准噶尔盆地西北缘冲断构造新解
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摘要
准噶尔盆地西北缘最重要的构造特征是发育一组冲断构造。对这组冲断构造的冲断时限和冲断性质的认识不同,导致对准噶尔盆地的属性存在断陷盆地与前陆盆地之争。西北缘花岗岩及其中发育的岩墙群的精确年龄限定了研究区在314～255Ma中处于伸展状态。西北缘侏罗系沉积范围较三叠系广,早侏罗世发育碱性玄武岩,这些都表明准噶尔盆地在侏罗纪处于伸展阶段,盆地范围不断扩大。西北缘晚三叠世地层不整合覆盖于花岗岩之上,这种现象将本区冲断构造发生的时间限定为晚二叠世至早三叠世,最晚不超过晚三叠世。在地震资料解释的西北缘剖面上,冲断构造的前缘二叠纪地层平缓且厚度稳定。西北缘二叠系发育火山岩,沉积层序具从下到上粒度由粗变细的正旋回沉积特征,沉积速率稳定,沉降曲线由陡变缓,且古地温梯度和大地热流值均较高。西北缘的圈闭类型以岩性地层等非构造圈闭为主,以构造-岩性圈闭为辅。笔者认为西北缘冲断构造的性质是在314～255Ma伸展阶段与侏罗纪伸展阶段之间发育的一次短期反转构造,发育基底卷入的高角度冲断带,并非大规模与造山作用相关的前陆冲断带。
The uppermost tectonic feature of the northwestern margin of Junggar Basin is a group of thrusts there.Disputes over these thrust structures are mainly about their formation time and attributes,and the relevant debate of whether the Junggar Basin is a faulted depression or a foreland basin.At the northwestern margin,granite and dyke swarms developed,suggesting that the studied area underwent an extension from 314 Ma to 255 Ma.The facts that the sedimentary scope of Jurassic is wider than that of Triassic and the alkali basalt developed in the early Jurassic indicate that the Junggar Basin underwent an extension and kept expansion in Jurassic.The late Triassic strata unconformably overlying the granite indicates that the formation time of these thrust structures might be from the late Permian to the early Triassic,no later than the Late Triassic.The seismic profile of northwestern margin shows gentle and stable Permian strata in thrust fronts.As to Permian sedimentation,its major characteristics include volcanic development,positive cycle fining up in the long term,higher depositional rate,a steep-to-gentle pattern of subsidence curve,as well as higher paleo-geothermal gradient and heat flow values.The main hydrocarbon traps are non-structural traps,like litho-stratigraphic traps,while the tectono-lithological traps are the minority.Based on the analysis above,we believe that the thrust structures are short term inversion structures occurring between 314-255 Ma extension and Jurassic extension,rather than large scale thrust belts associated with orogeny.
The uppermost tectonic feature of the northwestern margin of Junggar Basin is a group of thrusts there.Disputes over these thrust structures are mainly about their formation time and attributes,and the relevant debate of whether the Junggar Basin is a faulted depression or a foreland basin.At the northwestern margin,granite and dyke swarms developed,suggesting that the studied area underwent an extension from 314 Ma to 255 Ma.The facts that the sedimentary scope of Jurassic is wider than that of Triassic and the alkali basalt developed in the early Jurassic indicate that the Junggar Basin underwent an extension and kept expansion in Jurassic.The late Triassic strata unconformably overlying the granite indicates that the formation time of these thrust structures might be from the late Permian to the early Triassic,no later than the Late Triassic.The seismic profile of northwestern margin shows gentle and stable Permian strata in thrust fronts.As to Permian sedimentation,its major characteristics include volcanic development,positive cycle fining up in the long term,higher depositional rate,a steep-to-gentle pattern of subsidence curve,as well as higher paleo-geothermal gradient and heat flow values.The main hydrocarbon traps are non-structural traps,like litho-stratigraphic traps,while the tectono-lithological traps are the minority.Based on the analysis above,we believe that the thrust structures are short term inversion structures occurring between 314-255 Ma extension and Jurassic extension,rather than large scale thrust belts associated with orogeny.
引文
[1]新疆维吾尔自治区地质矿产局.白杨河幅(L-45-ⅩⅢ)1∶20万区域地质调查报告.1983.
[1]He D F,Yin C,Du S K,et al.Characteristics of structural segmentation of foreland thrust belts—A case study of the fault belts in the northwestern margin of Junggar Basin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2004,11(3):91-101(in Chinese).
[2]Zou C N,Hou L H,Kuang L C,et al.Genetic mechanism of diagenesis-reservoir facies of the fan-controlled Permo-Trias-sic in the western marginal area,Junggar Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2007,42(3):587-601(in Chinese).
[3]Xu HF,Xu Z H,Li Z H,et al.Characteristics of strike-slip faults in the northwestern margin of Junggar Basin and their geological significance for petroleum[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,2008,14(2):217-222(in Chinese).
[4]Guan S W,Li B L,Hou L H,et al.Newhydrocarbon explo-ration areas in footwall covered structures in northwestern margin of Junggar Basin[J].Petroleum Exploration and De-velopment,2008,35(1):17-22(in Chinese).
[5]Zhang Y B,Zhu F Y,Wang Y X.A discussion on tectonic patterns proposed by paper thrust belt structure and signifi-cance for petroleum exploration in Hala alat Mountain in northwestern margin of Junggar Basin[J].Xinjiang Petrole-um Geology,2008,29(1):120-122(in Chinese).
[6]Wu Q F.Growth stage,classification of structural units and cause of partial tectonic of Junggar Basin[J].Xinjiang Petro-leum Geology,1986,7(1):29-37(in Chinese).
[7]Zhao B.The formation and evolution of Junggar Basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,1992,13(2):191-196(in Chi-nese).
[8]Cai Z X,Chen F J,Jia Z Y.Types and tectonic evolution of Junggar Basin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2000,7(4):431-440(in Chinese).
[9]Chen FJ,Wang X W,Wang X W.Prototype and tectonic e-volution of the Junggar Basin,northwestern China[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2005,12(3):77-89(in Chinese).
[10]Lai S X,Huang K,Chen J L,et al.Evolution and oil/gas accumulation of late Carboniferous and Permian foreland ba-sinin Junggar Basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,1999,20(4):293-358(in Chinese).
[11]Wang P Z,He D F,Lei Z Y,et al.Tectonic features of fore-land thrust belts in central and western China[J].Acta Pe-trolei Sinica,2002,23(2):11-18(in Chinese).
[12]Wei G X,Jia C Z,Li B L,et al.Particularity and diversity of the foreland basins in the central and western China and the natural gas exploration in the foreland basins[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,2005,11(4):552-557(in Chi-nese).
[13]Kuang J,Qi X F.The structural characteristics and oil-gas explorative direction in Junggar foreland basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2006,27(1):5-9(in Chinese).
[14]Tan KJ,Zhang F,Wu X Z,et al.Basin-range coupling and hydrocarbon accumulation at the northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2008,28(5):10-13(in Chinese).
[15]Allen M B,Sengor A M C,Natal in B A.Junggar,Turfanand Alakol basins as Late Permian to Early Triassic exten-sional structuresin a sinistral shear zoneinthe Altaid orogen-ic collage,central Asia[J].Journal of Geological Society,1995,152:327-338.
[16]Jin Z J,Cao J,Hu WX,et al.Episodic petroleumfluid mi-gration in fault zones of the northwestern Junggar Basin(northwest China):Evidence from hydrocarbon-bearing zoned calcite cement[J].AAPG Bulletin,2008,92(9):1225-1243.
[17]Chen F J,Wang X W,Chen Z N.Foreland Basin Analysis[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2007:1-282(in Chinese).
[18]Qiu N S,Yang H B,Wang X L.Tectono-thermal evolution in the Junggar Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2002,37(4):423-429(in Chinese).
[19]Qiu NS.Thermal evaluation and hydrocarbon generation his-tory of the sedimentary basins in Western China[J].Petrole-um Exploration and Development,2002,29(1):6-8(in Chi-nese).
[20]Xu X,Chen C,Ding T F,et al.Discovery of Lias basalt at northwestern edge of Junggar Basin andits geological signifi-cance[J].Xinjiang Geology,2008,26(1):9-16(in Chinese).
[21]Zhang C,Huang X.The ages and tectonic settings of ophio-lites in West Junggar,Xinjiang[J].Geological Review,1992,38(6):509-524(in Chinese).
[22]Xu X,He G Q,Li H Q,et al.Basic characteristics of the Karamay ophiolitic mélange,Xinjiang,and its zircon SHRI MP dating[J].Geology in China,2006,33(3):470-475(in Chinese).
[23]Han B F,Ji J Q,Song B,et al.Late Paleozoic vertical growth of continental crust around the Junggar Basin,Xin-jiang,China(Part I):Timing of post-collisional plutonism[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2006,22(5):1077-1086(in Chinese).
[24]Li X Z,Han B F,Ji J Q,et al.Geology,geochemistry and K-Ar ages of the Karamay basic-intermediate dyke swarm from Xinjiang,China[J].Geochimica,2004,33(6):574-584(in Chinese).
[25]Zhou J,Ji J Q,Han B F,et al.40Ar/39Ar geochronology of mafic dykes in north Xinjiang[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2008,24(5):997-1010(in Chinese).
[26]Zhang G C,Liu L J,Chen X F,et al.Structure and trap types of Junggar Basin[J].Xinjiang Geology,1998,16(3):221-230(in Chinese).
[27]Liu Z H,Lu H F,Jia C Z,et al.Structural characteristics andits relation with hydrocarbon of Kelasu tectonic zone in Kuqa foreland basin[J].Journal of Changchun University of Science and Technology,1999,29(3):215-221(in Chinese).
[1]何登发,尹成,杜社宽,等.前陆冲断带构造分段特征——以准噶尔盆地西北缘断裂构造带为例[J].地学前缘,2004,11(3):91-101.
[2]邹才能,侯连华,匡立春,等.准噶尔盆地西缘二叠—三叠系扇控成岩储集相成因机理[J].地质科学,2007,42(3):587-601.
[3]徐怀民,徐朝晖,李震华,等.准噶尔盆地西北缘走滑断层特征及油气地质意义[J].高校地质学报,2008,14(2):217-222.
[4]管树巍,李本亮,侯连华,等.准噶尔盆地西北缘下盘掩伏构造油气勘探新领域[J].石油勘探与开发,2008,35(1):17-22.
[5]张玉宾,朱凤云,汪誉新.对《准噶尔盆地哈拉阿拉特山冲断带构造及找油意义》一文构造模式的疑问及讨论[J].新疆石油地质,2008,29(1):120-122.
[6]吴庆福.准噶尔盆地发育阶段、构造单元划分及局部构造成因概论[J].新疆石油地质,1986,7(1):29-37.
[7]赵白.准噶尔盆地的形成和演化[J].新疆石油地质,1992,13(2):191-196.
[8]蔡忠贤,陈发景,贾振远.准噶尔盆地的类型和构造演化[J].地学前缘,2000,7(4):431-440.
[9]陈发景,汪新文,汪新伟.准噶尔盆地的原型和构造演化[J].地学前缘,2005,12(3):77-89.
[10]赖世新,黄凯,陈景亮,等.准噶尔晚石炭世、二叠纪前陆盆地演化与油气聚集[J].新疆石油地质,1999,20(4):293-358.
[11]王平在,何登发,雷振宇,等.中国中西部前陆冲断带构造特征[J].石油学报,2002,23(2):11-18.
[12]魏国齐,贾承造,李本亮,等.我国中西部前陆盆地的特殊性和多样性及其天然气勘探[J].高校地质学报,2005,11(4):552-557.
[13]况军,齐雪峰.准噶尔前陆盆地构造特征与油气勘探方向[J].新疆石油地质,2006,27(1):5-9.
[14]谭开俊,张帆,吴晓智,等.准噶尔盆地西北缘盆山耦合与油气成藏[J].天然气工业,2008,28(5):10-13.
[17]陈发景,汪新文,陈昭年.前陆盆地分析[M].北京:地质出版社,2007:1-282.
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[1]He D F,Yin C,Du S K,et al.Characteristics of structural segmentation of foreland thrust belts—A case study of the fault belts in the northwestern margin of Junggar Basin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2004,11(3):91-101(in Chinese).
[2]Zou C N,Hou L H,Kuang L C,et al.Genetic mechanism of diagenesis-reservoir facies of the fan-controlled Permo-Trias-sic in the western marginal area,Junggar Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2007,42(3):587-601(in Chinese).
[3]Xu HF,Xu Z H,Li Z H,et al.Characteristics of strike-slip faults in the northwestern margin of Junggar Basin and their geological significance for petroleum[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,2008,14(2):217-222(in Chinese).
[4]Guan S W,Li B L,Hou L H,et al.Newhydrocarbon explo-ration areas in footwall covered structures in northwestern margin of Junggar Basin[J].Petroleum Exploration and De-velopment,2008,35(1):17-22(in Chinese).
[5]Zhang Y B,Zhu F Y,Wang Y X.A discussion on tectonic patterns proposed by paper thrust belt structure and signifi-cance for petroleum exploration in Hala alat Mountain in northwestern margin of Junggar Basin[J].Xinjiang Petrole-um Geology,2008,29(1):120-122(in Chinese).
[6]Wu Q F.Growth stage,classification of structural units and cause of partial tectonic of Junggar Basin[J].Xinjiang Petro-leum Geology,1986,7(1):29-37(in Chinese).
[7]Zhao B.The formation and evolution of Junggar Basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,1992,13(2):191-196(in Chi-nese).
[8]Cai Z X,Chen F J,Jia Z Y.Types and tectonic evolution of Junggar Basin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2000,7(4):431-440(in Chinese).
[9]Chen FJ,Wang X W,Wang X W.Prototype and tectonic e-volution of the Junggar Basin,northwestern China[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2005,12(3):77-89(in Chinese).
[10]Lai S X,Huang K,Chen J L,et al.Evolution and oil/gas accumulation of late Carboniferous and Permian foreland ba-sinin Junggar Basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,1999,20(4):293-358(in Chinese).
[11]Wang P Z,He D F,Lei Z Y,et al.Tectonic features of fore-land thrust belts in central and western China[J].Acta Pe-trolei Sinica,2002,23(2):11-18(in Chinese).
[12]Wei G X,Jia C Z,Li B L,et al.Particularity and diversity of the foreland basins in the central and western China and the natural gas exploration in the foreland basins[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,2005,11(4):552-557(in Chi-nese).
[13]Kuang J,Qi X F.The structural characteristics and oil-gas explorative direction in Junggar foreland basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2006,27(1):5-9(in Chinese).
[14]Tan KJ,Zhang F,Wu X Z,et al.Basin-range coupling and hydrocarbon accumulation at the northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2008,28(5):10-13(in Chinese).
[15]Allen M B,Sengor A M C,Natal in B A.Junggar,Turfanand Alakol basins as Late Permian to Early Triassic exten-sional structuresin a sinistral shear zoneinthe Altaid orogen-ic collage,central Asia[J].Journal of Geological Society,1995,152:327-338.
[16]Jin Z J,Cao J,Hu WX,et al.Episodic petroleumfluid mi-gration in fault zones of the northwestern Junggar Basin(northwest China):Evidence from hydrocarbon-bearing zoned calcite cement[J].AAPG Bulletin,2008,92(9):1225-1243.
[17]Chen F J,Wang X W,Chen Z N.Foreland Basin Analysis[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2007:1-282(in Chinese).
[18]Qiu N S,Yang H B,Wang X L.Tectono-thermal evolution in the Junggar Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2002,37(4):423-429(in Chinese).
[19]Qiu NS.Thermal evaluation and hydrocarbon generation his-tory of the sedimentary basins in Western China[J].Petrole-um Exploration and Development,2002,29(1):6-8(in Chi-nese).
[20]Xu X,Chen C,Ding T F,et al.Discovery of Lias basalt at northwestern edge of Junggar Basin andits geological signifi-cance[J].Xinjiang Geology,2008,26(1):9-16(in Chinese).
[21]Zhang C,Huang X.The ages and tectonic settings of ophio-lites in West Junggar,Xinjiang[J].Geological Review,1992,38(6):509-524(in Chinese).
[22]Xu X,He G Q,Li H Q,et al.Basic characteristics of the Karamay ophiolitic mélange,Xinjiang,and its zircon SHRI MP dating[J].Geology in China,2006,33(3):470-475(in Chinese).
[23]Han B F,Ji J Q,Song B,et al.Late Paleozoic vertical growth of continental crust around the Junggar Basin,Xin-jiang,China(Part I):Timing of post-collisional plutonism[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2006,22(5):1077-1086(in Chinese).
[24]Li X Z,Han B F,Ji J Q,et al.Geology,geochemistry and K-Ar ages of the Karamay basic-intermediate dyke swarm from Xinjiang,China[J].Geochimica,2004,33(6):574-584(in Chinese).
[25]Zhou J,Ji J Q,Han B F,et al.40Ar/39Ar geochronology of mafic dykes in north Xinjiang[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2008,24(5):997-1010(in Chinese).
[26]Zhang G C,Liu L J,Chen X F,et al.Structure and trap types of Junggar Basin[J].Xinjiang Geology,1998,16(3):221-230(in Chinese).
[27]Liu Z H,Lu H F,Jia C Z,et al.Structural characteristics andits relation with hydrocarbon of Kelasu tectonic zone in Kuqa foreland basin[J].Journal of Changchun University of Science and Technology,1999,29(3):215-221(in Chinese).
[1]何登发,尹成,杜社宽,等.前陆冲断带构造分段特征——以准噶尔盆地西北缘断裂构造带为例[J].地学前缘,2004,11(3):91-101.
[2]邹才能,侯连华,匡立春,等.准噶尔盆地西缘二叠—三叠系扇控成岩储集相成因机理[J].地质科学,2007,42(3):587-601.
[3]徐怀民,徐朝晖,李震华,等.准噶尔盆地西北缘走滑断层特征及油气地质意义[J].高校地质学报,2008,14(2):217-222.
[4]管树巍,李本亮,侯连华,等.准噶尔盆地西北缘下盘掩伏构造油气勘探新领域[J].石油勘探与开发,2008,35(1):17-22.
[5]张玉宾,朱凤云,汪誉新.对《准噶尔盆地哈拉阿拉特山冲断带构造及找油意义》一文构造模式的疑问及讨论[J].新疆石油地质,2008,29(1):120-122.
[6]吴庆福.准噶尔盆地发育阶段、构造单元划分及局部构造成因概论[J].新疆石油地质,1986,7(1):29-37.
[7]赵白.准噶尔盆地的形成和演化[J].新疆石油地质,1992,13(2):191-196.
[8]蔡忠贤,陈发景,贾振远.准噶尔盆地的类型和构造演化[J].地学前缘,2000,7(4):431-440.
[9]陈发景,汪新文,汪新伟.准噶尔盆地的原型和构造演化[J].地学前缘,2005,12(3):77-89.
[10]赖世新,黄凯,陈景亮,等.准噶尔晚石炭世、二叠纪前陆盆地演化与油气聚集[J].新疆石油地质,1999,20(4):293-358.
[11]王平在,何登发,雷振宇,等.中国中西部前陆冲断带构造特征[J].石油学报,2002,23(2):11-18.
[12]魏国齐,贾承造,李本亮,等.我国中西部前陆盆地的特殊性和多样性及其天然气勘探[J].高校地质学报,2005,11(4):552-557.
[13]况军,齐雪峰.准噶尔前陆盆地构造特征与油气勘探方向[J].新疆石油地质,2006,27(1):5-9.
[14]谭开俊,张帆,吴晓智,等.准噶尔盆地西北缘盆山耦合与油气成藏[J].天然气工业,2008,28(5):10-13.
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