onlap hydrocarbon reservoirs and unconformity hydrocarbon reservoirs,which are distributed in apron shape along the lacustrine palaeoshoreline.
Lacustrine palaeoshoreline is the intersection between the lake level and the ancient land in geologic time,and the boundary between the onshore deposits and the subaqueous deposits.The identification of lacustrine palaeoshoreline is the process of reconstructing the depositional environment.The identification markers of lacustrine palaeoshoreline include geomorphology,special lithology,palaeontologic characters,sedimentary structures,geochemistry indexes,seismic reflection characters and sedimentary facies changes.The lacustrine palaeoshoreline in the sedimentary basin has a key control on the distribution of the sandbodies and hydrocarbon. (1)The type of lacustrine palaeoshoreline controls the genesis of sandbodies, the location of lacustrine palaeoshoreline controls the distribution of sandbodies and the movement of lacustrine palaeoshoreline controls the vertical superimposed pattern of sandbodies;(2)The lacustrine palaeoshoreline controls the formation and development of the high quality reservoir.Generally,the physical properties of subaqueous sandbodies are better than those of onshore sandbodies;(3)The frequent movement of lacustrine palaeoshoreline supplies excellent deposition conditions for high quality assemblage of reservoir and cap rocks; (4)The areas sourrounding lacustrine palaeoshoreline are favorable for development of stratigraphic reservoirs like stratigraphic onlap hydrocarbon reservoirs and unconformity hydrocarbon reservoirs,which are distributed in apron shape along the lacustrine palaeoshoreline.
引文
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江大勇,杨守仁.1999.浙江沿海全新世海滩岩基本特征及其古地理意义[J].古地理学报,1(1):61-67.
姜在兴.2003.沉积学[M].北京:石油工业出版社.
李炳元,王苏民,朱立平,等.2001.12ka BP前后青藏高原湖泊环境[J].中国科学(D辑),31(增):258-263.
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李元昊,刘池洋,独育国,等.2009.鄂尔多斯盆地西北部上三叠统延长组长8油层组浅水三角洲沉积特征及湖岸线控砂[J].古地理学报,11(3):265-274.
柳成志,袁红旗,张海燕,等.2005.陆相盆地强制性水退对油气的控制作用[J].大庆石油地质与开发,24(4):18-20.
柳永清,宋立珩.1997.影响沉积盆地相对海平面变化的多重因素和旋回层序响应[J].岩相古地理,17(1):54-63.
罗劲,庄新明,韩祥磊.2008.准噶尔盆地车排子凸起沙湾组成藏主控因素[J].新疆石油地质,29(1):45-47.
牛嘉玉,冯有良,鲁卫华,等.2006.中国东部陆相湖盆层序类型与岩性圈闭发育特征[J].石油学报,27(4):18-22.
宋春晖,王新民,师永民,等.1999.青海湖现代滨岸沉积微相及其特征[J].沉积学报,17(1):51-57.
谭红兵,于升松.1999.湖水面演变历史与古湖沼学证据[J].盐湖研究,7(4):55-58.
王树恒.2006.松辽盆地北部西斜坡中部含油组合层序地层及沉积体系研究[D].黑龙江大庆:大庆石油学院博士论文.
卫平生,潘树新,王建功,等.2007.湖岸线和岩性地层油气藏的关系研究——论“坳陷盆地湖岸线控油”[J].岩性油气藏,19(1):27-31.
文华国,郑荣才,唐飞,等.2008.鄂尔多斯盆地耿湾地区长6段古盐度恢复与古环境分析[J].矿物岩石,28(1):114-120.
肖嗣荣,李庆辰,张稳等.1997.河北沿海全新世海侵与岸线变迁探讨[J].地理学与国土研究,13(2):47-52.
杨会东.2005.坳陷湖盆层序地层特征与岩性—地层圈闭分布[D].吉林长春:吉林大学硕士论文,39-60.
杨克文,庞军刚,李文厚.2009.坳陷湖盆湖岸线的确定方法——以志丹地区延长组为例[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),45(3):13-17.
杨顺良,郑承忠,翁宇斌,等.2002.厦门岛东南海岸贝壳层与风沙的研究[J].台湾海峡,21(1):12-17.
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张虎才,张文翔,常凤琴,等.2009.稀土元素在湖相沉积中的地球化学分异——以柴达木盆地贝壳堤剖面为例[J].中国科学(D辑),39(8):1160-1168.
张文昭.1999.鄂尔多斯盆地大油气田形成的主要地质规律[J].中国海上油气(地质),13(6):391-394.
赵希涛,张景文,焦文强,等.1980.渤海湾西岸的贝壳层[J].科学通报,25(6):279-281.
郑荣才,王海红,韩永林,等.2008.鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区长6段沉积相特征和砂体展布[J].岩性油气藏,20(3):21-26.
钟广法.2002.巽他陆架晚新生代地震超覆层序与海平面变化研究[D].上海:同济大学博士论文.
朱大岗,孟宪刚,赵希涛,等.2001.纳木错湖相沉积与藏北高原古大湖[J].地球学报,22(2):149-155.
朱大岗,邵兆刚,孟宪刚,等.2009.青海巴颜喀拉山北麓古高位湖相沉积的分布与特征[J].地质通报,28(5):549-553.
Anselmetti F S,Ariztegui D,Hodell D A,et al.2006.Late Quaternary cli-mate-induced lake level variations in Lake Pet埁n Itz,Guatemala,in-ferred from seismic stratigraphic analysis[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,230:52-69.
Balescu S,Dumas B,Gu r my P,et al.1997.Thermoluminescence datingtests of Pleistocene sediments from uplifted marine shorelines along thesouthwest coastline of the Calabrian Peninsula(southern Italy)[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,130:25-41.
Bird R T.1944.Did Brontosaurus ever walk on land?[J].Natural Histo-ry,5:61-67.
Blair T C.1999.Sedimentology of gravelly Lake Lahontan highstandshoreline deposits,Churchill Butte,Nevada,USA[J].SedimentaryGeology,123:199-218.
Burkard MB,Kostaschuk R A.1995.Initiation and evolution of gullies a-long the shoreline of Lake Huron[J].Geomorphology,14:211-219.
Cagflatay M N,Gorur N,Polonia A,et al.2003.Sea-level changes anddepositional environments in the Izmit Gulf,eastern Marmara Sea,during the late glacial-Holocene period[J].Marine Geology,202:159-173.
Currie P J.1983.Hadrosaur trackways of western from the lower Creta-ceous of Canada[J].Acta Palaeontologica Polonica,28:63-73.
Chirananda De.2005.Quaternary ichnofacies model for paleoenvironmen-tal and paleosealevel interpretations:A study from the Banas RiverBasin,western India[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,25:233-249.
Crook K A W,Felton E A.2008.Sedimentology of rocky shorelines5:The marine samples at+326m from‘Stearns swale(Lanai,Hawai-i)and their paleo-environmental and sedimentary process implica-tions[J].Sedimentary Geology,206(1-4):33-41.
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