地震滑动加速和减速过程中的摩擦作用
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摘要
在地震滑动过程中,断层动态摩擦是地壳内控制地震破裂的决定性因素。天然地震的脆性裂纹理论[1-3]使得以下观点被普遍接受:在地震断层快速滑动的过程中,断层摩擦力减弱,即所谓的滑动弱化[1]。高速断层泥实验[4-5],以及最近关于热增压[6-7]和摩擦熔化[8]的试验都支持该理论。但是,这些研究均仅针对固定的断层滑动速率。在本文中,我们的实验展示了不同滑动速率下断层物质的摩擦行为——这一模型的设置更接近天然地震的特征。实验结果表明,在断层滑动加速和减速的过程中,断层摩擦经历了增长、弱化和再增长。这种摩擦变化可能可以由低滑动速率下和更现实的滑动速率之下的速率-状态摩擦行为[9-10]来解释,但包含了不同的物理机制和不同的规模。最初的摩擦增强可能会阻碍小破裂向大地震的发展。断层滑动减速过程中的摩擦增强可能导致地震破裂呈脉冲状[11-14],并使得静态应力下降到与动态应力变化相比较低的水平[15]。
引文
[1]Ida Y.Cohesive force across the tip of a longitudinal-shear crack and Griffith’s specific surface energy.J.Geophys.Res.,1972,77:3796-3805
[2]Madariaga R.Dynamics of an expanding circular fault.Bull.Seis.Soc.Amer.,1976,66:639-666
[3]Andrews D J.Rupture propagation with finite stress in antiplane strain.J.Geophys.Res.,1976,81:3575-3582
[4]Mizoguchi K,Hirose T,Shimamoto T,et al.Reconstruction of seismic faulting by high-velocity frictionexperiments:An example of the 1995Kobe earthquake.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2007,34:L01308
[5]Han R,Shimamoto T,Hirose T,et al.Ultralow friction of carbonate faults caused by thermal decompo-sition.Science,2007,316:878-881
[6]Wibberley C A J,Shimamoto T.Earthquake slip weakening and asperities explained by thermal pressuri-zation.Nature,2005,436:689-692
[7]Rice J R.Heating and weakening of faults during earthquake slip.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111:B05311
[8]Hirose T,Shimamoto T.Growth of a molten zone as a mechanism of slip weakening of simulated faultsin gabbro during frictional melting.J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110:B05202
[9]Dieterich J H.Modeling of rock friction:1.Experimental results and constitutive equations.J.Geo-phys.Res.,1979,84:2161-2168
[10]Ruina A.Slip instability and state variable friction laws.J.Geophys.Res.,1983,88:10359-10370
[11]Heaton T H.Evidence for and implications of self-healing pulses of slip in earthquake rupture.Phys.Earth Planet.Int.,1990,64:1
[12]Cochard A,Madariaga R.Dynamic faulting under rate-dependent friction.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1994,142:419-445
[13]Perrin G,Rice J R,Zheng G.Self-healing slip pulse on a frictional surface.J.Mech.Phys.Solids,1995,43:1461-1495
[14]Beeler N M,Tullis T E.Self-healing slip pulses in dynamic rupture models due to velocity dependentstrength.Bull.Seis.Soc.Amer.,1996,86:1130-1148
[15]Brune J N.Tectonic stress and spectra of seismic shear waves from earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,1970,75:4997-5009
[16]Ide S,Takeo M.Determination of constitutive relations of fault slip based on seismic wave analysis.J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102:27379-27391
[17]Tinti E,Spudich P,Cocco M.Earthquake fracture energy inferred from kinematic rupture models on ex-tended faults.J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110:B12303
[18]Beeler N M,Tullis T E,Goldsby D L.Constitutive relationships and physical basis of fault strength dueto flash heating.J.Geophys.Res.,2008,113:B01401
[19]Sone H.American Geophysical Union,Fall Annual Meeting,San Francisco,2005,T43D-06,Dec.5-9
[20]Byerlee J D.Friction of rocks.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1978,116:615-626
[21]Sone H,Shimamoto T,Yeh E C,et al.Structural observations on fault zone cores from Taiwan Che-lungpu Fault deep drilling and its frictional properties.[Japanese abstract].Annu.Meet.Geol.Soc.,2005,Jpn O-165
[22]Ji C,Helmberger D V,Wald D J,et al.Slip history and dynamic implications of the 1999Chi-Chi,Tai-wan,earthquake.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108:2412
[23]Ohnaka M,Yamashita T.A cohesive zone model for dynamic shear faulting based on experimentally in-ferred constitutive relation and strong motion source parameters.J.Geophys.Res.,1989,94:4089-4104
[24]Matsu’ura M,Kataoka H,Shibazaki B.Slip-dependent friction law and nucleation processes in earth-quake rupture.Tectonophysics,1992,211:135-148
[25]Tinti E,Fukuyama E,Piatanesi A,et al.A kinematic source-time function compatible with earthquakedynamics.Bull.Seis.Soc.Amer.,2005,95:1211-1223
[26]Brune J N,Henyey T L,Roy R F.Heat flow,stress,and rate of slip along the San Andreas fault,Cali-fornia.J.Geophys.Res.,1969,74:3821-3827
[27]Lachenbruch A H,Sass J H.Heat flow and energetics of the San Andreas fault zone.J.Geophys.Res.,1980,85:6185-6222
[28]Hanks T C.Earthquake stress drops,ambient tectonic stresses and stresses that drive plate motions.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1977,115:441-458
[29]Day S M.Three-dimensional finite difference simulation of fault dynamic:rectangular faults with fixedrupture velocity.Bull.Seis.Soc.Amer.,1982,72:705-727
[30]Beroza G C,Mikumo T.Short slip duration in dynamic rupture in the presence of heterogeneous faultproperties.J.Geophys.Res.,1996,101:22449-22460檭檭檭檭檭檭檭檭檭檭檭檭檭檭檭檭殐殐殐殐学术论文
[2]Madariaga R.Dynamics of an expanding circular fault.Bull.Seis.Soc.Amer.,1976,66:639-666
[3]Andrews D J.Rupture propagation with finite stress in antiplane strain.J.Geophys.Res.,1976,81:3575-3582
[4]Mizoguchi K,Hirose T,Shimamoto T,et al.Reconstruction of seismic faulting by high-velocity frictionexperiments:An example of the 1995Kobe earthquake.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2007,34:L01308
[5]Han R,Shimamoto T,Hirose T,et al.Ultralow friction of carbonate faults caused by thermal decompo-sition.Science,2007,316:878-881
[6]Wibberley C A J,Shimamoto T.Earthquake slip weakening and asperities explained by thermal pressuri-zation.Nature,2005,436:689-692
[7]Rice J R.Heating and weakening of faults during earthquake slip.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111:B05311
[8]Hirose T,Shimamoto T.Growth of a molten zone as a mechanism of slip weakening of simulated faultsin gabbro during frictional melting.J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110:B05202
[9]Dieterich J H.Modeling of rock friction:1.Experimental results and constitutive equations.J.Geo-phys.Res.,1979,84:2161-2168
[10]Ruina A.Slip instability and state variable friction laws.J.Geophys.Res.,1983,88:10359-10370
[11]Heaton T H.Evidence for and implications of self-healing pulses of slip in earthquake rupture.Phys.Earth Planet.Int.,1990,64:1
[12]Cochard A,Madariaga R.Dynamic faulting under rate-dependent friction.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1994,142:419-445
[13]Perrin G,Rice J R,Zheng G.Self-healing slip pulse on a frictional surface.J.Mech.Phys.Solids,1995,43:1461-1495
[14]Beeler N M,Tullis T E.Self-healing slip pulses in dynamic rupture models due to velocity dependentstrength.Bull.Seis.Soc.Amer.,1996,86:1130-1148
[15]Brune J N.Tectonic stress and spectra of seismic shear waves from earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,1970,75:4997-5009
[16]Ide S,Takeo M.Determination of constitutive relations of fault slip based on seismic wave analysis.J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102:27379-27391
[17]Tinti E,Spudich P,Cocco M.Earthquake fracture energy inferred from kinematic rupture models on ex-tended faults.J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110:B12303
[18]Beeler N M,Tullis T E,Goldsby D L.Constitutive relationships and physical basis of fault strength dueto flash heating.J.Geophys.Res.,2008,113:B01401
[19]Sone H.American Geophysical Union,Fall Annual Meeting,San Francisco,2005,T43D-06,Dec.5-9
[20]Byerlee J D.Friction of rocks.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1978,116:615-626
[21]Sone H,Shimamoto T,Yeh E C,et al.Structural observations on fault zone cores from Taiwan Che-lungpu Fault deep drilling and its frictional properties.[Japanese abstract].Annu.Meet.Geol.Soc.,2005,Jpn O-165
[22]Ji C,Helmberger D V,Wald D J,et al.Slip history and dynamic implications of the 1999Chi-Chi,Tai-wan,earthquake.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108:2412
[23]Ohnaka M,Yamashita T.A cohesive zone model for dynamic shear faulting based on experimentally in-ferred constitutive relation and strong motion source parameters.J.Geophys.Res.,1989,94:4089-4104
[24]Matsu’ura M,Kataoka H,Shibazaki B.Slip-dependent friction law and nucleation processes in earth-quake rupture.Tectonophysics,1992,211:135-148
[25]Tinti E,Fukuyama E,Piatanesi A,et al.A kinematic source-time function compatible with earthquakedynamics.Bull.Seis.Soc.Amer.,2005,95:1211-1223
[26]Brune J N,Henyey T L,Roy R F.Heat flow,stress,and rate of slip along the San Andreas fault,Cali-fornia.J.Geophys.Res.,1969,74:3821-3827
[27]Lachenbruch A H,Sass J H.Heat flow and energetics of the San Andreas fault zone.J.Geophys.Res.,1980,85:6185-6222
[28]Hanks T C.Earthquake stress drops,ambient tectonic stresses and stresses that drive plate motions.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1977,115:441-458
[29]Day S M.Three-dimensional finite difference simulation of fault dynamic:rectangular faults with fixedrupture velocity.Bull.Seis.Soc.Amer.,1982,72:705-727
[30]Beroza G C,Mikumo T.Short slip duration in dynamic rupture in the presence of heterogeneous faultproperties.J.Geophys.Res.,1996,101:22449-22460檭檭檭檭檭檭檭檭檭檭檭檭檭檭檭檭殐殐殐殐学术论文
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