大陆岩石圈流变学研究进展
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摘要
大陆岩石圈流变学是固体地球科学领域的基本问题,也是理解大陆变形的动力学过程和构造演化史的关键.本文对近年来大陆岩石圈流变学的研究进展进行了综述.重点讨论大陆岩石圈流变学的纵向分层和横向分块特性及流变学与地震活动性、壳-幔解耦及下地壳流动变形的地球动力学意义和中国大陆地区岩石圈流变学研究状况.最后,对大陆岩石圈流变学研究存在的问题和未来的研究方向做了一定的探讨和展望.
Rheology of continental lithosphere is the basic issue in solid earth sciences,and is also the key for understanding the geodynamic process and tectonic evolution history of continental deformation.Here we summarize the advancement in studying on rheology of continental lithosphere in recent years.Such topics as vertical stratification and lateral segmentation of rheology of the continental lithosphere,relationship between rheology and seismicity,crust and mantle decoupling and geodynamic implications of lower crustal flow deformation are basically emphasized,as well as the current status of study on rheology of continental lithosphere in China.Finally,some outstanding problems and possible research topics in future are all discussed and presented on personal perspective.
Rheology of continental lithosphere is the basic issue in solid earth sciences,and is also the key for understanding the geodynamic process and tectonic evolution history of continental deformation.Here we summarize the advancement in studying on rheology of continental lithosphere in recent years.Such topics as vertical stratification and lateral segmentation of rheology of the continental lithosphere,relationship between rheology and seismicity,crust and mantle decoupling and geodynamic implications of lower crustal flow deformation are basically emphasized,as well as the current status of study on rheology of continental lithosphere in China.Finally,some outstanding problems and possible research topics in future are all discussed and presented on personal perspective.
引文
[1]Ranalli G.Rheology of the Earth(2nd)[M].London:Chap-man&Hall,1995.
[2]Reiner M.Lectures on Theoretical Rheology(3rd)[M].Am-sterdam:North-Holland,1960.
[3]Kirby S H.Rheology of the lithosphere[J].Rev.Geophys.,1983,21:1458~1487.
[4]Carter N L,Tsenn M C.Flow properties of continental litho-sphere[J].Tectonophysics,1987,136:27~63.
[5]Karato S,Wu P.Rheology of the upper mantle:A synthesis[J].Science,1993,260:771~778.
[6]Kohlstedt D L,Evans B,Mackwell S J.Strength of the litho-sphere:constraints imposed by laboratory experiments[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1995,100(B8):17587~17602.
[7]杨恒,白武明.岩石圈流变实验研究的进展[J].地球物理学进展,2000,15(2):79~89.
[8]李昶,臧绍先.岩石层流变学的研究现状及存在问题[J].地球物理学进展,2001,16(2):99~108
[9]周永胜,何昌荣.大陆岩石圈流变研究进展与高温高压流变实验现状[J].地球物理学进展,2004,19(2):246~254.
[10]魏荣强,臧绍先.大陆岩石圈流变结构研究进展及存在问题[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(2):359~364.
[11]周真恒,邓万明,向才英.岩石圈流变学研究进展[J].地震地质,1999,21(1):88~96.
[12]Burov E,Diament M.The effective elastic thickness(Te)ofcontinental lithosphere:What does it really mean[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1995,100(B3):3905~3927.
[13]Paesons B,Sclater J G.An analysis of the variation of oceanfloor bathymetry and heat flow with age[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1977,82:803~827.
[14]Monlar P.Continental tectonics in the aftermath of plate tec-tonics[J].Nature,1988,335:131~137.
[15]Goetez C,Evans B.Stress and temperature in the bendinglithosphere as constrained by experimental tock mechanisms[J].Geophys.J.Roy Astron.Soc.,1979,59:463~478.
[16]Brace W F,Kohlstedt D L.Limits on lithospheric stress im-posed by laboratory experiments[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1980,85:6248~6252.
[17]Ranalli G,Murphy D C.Rheological stratification of the lith-osphere[J].Tectonophysics,1987,132:281~295.
[18]Chen W P,Molnar P.Focal depths of intracontinental andintraplate earthquakes and their implications for the thermaland mechanical properties of the lithosphere[J].J.Geo-phys.Res.,1983,88:4183~4214.
[19]Chen W P,Yang Z H.Earthquakes beneath the Himalayasand Tibet:Evidence for strong lithospheric mantle[J].Sci-ence,2004,304:1949~1952.
[20]Maggi A.,Jackson J A,McKenzie D,et al.Earthquake fo-cal depths,effective elastic thickness,and the strength of thecontinental lithosphere[J].Geology,2000,28(6):495~498.
[21]Jackson J.Strength of the continental lithosphere:Time to a-bandon the jelly sandwich?[J].GSA Today,2002,12(9):4~10.
[22]Watts A B,Burov E B.Lithospheric strength and its rela-tionship to the elastic and seismogenic layer thickness[J].Earth and Planet.Sci.Lett.,2003,213:113~131.
[23]Liu S W,Wang L S,Li C.Thermal-rheological structure ofthe continental lithosphere in western and eastern China:constrains on Cenozoic intra-continental deformation[J].EOS.Trans.AGU,2004,85(17).Joint Assembly Suppl.,abstract.T21A-11.
[24]Cloetingh S,Burov E.Thermomechanical structure of Euro-pean continental lithosphere:Constraints from rheologicalprofiles and EET estimates[J].Geophys.J.Int.,1996,124:695~723.
[25]Burov E,Jaupart C,Mareschal J C.Large-scale crustal het-erogeneities and lithospheric strength in craton[J].Earthand Planetary Science Letters,1998,164:205~219.
[26]Vauchez A,Tommas A,Barruol G.Rheological heterogenei-ty,mechanical anisotropy and deformation of the continentallithosphere[J].Tectonophysics,1998,291(1-2):61~86.
[27]Tommasi A,Vauchez A.Continental scale rheological heter-ogeneities and complex intraplate tectono-metamorphic pat-terns:insights from a case-study and numerical models[J].Tectonophysics,1997,279(1-4):327~350.
[28]Sibson R H.Fault zone modes,heat flow,and the depth dis-tribution of the earthquakes in the continental crust of the U-nited States[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Amer.,1982,72:151~163.
[29]Bodri B,Iizuka S,Hayakawa M.Geothermal and rheologicalimplications of intracontinental earthquakes beneath the Kan-to-Tokai region[J].Tectonophysics,1991,194:337~347.
[30]Pasquate V,Verdoya M,Choozzi P,et al.Rheology andseismotectonic regime in the northern central Mediterranean[J].Tectonophysics,1997,270:239~257.
[31]张国民,汪素云,李莉,等.中国大陆地震震源深度及其构造意义[J].科学通报,2002,47(9):663~668.
[32]刘绍文.中国大陆东西部岩石圈热-流变结构及其对晚新生代变形的制约[D].南京:南京大学.2004,165p.
[33]Pasquate V,Verdoya M,Chiozzi P.Heat flux and seismicityin the Fennoscandian Shield.Physics of the Earth and plane-tary interiors[J].2001,126:147~162.
[34]Williams C F.Temperature and the seismic/aseismic transi-tion:Observations from the 1992 Landers earthquake[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1996,23(16):2029~2032.
[35]Lamontagne M,Ranalli G.Thermal and rheological con-straints on the earthquake depth distribution in the Charle-voix,Canada,intraplate seismic zone[J].Tectonophysics,1996,257:55~69.
[36]Bokelman G H,Beroza G C.Depth-dependent earthquake fo-cal mechanism orientation:Evidence for a weak zone in thelower crust[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2000,105(B9):21683~21695.
[37]石耀霖,朱守彪.中国大陆震源机制深度变化反映的地壳-地幔流变特征[J].地球物理学报,2003,46(3):359~365.
[38]Meissner R,Mooney W.Weakness of the lower continentalcurst:a condition for delamination,uplift and escape[J].Tectonophysics,1998,296:47~60.
[39]Schott B,Schmeling H.Delamination and detachment of alithospheric root[J].Tectonophysics,1998,296:225~247.
[40]Ranalli G.Rheology of the lithosphere in space and time[A].In:BUAG J P,FORD M.eds.Orogeny through time[C].Geol.Soc.Spec.Pub.,1997,121:19~37.
[41]Brown C D,Phillips R J.Crust-mantle decoupling by flexureof continental lithosphere[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2000,105(B6):13221~13237.
[42]McKenzie D,Jackson J.Conditions for flow in the continen-tal crust[J].Tectonics,2002,21(6),1055,doi:10.1029/2002TC001394.
[43]Kruse S,Mcnutt M,Morgan J P,et al.Lithospheric exten-sion near Lake Meas,Neveda?:A model for ductile flow inthe lower crust[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1991,96:4435~4456.
[44]Royden L H,Burchifel B C,King R W,et al.Surface de-formation and lower crustal flow in East Tibet[J].Science,1997,276:788~790.
[45]Clark M K,Royden L H.Topographic ooze building theeastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow[J].Geology,2000,28:703~706.
[46]Zhou S,Standiford M.On the stability of isostatically com-pensated mountain belts[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1992,97:14207~14221.
[47]索书田.大陆岩石圈的流动特征[A].见:肖庆辉主编.当代地质科学前沿:我国今后值得重视的前沿研究领域[C].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1993.
[48]高山,骆庭川,张本仁,等.中国东部地壳的结构和物质组成[J].中国科学(D),1999,29(3):204~213.
[49]臧绍先,李昶,宁杰远,等.华北岩石圈三维流变结构的一种初步模型[J].中国科学(D),2002,32(7):588~597.
[50]Zang S X,Wei R Q,Liu Y G.Three-dimensional rheologicalstructure of the lithosphere in the Ordos block and its adja-cent area[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2005,163:339~356.
[51]周永胜,何昌荣.地壳主要岩石流变参数及华北地壳流变性质研究[J].地震地质,2003,25(1):109~122.
[52]王良书,李成,杨春.塔里木盆地岩石层热结构特征[J].地球物理学报,1996,39(6):794~803.
[53]刘绍文,王良书,李成,等.塔里木北缘岩石圈热-流变结构及其地球动力学意义[J].中国科学(D),2003,33(9):852~863.
[54]王良书,李成,刘福田,等.中国东、西部两类盆地岩石圈热-流变学特征[J].中国科学(D),2000,30(suppl.),116~121.
[55]李成,王良书,郭随平,等.塔里木盆地热演化[J].石油学报,2000,21(3):13~17
[56]刘绍文,王良书,李成,等.济阳坳陷岩石圈热-流变结构及其地球动力学意义[J].中国科学(D),2005,35(3):203~214.
[57]张健,汪集1.南海北部陆缘带构造扩张的深部地球动力学特征[J].中国科学(D),2000b,30(6):561~567.
[58]施小斌,周蒂,张毅祥,等.南海北部陆缘岩石圈热-流变结构[J].科学通报,2000,45(15):1660~1665.
[59]Clift P,Lin J,Barckhausen U.Evidence of low flexural ri-gidity and low viscosity lower continental crust during conti-nental break-up in the South China Sea[J].Marine Petrol.Geol.,2002,19:951~970.
[60]Wang Y.Heat flow pattern and lateral variations of litho-sphere strength in China mainland:Constraints on active de-formations[J].Phys.Earth and Planet.Inter.,2001,126:121~146.
[61]王良书,刘绍文,李成,等.岩石圈热-流变结构与大陆动力学[J].地球科学进展.2005,19(3):382~386.
[2]Reiner M.Lectures on Theoretical Rheology(3rd)[M].Am-sterdam:North-Holland,1960.
[3]Kirby S H.Rheology of the lithosphere[J].Rev.Geophys.,1983,21:1458~1487.
[4]Carter N L,Tsenn M C.Flow properties of continental litho-sphere[J].Tectonophysics,1987,136:27~63.
[5]Karato S,Wu P.Rheology of the upper mantle:A synthesis[J].Science,1993,260:771~778.
[6]Kohlstedt D L,Evans B,Mackwell S J.Strength of the litho-sphere:constraints imposed by laboratory experiments[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1995,100(B8):17587~17602.
[7]杨恒,白武明.岩石圈流变实验研究的进展[J].地球物理学进展,2000,15(2):79~89.
[8]李昶,臧绍先.岩石层流变学的研究现状及存在问题[J].地球物理学进展,2001,16(2):99~108
[9]周永胜,何昌荣.大陆岩石圈流变研究进展与高温高压流变实验现状[J].地球物理学进展,2004,19(2):246~254.
[10]魏荣强,臧绍先.大陆岩石圈流变结构研究进展及存在问题[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(2):359~364.
[11]周真恒,邓万明,向才英.岩石圈流变学研究进展[J].地震地质,1999,21(1):88~96.
[12]Burov E,Diament M.The effective elastic thickness(Te)ofcontinental lithosphere:What does it really mean[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1995,100(B3):3905~3927.
[13]Paesons B,Sclater J G.An analysis of the variation of oceanfloor bathymetry and heat flow with age[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1977,82:803~827.
[14]Monlar P.Continental tectonics in the aftermath of plate tec-tonics[J].Nature,1988,335:131~137.
[15]Goetez C,Evans B.Stress and temperature in the bendinglithosphere as constrained by experimental tock mechanisms[J].Geophys.J.Roy Astron.Soc.,1979,59:463~478.
[16]Brace W F,Kohlstedt D L.Limits on lithospheric stress im-posed by laboratory experiments[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1980,85:6248~6252.
[17]Ranalli G,Murphy D C.Rheological stratification of the lith-osphere[J].Tectonophysics,1987,132:281~295.
[18]Chen W P,Molnar P.Focal depths of intracontinental andintraplate earthquakes and their implications for the thermaland mechanical properties of the lithosphere[J].J.Geo-phys.Res.,1983,88:4183~4214.
[19]Chen W P,Yang Z H.Earthquakes beneath the Himalayasand Tibet:Evidence for strong lithospheric mantle[J].Sci-ence,2004,304:1949~1952.
[20]Maggi A.,Jackson J A,McKenzie D,et al.Earthquake fo-cal depths,effective elastic thickness,and the strength of thecontinental lithosphere[J].Geology,2000,28(6):495~498.
[21]Jackson J.Strength of the continental lithosphere:Time to a-bandon the jelly sandwich?[J].GSA Today,2002,12(9):4~10.
[22]Watts A B,Burov E B.Lithospheric strength and its rela-tionship to the elastic and seismogenic layer thickness[J].Earth and Planet.Sci.Lett.,2003,213:113~131.
[23]Liu S W,Wang L S,Li C.Thermal-rheological structure ofthe continental lithosphere in western and eastern China:constrains on Cenozoic intra-continental deformation[J].EOS.Trans.AGU,2004,85(17).Joint Assembly Suppl.,abstract.T21A-11.
[24]Cloetingh S,Burov E.Thermomechanical structure of Euro-pean continental lithosphere:Constraints from rheologicalprofiles and EET estimates[J].Geophys.J.Int.,1996,124:695~723.
[25]Burov E,Jaupart C,Mareschal J C.Large-scale crustal het-erogeneities and lithospheric strength in craton[J].Earthand Planetary Science Letters,1998,164:205~219.
[26]Vauchez A,Tommas A,Barruol G.Rheological heterogenei-ty,mechanical anisotropy and deformation of the continentallithosphere[J].Tectonophysics,1998,291(1-2):61~86.
[27]Tommasi A,Vauchez A.Continental scale rheological heter-ogeneities and complex intraplate tectono-metamorphic pat-terns:insights from a case-study and numerical models[J].Tectonophysics,1997,279(1-4):327~350.
[28]Sibson R H.Fault zone modes,heat flow,and the depth dis-tribution of the earthquakes in the continental crust of the U-nited States[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Amer.,1982,72:151~163.
[29]Bodri B,Iizuka S,Hayakawa M.Geothermal and rheologicalimplications of intracontinental earthquakes beneath the Kan-to-Tokai region[J].Tectonophysics,1991,194:337~347.
[30]Pasquate V,Verdoya M,Choozzi P,et al.Rheology andseismotectonic regime in the northern central Mediterranean[J].Tectonophysics,1997,270:239~257.
[31]张国民,汪素云,李莉,等.中国大陆地震震源深度及其构造意义[J].科学通报,2002,47(9):663~668.
[32]刘绍文.中国大陆东西部岩石圈热-流变结构及其对晚新生代变形的制约[D].南京:南京大学.2004,165p.
[33]Pasquate V,Verdoya M,Chiozzi P.Heat flux and seismicityin the Fennoscandian Shield.Physics of the Earth and plane-tary interiors[J].2001,126:147~162.
[34]Williams C F.Temperature and the seismic/aseismic transi-tion:Observations from the 1992 Landers earthquake[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1996,23(16):2029~2032.
[35]Lamontagne M,Ranalli G.Thermal and rheological con-straints on the earthquake depth distribution in the Charle-voix,Canada,intraplate seismic zone[J].Tectonophysics,1996,257:55~69.
[36]Bokelman G H,Beroza G C.Depth-dependent earthquake fo-cal mechanism orientation:Evidence for a weak zone in thelower crust[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2000,105(B9):21683~21695.
[37]石耀霖,朱守彪.中国大陆震源机制深度变化反映的地壳-地幔流变特征[J].地球物理学报,2003,46(3):359~365.
[38]Meissner R,Mooney W.Weakness of the lower continentalcurst:a condition for delamination,uplift and escape[J].Tectonophysics,1998,296:47~60.
[39]Schott B,Schmeling H.Delamination and detachment of alithospheric root[J].Tectonophysics,1998,296:225~247.
[40]Ranalli G.Rheology of the lithosphere in space and time[A].In:BUAG J P,FORD M.eds.Orogeny through time[C].Geol.Soc.Spec.Pub.,1997,121:19~37.
[41]Brown C D,Phillips R J.Crust-mantle decoupling by flexureof continental lithosphere[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2000,105(B6):13221~13237.
[42]McKenzie D,Jackson J.Conditions for flow in the continen-tal crust[J].Tectonics,2002,21(6),1055,doi:10.1029/2002TC001394.
[43]Kruse S,Mcnutt M,Morgan J P,et al.Lithospheric exten-sion near Lake Meas,Neveda?:A model for ductile flow inthe lower crust[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1991,96:4435~4456.
[44]Royden L H,Burchifel B C,King R W,et al.Surface de-formation and lower crustal flow in East Tibet[J].Science,1997,276:788~790.
[45]Clark M K,Royden L H.Topographic ooze building theeastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow[J].Geology,2000,28:703~706.
[46]Zhou S,Standiford M.On the stability of isostatically com-pensated mountain belts[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1992,97:14207~14221.
[47]索书田.大陆岩石圈的流动特征[A].见:肖庆辉主编.当代地质科学前沿:我国今后值得重视的前沿研究领域[C].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1993.
[48]高山,骆庭川,张本仁,等.中国东部地壳的结构和物质组成[J].中国科学(D),1999,29(3):204~213.
[49]臧绍先,李昶,宁杰远,等.华北岩石圈三维流变结构的一种初步模型[J].中国科学(D),2002,32(7):588~597.
[50]Zang S X,Wei R Q,Liu Y G.Three-dimensional rheologicalstructure of the lithosphere in the Ordos block and its adja-cent area[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2005,163:339~356.
[51]周永胜,何昌荣.地壳主要岩石流变参数及华北地壳流变性质研究[J].地震地质,2003,25(1):109~122.
[52]王良书,李成,杨春.塔里木盆地岩石层热结构特征[J].地球物理学报,1996,39(6):794~803.
[53]刘绍文,王良书,李成,等.塔里木北缘岩石圈热-流变结构及其地球动力学意义[J].中国科学(D),2003,33(9):852~863.
[54]王良书,李成,刘福田,等.中国东、西部两类盆地岩石圈热-流变学特征[J].中国科学(D),2000,30(suppl.),116~121.
[55]李成,王良书,郭随平,等.塔里木盆地热演化[J].石油学报,2000,21(3):13~17
[56]刘绍文,王良书,李成,等.济阳坳陷岩石圈热-流变结构及其地球动力学意义[J].中国科学(D),2005,35(3):203~214.
[57]张健,汪集1.南海北部陆缘带构造扩张的深部地球动力学特征[J].中国科学(D),2000b,30(6):561~567.
[58]施小斌,周蒂,张毅祥,等.南海北部陆缘岩石圈热-流变结构[J].科学通报,2000,45(15):1660~1665.
[59]Clift P,Lin J,Barckhausen U.Evidence of low flexural ri-gidity and low viscosity lower continental crust during conti-nental break-up in the South China Sea[J].Marine Petrol.Geol.,2002,19:951~970.
[60]Wang Y.Heat flow pattern and lateral variations of litho-sphere strength in China mainland:Constraints on active de-formations[J].Phys.Earth and Planet.Inter.,2001,126:121~146.
[61]王良书,刘绍文,李成,等.岩石圈热-流变结构与大陆动力学[J].地球科学进展.2005,19(3):382~386.
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