昆仑山断层围陷波的分析和研究
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摘要
对2001年昆仑山口西Ms8.1级地震产生的断层带,布设了沿断层和横跨断层的两条人工地震测线.通过对观测资料的定量分析和处理,求得了昆仑山断层带内部的细结构.分析工作包括从S波震相开始的振幅谱计算、速度频散计算、群速度测量,并用面波频散方法反演S波速度结构,用振幅谱比的方法估计断层带的Q值.野外试验结果表明,S波震相与围陷波组的时间差随炮点与台站之间距离增大而增加,在断层带外的测点上观测到与断层带相关的场地效应.最后得出昆仑山断层带宽度为250m、速度结构为断层内低速的分层结构和Q值为15(断层内)和30(围岩).虽然昆仑山口西地震的震级比美国加州Landers地震的震级(Ms7.6)大,且地震产生的破裂带长度长得多,但是这两个地震断层带的宽度却相差不大.
Artificial seismic experiment was deployed on the fault zone generated by the Kunlun M-s8.1 earthquake on Nov.4,2001.The seismic data recorded on two profiles,one along and the other across the fault zone,were analyzed and processed for investigation of the fine structure of the fault zone with the guided wave trapped in fault zone.The analysis includes amplitude spectra calculation,group velocity and dispersion curves extraction,S wave velocity structure inversion with surface wave methods and the estimation of Q with an amplituderatio method.The result of field experiment reveals that the time delay between the S wave and trapped wave train increases with the epicentral distance.The site effect related to the fault zone is also observed in seismograms recorded on the stations located out of the fault zone.The final result suggests that the fracture zone of Kunlun fault is about 250m wide,and has a layered internal velocity structure and an average Q of 15,while the average Q of wall rocks is 30.It is also found that the width of rupture zone generated by the Kunlun earthquake is the same as that of Landers,California,M-s7.6 earthquake,although both of the magnitude and the length of fracture zone of the former are much larger than those of the latter.
Artificial seismic experiment was deployed on the fault zone generated by the Kunlun M-s8.1 earthquake on Nov.4,2001.The seismic data recorded on two profiles,one along and the other across the fault zone,were analyzed and processed for investigation of the fine structure of the fault zone with the guided wave trapped in fault zone.The analysis includes amplitude spectra calculation,group velocity and dispersion curves extraction,S wave velocity structure inversion with surface wave methods and the estimation of Q with an amplituderatio method.The result of field experiment reveals that the time delay between the S wave and trapped wave train increases with the epicentral distance.The site effect related to the fault zone is also observed in seismograms recorded on the stations located out of the fault zone.The final result suggests that the fracture zone of Kunlun fault is about 250m wide,and has a layered internal velocity structure and an average Q of 15,while the average Q of wall rocks is 30.It is also found that the width of rupture zone generated by the Kunlun earthquake is the same as that of Landers,California,M-s7.6 earthquake,although both of the magnitude and the length of fracture zone of the former are much larger than those of the latter.
引文
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[21]Wang C Y,Zhang X K,Liu G D,Wu J C.Deep seismic reflectionprofiling in the strong earthquake areas of the North China.In:TheState Seismological Bureau eds.Achievements of Seismic HazardPrevention and Reduction in China.Beijing:Seismological Press,1996.48~71
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[24]李松林,张先康,W.D.Mooney等.伽师地震区地壳细结构及发震断层的初步研究.地球物理学报,2002,45(1):76~82Li S L,Zhang X K,W.D.Mooney,et al.A preliminary study onfine structure of Jiashi earthquake region and earthquake generatingfault.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2002,45(1):76~82
[25]刘启元,陈九辉,李顺成,郭飚.新疆伽师强地震群区三维地壳上地幔S波速度结构及其地震成因的探讨.地球物理学报,2000,43(2):356~365Liu Q Y,Chen J H,Li S C,Guo F.Passive seismic experiment inXinjiang_Jiashi strong earthquake region and discussion on its seismicgenesis.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2000,43(2):356~365
[26]邓起东,张培震.富蕴地震断裂带的破裂机制.见:新疆维吾尔自治区地震局编.富蕴地震断裂带.北京:地震出版社,1985Deng Q D,Zhang P Z.Rupture mechanism of the facture zone ofFuyun earthquake.In:Seismological Bureau of Xinjiang UygurAutonomous Region eds.Rupture Zone of Fuyun Earthquake(inChinese),Beijing:Seismological Press,1985
[27]邓起东,张维歧,汪一鹏等.海原断裂带和1920年海原地震断层的基本特征及其形成机制.见:中国地震局地质研究所编.现代地壳运动研究(3),北京:地震出版社,1987Deng Q D,Zhang W Q,Wang Y P,et al.Haiyuan fault belt andthe essential characteristics and genetic mechanism of Haiyuanearthquake in 1920.In:Institute of Geology,China EarthquakeAdministration eds.Research on Recent Crustal Movement(3)(inChinese),Beijing:Seismological Press,1987
[28]张培震,邓起东,徐锡伟等.天山北麓玛纳斯活动逆断裂-褶皱带的变形特征与构造演化.见:邓起东主编.活动断裂研究(3).北京:地震出版社,1993Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Xu X W,et al.Tectonic deformation,crustal shortening and slip rate estimation along the Manas reversefault_fold zone.In:Deng Q D ed.Research on Active Fault(3)(inChinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1993,18~32
[29]张培震,邓起东,徐锡伟等.盲断层、褶皱地震与新疆1906年玛纳斯地震.地震地质,1994,16:193~203Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Xu X W,et al.Blink thrust,foldingearthquake and the 1906 Manas earthquake,Xingjiang.Seismologyand Geology(in Chinese),1994,16:193~203
[30]徐锡伟,吴卫民,张先康等.首都圈地区地壳最新构造变动与地震.北京:科学出版社,2002Xu X W,Wu W M,Zhang X K,et al.Recent Crustal Deformationand Earthquakes in the Capital Region,China(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,2002
[31]王椿镛,丁志峰,宋建立等.大别造山带地壳S波速度结构.地球物理学报,1997,40(2):337~345Wang C Y,Ding Z F,Song J L,et al.Shear wave velocity structurein Dabieshan orogenic belt.Chinese J.Geophys.(Acta GeophysicaSinica)(in Chinese),1997,40(3):337~345
[32]Li Y G,Aki K,Adams D,et al.Seismic guided waves trapped inthe fault zone of the Landers,California,earthquake of 1992.J.Geophys.Res.,1994,99(B2):11705~11722
[2]Scholz C H.The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting.New York:Cambridge Univ.Press,1990
[3]Sibson R H.Fault rocks and fault mechanisms.J.Geol.Soc.London,1997,133:191~213
[4]Blanpied M L,Lockner D A,Byerlee J D.An earthquakemechanism based on rapid sealing of faults.Nature,1992,359:574~576
[5]青海省地震局和中国地震局地壳应力研究所.东昆仑活动断裂带.北京:地震出版社,1999Qinghai Seismological Bureau and Institute of Geodynamics,ChinaEarthquake Administration.Eastern Kunlun Active Fault Zone(inChinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1999
[6]中国地震局监测预报司.2001年昆仑山口西8.1级大地震.北京:地震出版社,2002Department of Monitoring Forecast,China EarthquakeAdministration.The West Kunlun Mountain PassMs8.1 LargeEarthquake in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in 2001(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,2002
[7]陈文彬,徐锡伟,张志坚等.2001年11月14日青新交界8.1级地震地表破裂带的初步调查.西北地震学报,2001,23(4):313~317Chen W B,Xu X W,Zhang Z J,et al.Preparatory fieldinvestigation on the surface deformation zone of the Qinghai-XinjiangMs8.1 earthquake on Nov.14,2001.Northwestern SeismologicalJournal(in Chinese),2001,23(4):313~317
[8]Xu X W,Chen W B,Ma W T,et al.Surface rupture of theKunlunshan earthquake(Ms8.1),Northern Tibetan plateau,China.Seismological Research Letters,2002,73(6):884~892.
[9]van der Woerd J,Meriaux A S,Klinger Y,et al.The 14 November2001,Mw=7.8 Kokoxili earthquake in northern Tibet(Qinghaiprovince,China),Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2002,73:125~135
[10]Aki K,Richards P C.Quantitative Seismology.New York:W.H.Freeman,1980
[11]Li Y G.Trapped models in a transversely isotropic fault_zone[Ph.D.thesis].Los Angeles:Univ.of South.Calif.,1988
[12]Li Y G,Leary P C,Aki K,Malin P E.Seismic trapped models inthe Oroville and San Andreas fault zone.Science,1990,249:763~766
[13]Leary P C,Ben_Zion Y,Igel H,Mora P.Modeling San Andreasfault trapped waves with a 2D analytic expression for a layered faultzone between two quarterspaces(abstract).Eos Trans.AGU,1991,72(44),Fall Meet.Suppl.F307
[14]Li Y G,Ellsworth W L,Thurber C H,et al.Observations of fault_zone trapped waves excited by explosion at San Andreas fault,centralCalifornia.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1997,87:210~221
[15]Li Y G,Aki K,Vidale J E,Xu F.Shallow structure of the Landersfault zone from explosion_generated trapped waves.J.Geophys.Res.,1999,104(B2):20257~20275
[16]Li Y G,Aki K,Vidale J E,Alvarez M G.A delineation of theNojima fault ruptured in theM7.2 Kobe,Japan,earthquake of 1995using fault zone trapped waves.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103:7247~7263
[17]Ben_Zoin Y,Peng Z,Okaya D,et al.A shallow fault_zone structureilluminated by trapped waves in the Karadere_Duzce branch of theNorth Anatolian Fault,wester Turkey.Geophys.J.Int.,2003,152:699~717
[18]滕吉文,冯帜芬,李金森等.华北平原中部地区深部构造背景及邢台地震(一).地球物理学报,1974,17(3):255~271Teng J W,Feng Z F,Li J S,et al.Crustal structure of the centralpart of North China Plain and the Hsintai earthquake(Ⅰ).ChineseJ.Geophys.(Acta Geophysic Sinica)(in Chinese),1974,17(3):255~271
[19]曾融生,张少泉,周海南,何正勤.唐山地震区的地壳结构及大陆地震成因模式.地震学报,1985,7(1):125~142Zeng R S,Zhang S Q,Zhou H N,He Z Q.Crustal structure ofTangshan epicentral region and its relation to seismogenic process of acontinental earthquake.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1985,7(2):125~142
[20]王椿镛,张先康,赵静娴,祝治平.邢台地震区地壳细结构研究及对地震构造的新认识.见:陈运泰等主编.中国固体地球物理学进展.北京:海洋出版社,1994.30~41Wang C Y,Zhang X K,Zhao J X,Zhu Z P.Study of fine structurein Xingtai earthquake area and new knowledge of the seismotectonics.In:Chen Y T ed.Advances in Soild Earth Geophysics in China(inChinese).Beijing:Ocean Press,1994.30~41
[21]Wang C Y,Zhang X K,Liu G D,Wu J C.Deep seismic reflectionprofiling in the strong earthquake areas of the North China.In:TheState Seismological Bureau eds.Achievements of Seismic HazardPrevention and Reduction in China.Beijing:Seismological Press,1996.48~71
[22]张先康,王椿镛,刘国栋等.延庆-怀来地区地壳细结构-利用深地震反射剖面.地球物理学报,1996,39(2):350~356Zhang X K,Wang C Y,Liu G D,et al.Fine crustal structure inYanqing_Huailai region by deep seismic reflection profiling.ChineseJ.Geophys.(Acta Geophysic Sinica)(in Chinese),1996,39(2):250~356
[23]王椿镛,楼海,魏修成,吴庆举.天山北缘的地壳结构和1906年玛纳斯地震的地震构造.地震学报,2001,23(5):460~470Wang C Y,Lou H,Wei X C,Wu Q G.Crustal structure in northernmargin of Tian_Shan mountains and seismotectonics of 1906 Manasearthquake.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2001,23(5):460~470
[24]李松林,张先康,W.D.Mooney等.伽师地震区地壳细结构及发震断层的初步研究.地球物理学报,2002,45(1):76~82Li S L,Zhang X K,W.D.Mooney,et al.A preliminary study onfine structure of Jiashi earthquake region and earthquake generatingfault.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2002,45(1):76~82
[25]刘启元,陈九辉,李顺成,郭飚.新疆伽师强地震群区三维地壳上地幔S波速度结构及其地震成因的探讨.地球物理学报,2000,43(2):356~365Liu Q Y,Chen J H,Li S C,Guo F.Passive seismic experiment inXinjiang_Jiashi strong earthquake region and discussion on its seismicgenesis.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2000,43(2):356~365
[26]邓起东,张培震.富蕴地震断裂带的破裂机制.见:新疆维吾尔自治区地震局编.富蕴地震断裂带.北京:地震出版社,1985Deng Q D,Zhang P Z.Rupture mechanism of the facture zone ofFuyun earthquake.In:Seismological Bureau of Xinjiang UygurAutonomous Region eds.Rupture Zone of Fuyun Earthquake(inChinese),Beijing:Seismological Press,1985
[27]邓起东,张维歧,汪一鹏等.海原断裂带和1920年海原地震断层的基本特征及其形成机制.见:中国地震局地质研究所编.现代地壳运动研究(3),北京:地震出版社,1987Deng Q D,Zhang W Q,Wang Y P,et al.Haiyuan fault belt andthe essential characteristics and genetic mechanism of Haiyuanearthquake in 1920.In:Institute of Geology,China EarthquakeAdministration eds.Research on Recent Crustal Movement(3)(inChinese),Beijing:Seismological Press,1987
[28]张培震,邓起东,徐锡伟等.天山北麓玛纳斯活动逆断裂-褶皱带的变形特征与构造演化.见:邓起东主编.活动断裂研究(3).北京:地震出版社,1993Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Xu X W,et al.Tectonic deformation,crustal shortening and slip rate estimation along the Manas reversefault_fold zone.In:Deng Q D ed.Research on Active Fault(3)(inChinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1993,18~32
[29]张培震,邓起东,徐锡伟等.盲断层、褶皱地震与新疆1906年玛纳斯地震.地震地质,1994,16:193~203Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Xu X W,et al.Blink thrust,foldingearthquake and the 1906 Manas earthquake,Xingjiang.Seismologyand Geology(in Chinese),1994,16:193~203
[30]徐锡伟,吴卫民,张先康等.首都圈地区地壳最新构造变动与地震.北京:科学出版社,2002Xu X W,Wu W M,Zhang X K,et al.Recent Crustal Deformationand Earthquakes in the Capital Region,China(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,2002
[31]王椿镛,丁志峰,宋建立等.大别造山带地壳S波速度结构.地球物理学报,1997,40(2):337~345Wang C Y,Ding Z F,Song J L,et al.Shear wave velocity structurein Dabieshan orogenic belt.Chinese J.Geophys.(Acta GeophysicaSinica)(in Chinese),1997,40(3):337~345
[32]Li Y G,Aki K,Adams D,et al.Seismic guided waves trapped inthe fault zone of the Landers,California,earthquake of 1992.J.Geophys.Res.,1994,99(B2):11705~11722
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