大型坳陷湖盆沉积坡折带特征及其对砂体与油气的控制作用——以鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组为例
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摘要
在海相盆地和断陷湖盆中都发育坡折带,并对层序和沉积起重要控制作用,这一观点已得到广泛关注并被普遍接受。利用地震反射剖面及沉积微相组合特征,对鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组的研究表明,在大型坳陷湖盆中也发育坡折带,按照在湖盆中的所处位置,可明显划分出深水沉积坡折与浅水沉积坡折两类,前者位于三角洲坡型前缘深水区,后者位于三角洲台型前缘或三角洲平原附近。研究表明,深水沉积坡折主要控制砂质碎屑流与浊流等深水重力流砂体沉积,浅水沉积坡折主要控制正常牵引流三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体沉积。进一步研究认为,除对砂体成因类型具有控制作用外,深水与浅水沉积坡折对延长组中部砂体厚度变化、平面展布形态以及砂体物性变化也具有明显控制作用。在此基础上,文章还讨论了坡折带对油气分布的控制作用,认为延长组油气分布受坡折带与层序格架双重控制,坡上/坡下、高位域/低位域/水进域均能成藏,但规模较大的油气田大多数都位于层序界面附近,要么受坡折带控制,要么受低位域砂体控制,或者二者共同控制。
The viewpoint that slope break belt developed both in the marine basin and the nomarine rift basin played important controlling effect on sequence and sediment frameworks has got extensive concern and been widely accepted in recent years.According to the combination characteristic of seismic profiles and sedimentary microfacies,studies on the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos basin show that sedimentary slope break belts were also developed in the large depression lacustrine basin,and could be clearly recognized either in the deep water or in the shallow water.Deposits of the deep-water gravity flows such as the sandy debris flows and the turbidity flows were mainly controlled by the slope break belt in deep water,whereas deposits of tractive current like subaqueous distributary channels in the delta-front were controlled by that in the shallow water.Further studies suggest that,except for sandbody origin types,the deep-water and shallow-water sedimentary slope breaks also have obvious controlling effect on thickness,plane distribution,and physical properties of the sandstones.In addition,it is suggested that petroleum distribution was also controlled to a certain extent by the slope break belt.Although oil reservoirs can be found everywhere in the Yanchang Formation,most of the larger lithologic reservoirs are located either below the slope breaks or in the LST(lowstand systems tracts) sandstones neighboring the sequence boundary,or controlled by both of the slop break belt and the sequence boundary.
The viewpoint that slope break belt developed both in the marine basin and the nomarine rift basin played important controlling effect on sequence and sediment frameworks has got extensive concern and been widely accepted in recent years.According to the combination characteristic of seismic profiles and sedimentary microfacies,studies on the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos basin show that sedimentary slope break belts were also developed in the large depression lacustrine basin,and could be clearly recognized either in the deep water or in the shallow water.Deposits of the deep-water gravity flows such as the sandy debris flows and the turbidity flows were mainly controlled by the slope break belt in deep water,whereas deposits of tractive current like subaqueous distributary channels in the delta-front were controlled by that in the shallow water.Further studies suggest that,except for sandbody origin types,the deep-water and shallow-water sedimentary slope breaks also have obvious controlling effect on thickness,plane distribution,and physical properties of the sandstones.In addition,it is suggested that petroleum distribution was also controlled to a certain extent by the slope break belt.Although oil reservoirs can be found everywhere in the Yanchang Formation,most of the larger lithologic reservoirs are located either below the slope breaks or in the LST(lowstand systems tracts) sandstones neighboring the sequence boundary,or controlled by both of the slop break belt and the sequence boundary.
引文
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23 Shanmugam G.High-density turbidity currents:are they sandy debrisflows?[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1996,66:2-10
24 Shanmugam G.50 years of the turbidite Paradigm(1950s-1990s):deep-water processes and facies models-a critical perspective[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2000,17:285-342
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2林畅松,潘元林,肖建新,等.“构造坡折带”—断陷盆地层序分析和油气预测的重要概念[J].地球科学,2000,25(3):260-265[Lin Changsong,Pan Yuanlin,Xiao Jianxin,et al.Structural slope-break zone:Key concept for stratigraphic sequence analysis and petro-leum forecasting in fault subsidence basins[J].Earth Science,2000,25(3):260-265]
3王英民,刘豪,李立诚,等.准噶尔大型坳陷盆地坡折带的类型和分布特征[J].地球科学,2002,27(6):683-687[Wang Yingmin,Liu Hao,Li Licheng,et al.Types and distribution characteristics ofslope breaks of large-type down-warped lake basins[J].Earth Science,2002,27(6):683-687]
4张善文,王英民,李群.应用坡折带理论寻找隐蔽油气藏[J].石油勘探与开发,2003,30(3):5-7[Zhang Shanwen,Wang Yingmin,L i Qun.Searching subtle traps using the theory of slope break[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2003,30(3):5-7]
5李树同,王多云,王彬,等.坳陷型湖盆缓坡边缘沉积坡折带的识别———以鄂尔多斯盆地三叠纪延长期沉积坡折带为例[J].天然气地球科学,2008,19(1):83-88[Li Shutong,Wang Duoyun,WangBin,et al.Identification of sedimentary slope breaks in the margin of adown warped lake basin's ramp belt:A case from Triassic YanchangFormation,Ordos Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2008,19(1):83-88]
6李德生.重新认识鄂尔多斯盆地油气地质学[J].石油勘探与开发,2004,31(1):1-7[Li Desheng.Return to petroleum geology ofOrdos Basin[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2004,31(1):1-7]
7刘池洋,赵红格,桂小军,等.鄂尔多斯盆地演化-改造的时空坐标及其成藏(矿)响应[J].地质学报,2006,80(5):617-638[LiuChiyang,Zhao Hongge,Gui Xiaojun,et al.Space-time coordinate ofthe evolution and reformation and mineralization response in Ordos Ba-sin[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2006,80(5):617-638]
8杨俊杰.鄂尔多斯盆地构造演化与油气分布规律[J].北京:石油工业出社,2002,104-213[Yang Junjie.Tectonic Evolution and Oil-gas Reservoirs Distribution in Ordos Basin[J].Beijing:Petroleum In-dustry Press,2002,104-213]
9杨华,刘显阳,张才利,等.鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组低渗透岩性油藏主控因素及其分布规律[J].岩性油气藏,2007,19(3):1-6[Yang Hua,Liu Xianyang,Zhang Caili,et al.The main controllingfactors and distribution of low permeability lithologic reservoirs of Trias-sic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin[J].Lithologic Reservoirs,2007,19(3):1-6]
10杨友运.鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组沉积体系和层序特征[J].地质通报,2005,24(4):369-372[Yang Youyun.Characteristics ofthe depositional systems and sequence evolution of the Yanchang For-mation in the southern Ordos Basin[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2005,24(4):369-372]
11张兴阳,罗平,顾家裕,等.三级基准面旋回内三角洲砂体骨架模型的建立———以陕北安塞三角洲露头为例[J].沉积学报,2006,24(4):540-547[Zhang Xingyang,Luo Ping,Gu Jia yu,et al.Establishment of the delta sandbody framework model in a 3rd orderbaselevel cycle:taking Shanbei-Ansai delta outcrop as example[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2006,24(4):540-547]
12谢渊,王剑,刘家铎,等.鄂尔多斯盆地东南部延长组湖盆致密砂岩储层层序地层与油气勘探[M].北京:地质出版社,2004[Xie yuan,Wang,Liu jiaduo,et al.Sequence Stratigraphic Frame-work of the Triassic Yancang Formation in the Ordos Basin and Petro-leum Exploration[J].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2004]
13毛明陆,李元昊.鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组层序地层特征[J].低渗透油气田,2005,10(4):5-11[Mao Minglu,Li Yuanhao.Se-quence-stratigraphic features of Yanchang Formation,Triassic systemin Ordos Basin[J].Low Permeability Reservoirs,2005,10(4):5-11]
14李相博,郭彦如,刘化清,等.浅谈小波分析在鄂尔多斯盆地延长组层序地层划分中的应用[J].天然气地球科学,2006,15(6):779-782[Li Xiangbo,GuoYanru,Liu Huaqing,et al.The ap-plication of wavelet analysis in sequence stratigraphic subdivision ofthe Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2006,15(6):779-782]
15郭彦如,刘化清,李相博,等.大型坳陷湖盆层序地层格架的研究方法—以鄂尔多斯盆地中生界延长组为例[J].沉积学报,2008,26(3):384-391[GuoYanru,Liu Huaqing,Li Xiang bo,et al.Method system on studying sequence stratigraphic framework of largesagged lacustrine basin:a case study from Mesozoic Yanchang Forma-tion,Ordos Basin[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,26(3):384-391]
16操应长,刘晖.湖盆三角洲沉积坡折带特征及其与滑塌浊积岩分布关系的初步探讨[J].地质评论,2007,53(4):454-459[CaoYing chang,Liu Hui.Discussion on the relationship between distribu-tion of fluxoturbidite and depositional slope of delta in lacustrine basin[J].Geological Review,2007,53(4):454-459]
17王建功.大型坳陷湖盆浅水三角洲沉积模式———以松辽盆地北部葡萄花油层为例[J].岩性油气藏,2007,19(2):28-34[WangJiangong.Sedimentary mode of shallow lacustrine delta of large conti-nental basin:An example from Putaohua Formation in northern Songli-ao Basin[J].Lithologic Reservoirs,2007,19(2):28-34]
18邹才能,赵文智,张兴阳,等.大型敞流坳陷湖盆浅水三角洲与湖盆中心砂体的形成与分布[J].地质学报,2008,82(6):813-825[Zou Caineng,Zhao Wenzhi,Zhang Xingyang,et al.Formationand distribution of shallow water deltas and central basin sandbodies inlarge open depression lake basins[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(6):813-825]
19李相博,刘化清,完颜容,等.鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组砂质碎屑流储集体的首次发现[J].岩性油气藏,2009,21(4):19-21[Li Xiangbo,Liu Huaqing,Wan Yanrong,et al.First discovery ofthe sandy debris flow from the Triassic Yanchang Formation,OrdosBasin[J].Lithologic Reservoirs,2009,21(4):19-21]
20夏青松,田景春.鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上三叠统长6油层组湖底扇特征[J].古地理学报,2007,9(1):33-43[Xia Qingsong,TianJingchun.Sedimentary characteristics of sublacustrine fan of the Inter-val 6 of Yanchang Formation of Upper Triassic in southwestern OrdosBasin[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2007,9(1):33-43]
21 Shanmugam G.The Bouma sequence and the turbidite mind set[J].Earth Science Reviews,1997,42:201-229
22 Shanmugam G,Moiola R J.Reinterpretation of depositional processesin a classic flysch sequence(Pennsylvanian Jackfork Group),Ouachi-ta Mountains,Arkansas and Oklahoma[J].AAPG Bulletin,1995;79:672-695
23 Shanmugam G.High-density turbidity currents:are they sandy debrisflows?[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1996,66:2-10
24 Shanmugam G.50 years of the turbidite Paradigm(1950s-1990s):deep-water processes and facies models-a critical perspective[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2000,17:285-342
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