琼东南盆地深水区岩石圈伸展模式及其对裂后期沉降的控制
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摘要
为了揭示盆地深水区演化及裂后期大规模沉降的成因机制,在琼东南盆地典型的、高品质地震剖面地质构造精细解释基础上,结合岩石圈变形的挠曲悬臂梁模型和挠曲均衡模型,应用正演和反演模拟技术,定量恢复了该盆地所处地区的上地壳、地壳以及岩石圈的伸展程度.结果表明,琼东南盆地自陆架边缘到深水坳陷区,岩石圈上地壳的伸展系数较小,β值最大为1.23～1.32;整个地壳的伸展系数变化较大,盆地边缘隆起区的β值在1.1～1.2之间,向盆地中部β值逐渐增大到3.14;而对整个岩石圈而言,其伸展系数β值由陆架到陆坡深水盆地也从1.2逐渐增大到4.2.根据对南海地区的构造及岩石圈和地壳的结构分析认为,与McKenzie的岩石圈均一伸展以及由热控制的裂后期缓慢沉降过程不同的是,上述与深度相关的岩石圈伸展减薄是由南海西北次海盆扩张过程中深部物质的离散上涌流动所导致的下地壳的快速而强烈的塑性流动所引起的,并由此建立了琼东南盆地的形成演化模式,来解释和探讨深水坳陷区及裂后期快速而大规模沉降的成因机制.
In order to thoroughly explain the mechanism of significant subsidence in deep waters of Qiongdongnan basin,a rifted continental marginal basin,we analyzed the high resolution seismic reflection profiles in the study area,and conduct a quantitative study on upper-crust,whole crust and whole lithosphere stretching and thinning respectively by incorporating flexural cantilever model and flexural cantilever isostasy model and using both forward and reverse basin modeling techniques Our integrated analysis shows that the extension in brittle upper crust decreases from shelf to deep basin. And the largest amount of stretching factor β is 1.23-1.32; the whole crust stretching factors change from β=1.1-1.2 of uplifts in basin margin to β=3.14 in central basin; And estimates of the whole lithosphere stretching factor change from β=1.2 on continental shelf to β=4.2 in deep basin. Theanalysis of tectonic geology involving lithosphere and crust,depth-dependent stretching of lithosphere in Qiongdongnan basin described above is closely related with sea floor spreading of northwestern South China Sea,which caused the discrete upwelling flow of middle and deep substance,then it resulted in the plastic flow of the lower crust rapidly and intensely. This model is different from the depth-uniform lithosphere stretching model and its slow post-rift subsidence controlled by geothermal isostatic re-equilibration (McKenzie,1978). The formation and evolution model of Qiongdongnan basin is proposed to interpret the mechanism of rapid and large-amplitude post-rift subsidence in deep water.
In order to thoroughly explain the mechanism of significant subsidence in deep waters of Qiongdongnan basin,a rifted continental marginal basin,we analyzed the high resolution seismic reflection profiles in the study area,and conduct a quantitative study on upper-crust,whole crust and whole lithosphere stretching and thinning respectively by incorporating flexural cantilever model and flexural cantilever isostasy model and using both forward and reverse basin modeling techniques Our integrated analysis shows that the extension in brittle upper crust decreases from shelf to deep basin. And the largest amount of stretching factor β is 1.23-1.32; the whole crust stretching factors change from β=1.1-1.2 of uplifts in basin margin to β=3.14 in central basin; And estimates of the whole lithosphere stretching factor change from β=1.2 on continental shelf to β=4.2 in deep basin. Theanalysis of tectonic geology involving lithosphere and crust,depth-dependent stretching of lithosphere in Qiongdongnan basin described above is closely related with sea floor spreading of northwestern South China Sea,which caused the discrete upwelling flow of middle and deep substance,then it resulted in the plastic flow of the lower crust rapidly and intensely. This model is different from the depth-uniform lithosphere stretching model and its slow post-rift subsidence controlled by geothermal isostatic re-equilibration (McKenzie,1978). The formation and evolution model of Qiongdongnan basin is proposed to interpret the mechanism of rapid and large-amplitude post-rift subsidence in deep water.
引文
Alessandro,O.S.,Eris,C.J.,Arturo,A.M.J.,et al.,1997.The petroleumpotential of deep-water Northwest Pala-wan Block GSEC66.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,15(2-3):217-240.
Baxter,K.,Cooper,G.T.,Hill,K.C.,et al.,1999.Late Ju-rassic subsidence and passive margin evolution in theVulcan sub-basin,North-West Australia:Constraintsfrombasin modelling.Basin Research,11(2):97-111.
Briais,A.,Patriat,P.,Tapponnier,P.,1993.Updated inter-pretation of magnetic anomalies and seafloor spreadingstages in the South China Sea:I mplications for the Ter-tiary tectonics of Southeast Asia.Journal of Geophysi-cal Research,98(B4):6299-6328.
Cande,S.C.,Kent,D.V.,1995.Revised calibration of thegeomagnetic polarity ti mescale for the Late Cretaceousand Cenozoic.Journal of Geophysical Research,100(B4):6093-6095.
Clift,P.,Lin,J.,Barckhausen,U.E.,2002.Evidence of lowflexural rigidity and low viscosity lower continentalcrust during continental break-up in the South ChinaSea.Marine and Petroleum Geology,19(8):951-970.
Cui,T.,Xie,X.N.,Ren,J.Y.,et al.,2008.Dynamic mecha-nismof anomalous post-rift subsidence in the Yinggehaibasin.Earth Science—Journal of China University ofGeosciences,33(3):349-356(in Chinese with Englishabstract).
Davis,M.,Kusznir,N.J.,2004.Depth-dependent lithospher-ic stretching at rifted continental margins.In:Karner,G.D.,ed.,Proceedings of NSF rifted margins theoreti-cal institute.Columbia University Press,New York,92-136.
Driscoll,N.W.,Karner,G.D.,1998.Lower crustal exten-sion across the northern Carnarvon basin,Australia:Ev-idence for an eastward dipping detachment.Journal ofGeophysical Research,103(B3):4975-4991.
Fang,N.Q.,Yao,B.C.,Wan,L.,et al.,2007.The velocitystructure of the lithosphere and the origin of sedi menta-ry basins in the South China and northern margin of theSouth China Sea.Earth Science—Journal of ChinaUniversity of Geosciences,32(2):147-154(in Chinesewith English abstract).
Gong,Z.S.,Li,S.T.,Wang,J.Y.,et al.,2004.Dynamic re-search of oil and gas accumulation in northern marginalbasins of South China Sea.Science Press,Beijing,3-45(in Chinese).
Gong,Z.S.,Li,S.T.,Xie,T.J.,et al.,1997.Continentalmarginal basins analysis and hydrocarbon accumulationof the northern South China Sea.Science Press,Beijing,1-192(in Chinese).
He,J.X.,Xia,B.,Shi,X.B.,et al.,2006.Prospect and pro-gress for oil and gas in deep waters of the world,andthe potential and prospect foreground for oil and gas indeep waters of the South China Sea.Natural Gas Geo-science,17(6):747-752,806(in Chinese with Englishabstract).
Jeremy,B.,2001.Productivity shortfall puts deepwater exploration gains in perspective.Offshore,61(4):84.
Kusznir,N.J.,Hunsdale,R.,Roberts,A.M.,et al.,2005.Ti ming and magnitude of depth-dependent lithospherestretching on the southern Lofoten and northern Vringcontinental margins offshore Mid-Norway:I mplicationsfor subsidence and hydrocarbon maturation at volcanicrifted margins.In:Dor,A.G.,Vining,B.A.,eds,Pe-troleum geology:North-West Europe and global per-spectives—Proceedings of the6th Petroleum GeologyConference.Geological Society,London,767-783.
Kusznir,N.J.,Karner,G.D.,2007.Continental lithosphericthinning and breakupin response to upwelling divergentmantle flow:Application to the Woodlark,Newfound-land and Iberia margins.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,282:389-419.
Kusznir,N.J.,Marsden,G.,Egan,S.S.,1991.A flexural-cantilever si mple-shear/pure-shear model of continentallithosphere extension.In:Roberts,A.M.,Yielding,G.,Freeman,B.,eds,The geometry of normal faults.Geo-logical Society,London Special Publications,56:41-60.
Li,S.T.,Lin,C.S.,Zhang,Q.M.,et al.,1998.Episodic rif-ting andits dynamical process in north continental mar-gin of South China Sea,and the tectonic event from10Ma.Science Bulletin,43(8):797-810(in Chinese).
McKenzie,D.P.,1978.Some remarks on the development ofsedi mentary basins.Earth and Planetary Science Let-ters,40(1):25-32.
Pang,X.,Chen,C.M.,Peng,D.J.,et al.,2008.Basic geolo-gy of Baiyun deep-water areainthe northern South Chi-na Sea.China Offshore Oil and Gas,20(4):215-222(in Chinese with English abstract).
Pettingill,H.S.,Wei mer,P.,2002.Deepwater remains i m-mature frontier.Offshore,62(10):48-50.
Ren,J.Y.,Tamaki,K.,Li,S.T.,et al.,2002.Late Mesozoicand Cenozoic rifting and its dynamic setting in easternChina and adjacent areas.Tectonophysics,344(3-4):175-205.
Roberts,A.M.,Lundin,E.R.,Kusznir,N.J.,1997.Subsid-ence of the Vring basin and the influence of the Atlan-tic continental margin.Journal ofthe Geological Socie-ty,154(3):551-557.
Sclater,J.G.,Christie,P.A.F.,1980.Continental stretc-hing:An explanation of the post-Mid-Cretaceous sub-sidence of the central North Sea basin.Journal of Geo-physical Research,85(B7):3711-3739.
Sun,Z.,Pang,X.,Zhong,Z.H.,et al.,2005.Dynamics ofTertiary tectonic evolution of the Baiyun sag in thePearl River Mouth basin.Earth Science Frontiers,12(4):489-498(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun,Z.,Sun,L.T.,Zhou,D.,et al.,2009.Discussion on theSouth China Sea evolution and lithospheric breakupthrough3Danalogue modeling.Earth Science—Journalof China University of Geosciences,34(3):435-447(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tao,W.X.,Ding,F.,He,S.B.,et al.,2006.Deepwater pe-troleum exploration abroad and deepwater petroleum.Geological Science and Technology Information,25(6):59-66(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xie,X.N.,Mller,R.D.,Li,S.T.,et al.,2006.Origin ofanomalous subsidence along the northern South ChinaSea margin and its relationship to dynamic topography.Marine and Petroleum Geology,23(7):745-765.
Yao,B.C.,1998.Crust structure of the northern margin ofthe South China Sea and its tectonic significance.Ma-rine Geology&Quaternary Geology,18(2):1-16(inChinese with English abstract).
Yao,B.C.,2002.Deformation characteristics of break off andseparation of continental lithosphere.In:Gao,S.,Li,J.B.,eds.,Formation and evolution of Chinese marginalsea.China Ocean Press,Beijing,1-13(in Chinese).
Yao,B.C.,Wan,L.,Wu,N.Y.,2005.Cenoziic tectonic evo-lution and the3D structure of the lithosphere of theSouth China Sea.Geological Bulletin of China,24(1):1-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,J.,Wang,J.Y.,2000.Deep geodynamic characteris-tics of tectonic spreading in continental margin of thenorthern South China Sea.Sciencein China(Series D),30(6):561-567(in Chinese).
Zhou,D.,Sun,Z.,Chen,H.Z.,2007.Tectonic features ofworld s major deep-water oil/gas fields and their en-lightenment to deep-water explorationin northern SouthChina Sea.Advances in Earth Science,22(6):561-571(in Chinese with English abstract).
崔涛,解习农,任建业,等,2008.莺歌海盆地异常裂后沉降的动力学机制.地球科学———中国地质大学学报,33(3):349-356.
方念乔,姚伯初,万玲,等,2007.华南和南海北部陆缘岩石圈速度结构特征与沉积盆地成因.地球科学———中国地质大学学报,32(2):147-154.
龚再升,李思田,汪集?,等,2004.南海北部大陆边缘盆地油气成藏动力学研究.北京:科学出版社,3-45.
龚再升,李思田,谢泰俊,等,1997.南海北部大陆边缘盆地分析与油气聚集.北京:科学出版社,1-192.
何家雄,夏斌,施小斌,等,2006.世界深水油气勘探进展与南海深水油气勘探前景.天然气地球科学,17(6):747-752,806.
李思田,林畅松,张启明,等,1998.南海北部大陆边缘盆地幕式裂陷的动力过程及10Ma以来的构造事件.科学通报,43(8):797-810.
庞雄,陈长民,彭大钧,等,2008.南海北部白云深水区之基础地质.中国海上油气,20(4):215-222.
孙珍,庞雄,钟志洪,等,2005.珠江口盆地白云凹陷新生代构造演化动力学.地学前缘,12(4):489-498.
孙珍,孙龙涛,周蒂,等,2009.南海岩石圈破裂方式与扩张过程的三维物理模拟.地球科学———中国地质大学学报,34(3):435-447.
陶维祥,丁放,何仕斌,等,2006.国外深水油气勘探述评及中国深水油气勘探前景.地质科技情报,25(6):59-66.
姚伯初,1998.南海北部陆缘的地壳结构及构造意义.海洋地质与第四纪地质,18(2):1-16.
姚伯初,2002.大陆岩石圈在张裂和分离时的变形特征.见:高抒,李家彪编,中国边缘海的形成演化.北京:海洋出版社,1-13.
姚伯初,万玲,吴能友,2005.南海新生代构造演化及岩石圈三维结构特征.地质通报,24(1):1-8.
张健,汪集?,2000.南海北部陆缘带构造扩张的深部地球动力学特征.中国科学(D辑),30(6):561-567.
周蒂,孙珍,陈汉宗,2007.世界著名深水油气盆地的构造特征及对我国南海北部深水油气勘探的启示.地球科学进展,22(6):561-571.
Baxter,K.,Cooper,G.T.,Hill,K.C.,et al.,1999.Late Ju-rassic subsidence and passive margin evolution in theVulcan sub-basin,North-West Australia:Constraintsfrombasin modelling.Basin Research,11(2):97-111.
Briais,A.,Patriat,P.,Tapponnier,P.,1993.Updated inter-pretation of magnetic anomalies and seafloor spreadingstages in the South China Sea:I mplications for the Ter-tiary tectonics of Southeast Asia.Journal of Geophysi-cal Research,98(B4):6299-6328.
Cande,S.C.,Kent,D.V.,1995.Revised calibration of thegeomagnetic polarity ti mescale for the Late Cretaceousand Cenozoic.Journal of Geophysical Research,100(B4):6093-6095.
Clift,P.,Lin,J.,Barckhausen,U.E.,2002.Evidence of lowflexural rigidity and low viscosity lower continentalcrust during continental break-up in the South ChinaSea.Marine and Petroleum Geology,19(8):951-970.
Cui,T.,Xie,X.N.,Ren,J.Y.,et al.,2008.Dynamic mecha-nismof anomalous post-rift subsidence in the Yinggehaibasin.Earth Science—Journal of China University ofGeosciences,33(3):349-356(in Chinese with Englishabstract).
Davis,M.,Kusznir,N.J.,2004.Depth-dependent lithospher-ic stretching at rifted continental margins.In:Karner,G.D.,ed.,Proceedings of NSF rifted margins theoreti-cal institute.Columbia University Press,New York,92-136.
Driscoll,N.W.,Karner,G.D.,1998.Lower crustal exten-sion across the northern Carnarvon basin,Australia:Ev-idence for an eastward dipping detachment.Journal ofGeophysical Research,103(B3):4975-4991.
Fang,N.Q.,Yao,B.C.,Wan,L.,et al.,2007.The velocitystructure of the lithosphere and the origin of sedi menta-ry basins in the South China and northern margin of theSouth China Sea.Earth Science—Journal of ChinaUniversity of Geosciences,32(2):147-154(in Chinesewith English abstract).
Gong,Z.S.,Li,S.T.,Wang,J.Y.,et al.,2004.Dynamic re-search of oil and gas accumulation in northern marginalbasins of South China Sea.Science Press,Beijing,3-45(in Chinese).
Gong,Z.S.,Li,S.T.,Xie,T.J.,et al.,1997.Continentalmarginal basins analysis and hydrocarbon accumulationof the northern South China Sea.Science Press,Beijing,1-192(in Chinese).
He,J.X.,Xia,B.,Shi,X.B.,et al.,2006.Prospect and pro-gress for oil and gas in deep waters of the world,andthe potential and prospect foreground for oil and gas indeep waters of the South China Sea.Natural Gas Geo-science,17(6):747-752,806(in Chinese with Englishabstract).
Jeremy,B.,2001.Productivity shortfall puts deepwater exploration gains in perspective.Offshore,61(4):84.
Kusznir,N.J.,Hunsdale,R.,Roberts,A.M.,et al.,2005.Ti ming and magnitude of depth-dependent lithospherestretching on the southern Lofoten and northern Vringcontinental margins offshore Mid-Norway:I mplicationsfor subsidence and hydrocarbon maturation at volcanicrifted margins.In:Dor,A.G.,Vining,B.A.,eds,Pe-troleum geology:North-West Europe and global per-spectives—Proceedings of the6th Petroleum GeologyConference.Geological Society,London,767-783.
Kusznir,N.J.,Karner,G.D.,2007.Continental lithosphericthinning and breakupin response to upwelling divergentmantle flow:Application to the Woodlark,Newfound-land and Iberia margins.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,282:389-419.
Kusznir,N.J.,Marsden,G.,Egan,S.S.,1991.A flexural-cantilever si mple-shear/pure-shear model of continentallithosphere extension.In:Roberts,A.M.,Yielding,G.,Freeman,B.,eds,The geometry of normal faults.Geo-logical Society,London Special Publications,56:41-60.
Li,S.T.,Lin,C.S.,Zhang,Q.M.,et al.,1998.Episodic rif-ting andits dynamical process in north continental mar-gin of South China Sea,and the tectonic event from10Ma.Science Bulletin,43(8):797-810(in Chinese).
McKenzie,D.P.,1978.Some remarks on the development ofsedi mentary basins.Earth and Planetary Science Let-ters,40(1):25-32.
Pang,X.,Chen,C.M.,Peng,D.J.,et al.,2008.Basic geolo-gy of Baiyun deep-water areainthe northern South Chi-na Sea.China Offshore Oil and Gas,20(4):215-222(in Chinese with English abstract).
Pettingill,H.S.,Wei mer,P.,2002.Deepwater remains i m-mature frontier.Offshore,62(10):48-50.
Ren,J.Y.,Tamaki,K.,Li,S.T.,et al.,2002.Late Mesozoicand Cenozoic rifting and its dynamic setting in easternChina and adjacent areas.Tectonophysics,344(3-4):175-205.
Roberts,A.M.,Lundin,E.R.,Kusznir,N.J.,1997.Subsid-ence of the Vring basin and the influence of the Atlan-tic continental margin.Journal ofthe Geological Socie-ty,154(3):551-557.
Sclater,J.G.,Christie,P.A.F.,1980.Continental stretc-hing:An explanation of the post-Mid-Cretaceous sub-sidence of the central North Sea basin.Journal of Geo-physical Research,85(B7):3711-3739.
Sun,Z.,Pang,X.,Zhong,Z.H.,et al.,2005.Dynamics ofTertiary tectonic evolution of the Baiyun sag in thePearl River Mouth basin.Earth Science Frontiers,12(4):489-498(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun,Z.,Sun,L.T.,Zhou,D.,et al.,2009.Discussion on theSouth China Sea evolution and lithospheric breakupthrough3Danalogue modeling.Earth Science—Journalof China University of Geosciences,34(3):435-447(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tao,W.X.,Ding,F.,He,S.B.,et al.,2006.Deepwater pe-troleum exploration abroad and deepwater petroleum.Geological Science and Technology Information,25(6):59-66(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xie,X.N.,Mller,R.D.,Li,S.T.,et al.,2006.Origin ofanomalous subsidence along the northern South ChinaSea margin and its relationship to dynamic topography.Marine and Petroleum Geology,23(7):745-765.
Yao,B.C.,1998.Crust structure of the northern margin ofthe South China Sea and its tectonic significance.Ma-rine Geology&Quaternary Geology,18(2):1-16(inChinese with English abstract).
Yao,B.C.,2002.Deformation characteristics of break off andseparation of continental lithosphere.In:Gao,S.,Li,J.B.,eds.,Formation and evolution of Chinese marginalsea.China Ocean Press,Beijing,1-13(in Chinese).
Yao,B.C.,Wan,L.,Wu,N.Y.,2005.Cenoziic tectonic evo-lution and the3D structure of the lithosphere of theSouth China Sea.Geological Bulletin of China,24(1):1-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,J.,Wang,J.Y.,2000.Deep geodynamic characteris-tics of tectonic spreading in continental margin of thenorthern South China Sea.Sciencein China(Series D),30(6):561-567(in Chinese).
Zhou,D.,Sun,Z.,Chen,H.Z.,2007.Tectonic features ofworld s major deep-water oil/gas fields and their en-lightenment to deep-water explorationin northern SouthChina Sea.Advances in Earth Science,22(6):561-571(in Chinese with English abstract).
崔涛,解习农,任建业,等,2008.莺歌海盆地异常裂后沉降的动力学机制.地球科学———中国地质大学学报,33(3):349-356.
方念乔,姚伯初,万玲,等,2007.华南和南海北部陆缘岩石圈速度结构特征与沉积盆地成因.地球科学———中国地质大学学报,32(2):147-154.
龚再升,李思田,汪集?,等,2004.南海北部大陆边缘盆地油气成藏动力学研究.北京:科学出版社,3-45.
龚再升,李思田,谢泰俊,等,1997.南海北部大陆边缘盆地分析与油气聚集.北京:科学出版社,1-192.
何家雄,夏斌,施小斌,等,2006.世界深水油气勘探进展与南海深水油气勘探前景.天然气地球科学,17(6):747-752,806.
李思田,林畅松,张启明,等,1998.南海北部大陆边缘盆地幕式裂陷的动力过程及10Ma以来的构造事件.科学通报,43(8):797-810.
庞雄,陈长民,彭大钧,等,2008.南海北部白云深水区之基础地质.中国海上油气,20(4):215-222.
孙珍,庞雄,钟志洪,等,2005.珠江口盆地白云凹陷新生代构造演化动力学.地学前缘,12(4):489-498.
孙珍,孙龙涛,周蒂,等,2009.南海岩石圈破裂方式与扩张过程的三维物理模拟.地球科学———中国地质大学学报,34(3):435-447.
陶维祥,丁放,何仕斌,等,2006.国外深水油气勘探述评及中国深水油气勘探前景.地质科技情报,25(6):59-66.
姚伯初,1998.南海北部陆缘的地壳结构及构造意义.海洋地质与第四纪地质,18(2):1-16.
姚伯初,2002.大陆岩石圈在张裂和分离时的变形特征.见:高抒,李家彪编,中国边缘海的形成演化.北京:海洋出版社,1-13.
姚伯初,万玲,吴能友,2005.南海新生代构造演化及岩石圈三维结构特征.地质通报,24(1):1-8.
张健,汪集?,2000.南海北部陆缘带构造扩张的深部地球动力学特征.中国科学(D辑),30(6):561-567.
周蒂,孙珍,陈汉宗,2007.世界著名深水油气盆地的构造特征及对我国南海北部深水油气勘探的启示.地球科学进展,22(6):561-571.
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