西藏泥石流滑坡监测与防治
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摘要
西藏自治区作为青藏高原的主体,地质构造强烈,地形高差巨大,具有高寒气候和河谷区高强度降水,为泥石流滑坡的发育提供了良好的条件,泥石流、滑坡分布广、类型多、灾害重。主要发育冰川消融型泥石流、冰湖溃决型泥石流、降雨型泥石流和冻融型泥石流、残坡积层土质滑坡、基岩顺层推移式滑坡、复活老滑坡等。泥石流、滑坡的空间分布特点为:沿断裂构造带密集分布、在地震活动带成群分布、在深切割的高山峡谷地区带状间断分布、沿交通干线成线状密集分布、依照海拔高度发育不同类型的泥石流和滑坡。受自然和人类活动的双重影响,在城镇和道路、水利工程建设场地附近,灾害活跃,危害严重,对社会经济发展影响较大。选择川藏公路帕隆藏布路段和中尼公路聂友段为典型路段,提出了干线公路泥石流滑坡监测预警系统建设的初步设想。筛选出26处需要治理的城镇,以聂拉木县城泥石流灾害综合防治为例,提出包括监测预警、工程防治和临灾预案等的综合减灾措施。
Tibet,the main part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,is a hypersensitive terrain for the generation of debris flows and landslides,and is noteworthy for active tectonism,sharp changes in topography,and for cold,dry conditions at high elevations contrasting with intense rainfall in valleys. Widespread in Tibet,debris flows are triggered by glacial meltwater,glacial lake outburst floods,rainstorms and freeze-thaw activity. Thick deposits of large landslides,both modern and ancient,are common. In general,debris flows and landslides are associated with faults,seismic zones,deeply incised valleys,and road construction. The different types and scales of flows and slope failures occur in valley and highland areas. Construction activities in areas that are susceptible to debris-flow and landslide formation frequently result in major disasters in Tibet. The mountainous sections of the Sichuan-Tibet Highway along the Polongzangbu valley and of the China-Nepal Highway from Nielamu to the Friendship Bridge are selected as cases proposed for a hazard monitoring and warning system for highway safety. A total of 26 towns at risk of debris-flows and landslides have been identified,and a specific plan of risk reduction for the typical Tibetan town of Nielamu,site of a previous debris-flow disaster,has been prepared. The plan consists of a monitoring and warning system,engineering structures,and specific emergency countermeasures.
Tibet,the main part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,is a hypersensitive terrain for the generation of debris flows and landslides,and is noteworthy for active tectonism,sharp changes in topography,and for cold,dry conditions at high elevations contrasting with intense rainfall in valleys. Widespread in Tibet,debris flows are triggered by glacial meltwater,glacial lake outburst floods,rainstorms and freeze-thaw activity. Thick deposits of large landslides,both modern and ancient,are common. In general,debris flows and landslides are associated with faults,seismic zones,deeply incised valleys,and road construction. The different types and scales of flows and slope failures occur in valley and highland areas. Construction activities in areas that are susceptible to debris-flow and landslide formation frequently result in major disasters in Tibet. The mountainous sections of the Sichuan-Tibet Highway along the Polongzangbu valley and of the China-Nepal Highway from Nielamu to the Friendship Bridge are selected as cases proposed for a hazard monitoring and warning system for highway safety. A total of 26 towns at risk of debris-flows and landslides have been identified,and a specific plan of risk reduction for the typical Tibetan town of Nielamu,site of a previous debris-flow disaster,has been prepared. The plan consists of a monitoring and warning system,engineering structures,and specific emergency countermeasures.
引文
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[13]李德基,游勇.西藏波密米堆沟冰湖溃决浅议[J].山地学报,1992,10(4):219-224.
[14]何易平,马东涛,崔鹏,等.西藏中尼公路沿线的泥石流[J].地理学报,2002,57(3):275-283.
[15]陈晓清,崔鹏,杨忠,等.聂拉木县冲堆普2002年泥石流成因分析及防治对策[J].冰川冻土,2006,28(5):776-781.
[16]陈晓清,崔鹏,杨忠,等.近15a喜马拉雅山中段波曲流域冰川和冰湖变化[J].冰川冻土,2005,27(6):793-800.
[2]朱平一,何子文,等.川藏公路典型山地灾害研究[M].成都:成都科技大学出版社,1999:25-34.
[3]西藏国土资源厅.西藏自治区地质灾害防治规划(2005年—2020年)[R].2004.
[4]罗德富,毛济周.川藏公路南线(西藏境内)山地灾害及防治对策[M].北京:科学出版社,1995:1-60.
[5]CUI P,CHEN NS,HE Y P,et al.Characteristics of debris-flow activity and strategy of hazards mitigation along high-ways in Tibet(Xizang Autonomous Region)[G]//RICKEN-MANN D,CHEN C L,(Eds).DEBRIS-FLOW HAZARDS MITIGATION:Mechanics,Prediction,and Assess ment.Rotterdam,Millpress,2003:1281-1289.
[6]陈宁生,崔鹏,陈瑞,等.中尼公路泥石流的分布规律与基本特征[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2002,13(1):44-48.
[7]徐道明,冯清华.西藏喜马拉雅山区危险冰湖及其溃决特征[J].地理学报,1989,44(3):343-352.
[8]粱光模,程尊兰.中尼公路聂友段公路病害整治对策研究[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,2003:36-45.
[9]ZHU P Y,LI T.Flash flooding caused bylandslide damfail-ure[R/OL].ICI MOD Newsletter No.38,http://www.ici-mod.org.np/publications/newsletter/New38/dam.ht m,2001.
[10]程尊兰,吴积善,耿学勇.西藏东南部泥石流堵塞坝的形成机理[J].山地学报,2005,23(4):399-405.
[11]DANIEL A,CENDERELLI ELLEN E.Wohl.Peak dis-charge esti mates of glacial-lake outburst floods and“nor mal”cli matic floods in the Mount Everest region,Nepal.Geomor-phology40(2001):57-90.
[12]LIU C H,SHARMA C K.Report on First Expedition to Glaciers and Glacier Lakes in the Pumqu(Arun)and Poiqu(Bhote-Sun Kosi)River basins,Xizang(Tibet),China[M].Beijing:Science Press,1988:1-192.
[13]李德基,游勇.西藏波密米堆沟冰湖溃决浅议[J].山地学报,1992,10(4):219-224.
[14]何易平,马东涛,崔鹏,等.西藏中尼公路沿线的泥石流[J].地理学报,2002,57(3):275-283.
[15]陈晓清,崔鹏,杨忠,等.聂拉木县冲堆普2002年泥石流成因分析及防治对策[J].冰川冻土,2006,28(5):776-781.
[16]陈晓清,崔鹏,杨忠,等.近15a喜马拉雅山中段波曲流域冰川和冰湖变化[J].冰川冻土,2005,27(6):793-800.
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