库车褶皱冲断带东秋里塔格位移转换构造及其演化——兼论侧断坡相关背斜构造圈闭的形成
|
摘要
库车褶皱冲断带东秋里塔格构造带发育与侧断坡有关的位移转换构造。东秋里塔格冲断层是一条北倾盲冲断层,其错移地层自西向东逐渐降低,从东秋5井以西的新近系膏盐岩转换至迪那201井的古近系膏盐岩再到迪那11井的侏罗系煤系,地震剖面上侧断坡形态清晰。侧断坡东、西断坪分别是新近系吉迪克组膏盐岩和侏罗系煤系,侧断坡发育在煤上-盐下构造地层组合中。通过DQ99-196、DQ00-226、DQ00-263等构造演化剖面恢复计算,东秋里塔格构造盐上地层位移梯度向西约为103.72m/km,而盐下东秋—迪那段的位移梯度为61.65m/km。在上述地震剖面上,盐上背斜和盐下隐伏背斜的轴线位置发生了相对变化,后者自东向西逐渐向南发生偏移;野外露头观察,盐上背斜的褶皱作用也随之向西增强。在走向上,东秋里塔格构造具有构造分段性,表明侧断坡的位移量变化具有突发性。西段为库车塔吾构造,东段为东秋-迪那构造。库车塔吾构造的盐下隐伏背斜是受东秋里塔格冲断层控制的断层相关褶皱,前、后断坪分别位于吉迪克组膏盐岩和侏罗系煤系,其隐伏的构造楔与南秋里塔格背冲断层组成库车塔吾三角带。东秋-迪那构造的隐伏背斜样式与库车塔吾段相似;但南翼缺乏背冲断层,不具备三角带形态。磷灰石裂变径迹测年表明,侧断坡的发育过程最早可以追索到康村期。东秋里塔格侧断坡相关背斜的形成与自北向南的盲冲断层和区域左行扭压复合作用有关。侧断坡相关背斜的主要构造特征是由侧断坡调节上、下滑脱层之间的应变差异,同时作为油气运移通道沟通气源岩和储层;其油气勘探意义是使得煤系烃源岩生成的天然气向上运移到侧断坡相关背斜构造圈闭如迪那2之中聚集成藏。
In the Kuqa fold-thrust zone, a lateral ramp-related displacement transfer structure is developed in the eastern Qiulitag structural belt. The strata broken by the eastern Qiulitag thrust, a north-dipping blind thrust fault, gradually decline from east to west, that is, Neogene salt and gypsum rocks west of Well Dongqiu 5 are transformed into Paleogene salt and gypsum rocks in Well Dina 201, and then into Jurassic coal measures in Well Dina 11, which is very distinctly delineated in the seismic cross section. The eastern and western fault flat is respectively in the Neogene salt and gypsum rocks of the Jidike Formation and in the Jurassic coal measures, and a lateral ramp is developed in a combined structure with coal in the upper and salt in the layer position. The recovery of structural evolution sections such as DQ99-196, DQ00-226, DQ00-263, indicates that the displacement gradient of the salt-in-the-upper-part stratum is around 103.72 m/km in the eastern Qiulitag structural belt, while that of the salt-in-the-lower-part stratum is about 61.65 m/km in the eastern Qiulitag-Dina subsection. On the above seismic sections, the positions of the axial lines of the salt-in-the-upper-part anticline and those of the salt-in-the-lower-part hidden anticline are relatively changed: they deviate southwards from east to west in the latter case. Besides, the outcrops show that folding is enhanced westwards in the salt-in-the-upper-part anticline. The structural subsection of the eastern Qiulitag structure in the strike direction suggest that sudden displacement of the lateral ramp divides it into two sections: the western section is named the Kuqatawu structure and the eastern section is called the eastern Qiulitag-Dina structure. The salt-in-the-lower-part anticline in the Kuqatawu structure is a kind of fault-related fold, which is controlled by the eastern Qiulitagh thrust, and the anterior and posterior fault flat is in salt and gypsum rocks of the Jidike Formation and Jurassic coal measures. The hidden structural wedge and the southern Qiulitag back-thrust constitute the Kuqatawu triangle zone. The hidden anticline in the eastern Qiulitag-Dina sector has a similar style as that of the Kuqatawu section, but there fewer back-thrust faults on its southern with no triangle zone. The dating age of the apatite fission track of the eastern Qiulitag structural zone shows that the lateral ramp can be traced back to the Kangcun Period. The formation of the lateral ramp-related anticlines in the eastern Qiulitag belt are related with a combination of two associated parts: a blind thrust from north to south and regional sinistral shear-compression. The main characteristics of the lateral ramp-related anticline are that the lateral ramp can adjust the strain differences between the upper and lower slip layers and serves as a channel of hydrocarbon between source rocks and reservoirs. In this way, gas can move from coal source rocks up to lateral ramp-related anticline traps. That is the case of the Dina 2 gas pool.
In the Kuqa fold-thrust zone, a lateral ramp-related displacement transfer structure is developed in the eastern Qiulitag structural belt. The strata broken by the eastern Qiulitag thrust, a north-dipping blind thrust fault, gradually decline from east to west, that is, Neogene salt and gypsum rocks west of Well Dongqiu 5 are transformed into Paleogene salt and gypsum rocks in Well Dina 201, and then into Jurassic coal measures in Well Dina 11, which is very distinctly delineated in the seismic cross section. The eastern and western fault flat is respectively in the Neogene salt and gypsum rocks of the Jidike Formation and in the Jurassic coal measures, and a lateral ramp is developed in a combined structure with coal in the upper and salt in the layer position. The recovery of structural evolution sections such as DQ99-196, DQ00-226, DQ00-263, indicates that the displacement gradient of the salt-in-the-upper-part stratum is around 103.72 m/km in the eastern Qiulitag structural belt, while that of the salt-in-the-lower-part stratum is about 61.65 m/km in the eastern Qiulitag-Dina subsection. On the above seismic sections, the positions of the axial lines of the salt-in-the-upper-part anticline and those of the salt-in-the-lower-part hidden anticline are relatively changed: they deviate southwards from east to west in the latter case. Besides, the outcrops show that folding is enhanced westwards in the salt-in-the-upper-part anticline. The structural subsection of the eastern Qiulitag structure in the strike direction suggest that sudden displacement of the lateral ramp divides it into two sections: the western section is named the Kuqatawu structure and the eastern section is called the eastern Qiulitag-Dina structure. The salt-in-the-lower-part anticline in the Kuqatawu structure is a kind of fault-related fold, which is controlled by the eastern Qiulitagh thrust, and the anterior and posterior fault flat is in salt and gypsum rocks of the Jidike Formation and Jurassic coal measures. The hidden structural wedge and the southern Qiulitag back-thrust constitute the Kuqatawu triangle zone. The hidden anticline in the eastern Qiulitag-Dina sector has a similar style as that of the Kuqatawu section, but there fewer back-thrust faults on its southern with no triangle zone. The dating age of the apatite fission track of the eastern Qiulitag structural zone shows that the lateral ramp can be traced back to the Kangcun Period. The formation of the lateral ramp-related anticlines in the eastern Qiulitag belt are related with a combination of two associated parts: a blind thrust from north to south and regional sinistral shear-compression. The main characteristics of the lateral ramp-related anticline are that the lateral ramp can adjust the strain differences between the upper and lower slip layers and serves as a channel of hydrocarbon between source rocks and reservoirs. In this way, gas can move from coal source rocks up to lateral ramp-related anticline traps. That is the case of the Dina 2 gas pool.
引文
1杨明慧,吕修祥,孙冬胜,等.2004.库车坳陷秋里塔格构造带分段性及其对油气聚集的控制作用.内部资料.
柏美祥,向志勇,胡军.2000.却勒塔格活动断裂带的某些特征.内陆地震,14(3):193~199.
陈杰,卢演俦,丁国瑜.2001.塔里木西缘晚新生代造山过程的记录——磨拉石建造及生长地层和生长不整合.第四纪研究,(6):49~60.
范湘涛,卢华复,郭华东,等.2000.库车冲断带新构造遥感分析.地质论评,46(5):499~506.
管树巍,汪新,杨树锋,等.2003.南天山库车秋里塔格褶皱带三维构造分析.地质论评,49(5):464~473.
管树巍,汪新,杨树锋,等.2004.位移转换的两种概念模型与实例.中国科学(D辑),34(9):807~817.
郭令智,施央申,卢华复,等.1992.印藏碰撞的两种远距离构造效应.现代地质学研究文集(上).南京:南京大学出版社,1~8.
何光玉,卢华复,李树新.2003.库车盆地秋里塔格构造带构造圈闭及油气勘探方向.地质科学,38(4):506~513.
何光玉,卢华复,李树新.2004.库车再生前陆盆地油气运移特征.地质学报,78(6):848~853.
贾承造,何登发,雷振宇,等.2000.前陆冲断带油气勘探.北京:石油工业出版社,1~351.
贾承造.1997.中国塔里木盆地构造特征与油气.北京:石油工业出版社,1~438.
金之钧,汤良杰,杨明慧,等.2002.中国中西部地区中新生代陆内前陆盆地的主要特征.中国中西部前陆盆地冲断带油气勘探文集.北京:石油工业出版社,47~56.
李忠,王清晨,王道轩,等.2003.晚新生代天山隆升与库车坳陷构造转换的沉积约束.沉积学报,21(1):38~45.
刘志宏,卢华复,贾承造,等.2000.库车再生前陆逆冲带造山运动时间、断层滑移速率的厘定及其意义.石油勘探与开发,27(1):12~15.
卢华复,贾东,陈楚铭,等.1999.库车新生代构造性质和变形时间.地学前缘,6(4):215~221.
卢华复,陈楚铭,刘志宏,等.2000.库车再生前陆逆冲带的构造特征与成因.石油学报,21(3):18~24.
马玉洁,谢会文,蔡振忠,等.2003.库车坳陷迪那2气田地质特征.天然气地球科学,14(5):371~374.
苗继军,贾承造,王招明,等.2004.秋里塔格构造带构造分段特征与油气成藏.石油勘探与开发,31(6):20~24.
齐英敏,苗继军,马全天,等.2004.新疆库车地区秋里塔格构造带成因分析.地质科学,39(4):561~570.
孙冬胜,金之钧,吕修祥,等.2004.库车前陆盆地迪那2气田成藏机理及成藏年代.石油与天然气地质,25(5):84~89.
汤良杰.1992.塔里木盆地多层次滑脱构造与含油气远景探讨.地质学报,66(2):97~107.
汤良杰,金之钧,贾承造,等.2004.库车前陆褶皱—冲断带前缘大型盐推覆构造.地质学报,78(1):17~25.
田作基.1995.南天山造山带和塔北前陆盆地构造样式及油气远景成都:成都科技大学出版社,30~79.
王清华,杨明慧,吕修祥.2004.库车褶皱冲断带秋里塔格构造带东西分段构造特征与油气聚集.地质科学,39(4):523~531.
汪新,贾承造,杨树锋.2002.南天山库车褶皱冲断带构造几何学和运动学.地质科学,37(3):372~384.
邬光辉,王招明,刘玉魁,等.2004.塔里木盆地库车坳陷盐构造运动学特征.地质论评,50(5):476~483.
杨明慧.2002.陆内前陆盆地褶皱冲断带构造特征——塔里木盆地库车坳陷例析.北京:石油大学博士后研究报告,1~100.
杨明慧,金之钧,吕修祥,等.2004.库车褶皱冲断带天然气成藏体系及有效运移优势通道.地球科学——中国地质大学学报,29(4)440~444.
曾庆全.2003.库车前陆盆地重磁电勘探述评.石油学报,24(3):28~33.
赵文智,许大丰,张朝军,等.1998.库车坳陷构造变形层序划分及在油气勘探中的意义.石油学报,19(3):1~5.
ApotriaTG.1995.Thrustsheetrotationandout-of-planestrainsassociatedwithobliqueramp:anexamplefromtheWyomingsalient,USA.JournalofStructuralGeology,17:647~662.
BeckRA.1995.StratigraphicevidenceforanearlycollisionbetweennorthwestIndiaandAsia.Nature,373:55~58.
BergerZ.2001.Detectionandanalysisofcross-strikediscontinuitiesinfoldbeltregions.CSPG,RocktheFoundationConvention,no157-1.
DahlstromCDA.1970.StructuralgeologyintheeasternmarginoftheCanadianRockyMountains.BulletinofCanadianPetroleumGeology,18:332~406.
DavisDM,SuppeJ,DahlenFA.1983.Mechanicsoffold-and-thrusbeltsandaccretionarywedges.JournalofGeophysicalResearch,88:332~406.
ElliottD.1976.Energybalanceanddeformationofthrustssheets.Philos.Trans.R.Soc.London,283:289~312.
FermorP.1999.Aspectsofthethree-dimensionalstructureoftheAlbertaFoothillsandFrontRanges.GSABulletin,111:317~346.
GoldburgBL.1984.DisplacementtransferbetweennearthrustfaultneartheSunRiverintheSawtoothRange,northwesternMontana.MontanaGeologicalSociety1984FieldConference,211~220.
JadoonIAK,FrischW.1997.Hinterland-vergenttectonicwedgebelowtheRiwatthrust,Himalayanforeland,Pakistan:implicationsforhydrocarbonexploration.AAPGBulletin,81(3):438~448.
JonesPB.1982.Oilandgasbeneatheast-dippingthrustfaultsintheAlbertafoothills.In:PowersK,ed.GeologicstudiesoftheCordilleranthrustbelt.RockyMountainAssociationofGeologistsGuidebook.1:61~74.
KlootwijkCT,ConaghanPJ,PowellCM.1985.TheHimalayanarc:large-scalecontinentalsubduction,oroclinalbending,andback-arcspreading.GeologischeRundschau,67:37~48.
LawtonDC,SprattDA,HoptinsJC.1994.TectonicwedgingbeneaththeRockyMountainforelandbasin,Alberta,Canada.Geology,22:519~522.
McClayKR.1992.Glossaryofthrusttectonicsterms.In:McClayKR,ed.Thrusttectonics.London:Chapman&Hall,419~433.
McDougallJW,KhanSH.1990.Strike-slipfaultinginaforelandfold-thrustbelt:theKalabaghFaultandwesternSaltRange,Pakistan.Tectonics,9:1061~1075.
PohnHA.2001.LateralrampsinthefoldingAppalachiansandinoverthrustbeltsworldwide:afundamentalelementofthrustbeltarchitecture.USGeologicalSurveyBulletin2163:http://pubs.usgs.gov/bulletin/b2163/html/b2163.html.
PhilippeY,DevilleE,MascleA.1998.Thin-skinnedinversiontectonicsatobliquebasinmargin:exampleofthewesternVercorsandChartreuseSubalpinemassifs(SEFrance).In:MascleA,ed.CenezoicForelandBasinsofWesternEurope,GSLSpecialPublications134:239~262.
PowellCM.1979.AspeculativetectonichistoryofPakistanandsurroundings:someconstraintsfromtheIndianOcean.In:FarahA,DejongKA,eds.GeodynamicsofPakistan.GeologicalSurveyofPakistan,1~24.
PriceRA.1986.ThesoutheasternCanadianCordillera:thrustfaulting,tectonicwedging,anddelaminationofthelithosphere.JournalofStructuralGeology,8:239~254.
RamosVA.1989.AndeanfoothillsstructuresinnorthernMagallanesbasin,Argentina.AAPGBulletin,73:887~903.
SandersonDA,SprattDA.1992.Trianglezoneanddisplacementtransferstructuresintheeasternfrontrangers,southernCanadianRockyMountains.AAPGBulletin,76:828~839.
SchreursG.2002,Analoguemodelingoftransferzonesinfoldandthrustbelts:a4-Danalysis.JournaloftheVirtualExplorer,7:43~49.
SneddenWT,SpangJH.1989.Geometricanalysisofdisplacementtransferbetweenthrustfaultsusingfault-bendandfault-propagationfoldmodels.GeologicalSocietyofAmericaAbstractswithPrograms,21(6):A67.
ShawJH,HookSC,SuppeJ.1994.Structuraltrendanalysisbyaxialsurfacemapping.Amer.Assoc.PetroleumGeol.Bull.,78:700~721.
ShawJH,BilotteF,BrennanPA.1999.Patternsofimbricatethrusting.GeologicalSocietyofAmericaBulletin,111:1140~1154.
ThomasWA,BayonaG.2002.PalinspasticrestorationoftheAnnistontransversezoneintheAppalachianthrustbelt,Alabama.JournalofStructuralGeology,24:797~826.
WilkersonMS,ApotriaT,FaridT.2002.Interpretingthegeologicalmapexpressionofcontractionalfault-related-foldterminations:lateral/obliquerampsversusdisplacementgradients.JournalofStructuralGeology,24:593~607.
柏美祥,向志勇,胡军.2000.却勒塔格活动断裂带的某些特征.内陆地震,14(3):193~199.
陈杰,卢演俦,丁国瑜.2001.塔里木西缘晚新生代造山过程的记录——磨拉石建造及生长地层和生长不整合.第四纪研究,(6):49~60.
范湘涛,卢华复,郭华东,等.2000.库车冲断带新构造遥感分析.地质论评,46(5):499~506.
管树巍,汪新,杨树锋,等.2003.南天山库车秋里塔格褶皱带三维构造分析.地质论评,49(5):464~473.
管树巍,汪新,杨树锋,等.2004.位移转换的两种概念模型与实例.中国科学(D辑),34(9):807~817.
郭令智,施央申,卢华复,等.1992.印藏碰撞的两种远距离构造效应.现代地质学研究文集(上).南京:南京大学出版社,1~8.
何光玉,卢华复,李树新.2003.库车盆地秋里塔格构造带构造圈闭及油气勘探方向.地质科学,38(4):506~513.
何光玉,卢华复,李树新.2004.库车再生前陆盆地油气运移特征.地质学报,78(6):848~853.
贾承造,何登发,雷振宇,等.2000.前陆冲断带油气勘探.北京:石油工业出版社,1~351.
贾承造.1997.中国塔里木盆地构造特征与油气.北京:石油工业出版社,1~438.
金之钧,汤良杰,杨明慧,等.2002.中国中西部地区中新生代陆内前陆盆地的主要特征.中国中西部前陆盆地冲断带油气勘探文集.北京:石油工业出版社,47~56.
李忠,王清晨,王道轩,等.2003.晚新生代天山隆升与库车坳陷构造转换的沉积约束.沉积学报,21(1):38~45.
刘志宏,卢华复,贾承造,等.2000.库车再生前陆逆冲带造山运动时间、断层滑移速率的厘定及其意义.石油勘探与开发,27(1):12~15.
卢华复,贾东,陈楚铭,等.1999.库车新生代构造性质和变形时间.地学前缘,6(4):215~221.
卢华复,陈楚铭,刘志宏,等.2000.库车再生前陆逆冲带的构造特征与成因.石油学报,21(3):18~24.
马玉洁,谢会文,蔡振忠,等.2003.库车坳陷迪那2气田地质特征.天然气地球科学,14(5):371~374.
苗继军,贾承造,王招明,等.2004.秋里塔格构造带构造分段特征与油气成藏.石油勘探与开发,31(6):20~24.
齐英敏,苗继军,马全天,等.2004.新疆库车地区秋里塔格构造带成因分析.地质科学,39(4):561~570.
孙冬胜,金之钧,吕修祥,等.2004.库车前陆盆地迪那2气田成藏机理及成藏年代.石油与天然气地质,25(5):84~89.
汤良杰.1992.塔里木盆地多层次滑脱构造与含油气远景探讨.地质学报,66(2):97~107.
汤良杰,金之钧,贾承造,等.2004.库车前陆褶皱—冲断带前缘大型盐推覆构造.地质学报,78(1):17~25.
田作基.1995.南天山造山带和塔北前陆盆地构造样式及油气远景成都:成都科技大学出版社,30~79.
王清华,杨明慧,吕修祥.2004.库车褶皱冲断带秋里塔格构造带东西分段构造特征与油气聚集.地质科学,39(4):523~531.
汪新,贾承造,杨树锋.2002.南天山库车褶皱冲断带构造几何学和运动学.地质科学,37(3):372~384.
邬光辉,王招明,刘玉魁,等.2004.塔里木盆地库车坳陷盐构造运动学特征.地质论评,50(5):476~483.
杨明慧.2002.陆内前陆盆地褶皱冲断带构造特征——塔里木盆地库车坳陷例析.北京:石油大学博士后研究报告,1~100.
杨明慧,金之钧,吕修祥,等.2004.库车褶皱冲断带天然气成藏体系及有效运移优势通道.地球科学——中国地质大学学报,29(4)440~444.
曾庆全.2003.库车前陆盆地重磁电勘探述评.石油学报,24(3):28~33.
赵文智,许大丰,张朝军,等.1998.库车坳陷构造变形层序划分及在油气勘探中的意义.石油学报,19(3):1~5.
ApotriaTG.1995.Thrustsheetrotationandout-of-planestrainsassociatedwithobliqueramp:anexamplefromtheWyomingsalient,USA.JournalofStructuralGeology,17:647~662.
BeckRA.1995.StratigraphicevidenceforanearlycollisionbetweennorthwestIndiaandAsia.Nature,373:55~58.
BergerZ.2001.Detectionandanalysisofcross-strikediscontinuitiesinfoldbeltregions.CSPG,RocktheFoundationConvention,no157-1.
DahlstromCDA.1970.StructuralgeologyintheeasternmarginoftheCanadianRockyMountains.BulletinofCanadianPetroleumGeology,18:332~406.
DavisDM,SuppeJ,DahlenFA.1983.Mechanicsoffold-and-thrusbeltsandaccretionarywedges.JournalofGeophysicalResearch,88:332~406.
ElliottD.1976.Energybalanceanddeformationofthrustssheets.Philos.Trans.R.Soc.London,283:289~312.
FermorP.1999.Aspectsofthethree-dimensionalstructureoftheAlbertaFoothillsandFrontRanges.GSABulletin,111:317~346.
GoldburgBL.1984.DisplacementtransferbetweennearthrustfaultneartheSunRiverintheSawtoothRange,northwesternMontana.MontanaGeologicalSociety1984FieldConference,211~220.
JadoonIAK,FrischW.1997.Hinterland-vergenttectonicwedgebelowtheRiwatthrust,Himalayanforeland,Pakistan:implicationsforhydrocarbonexploration.AAPGBulletin,81(3):438~448.
JonesPB.1982.Oilandgasbeneatheast-dippingthrustfaultsintheAlbertafoothills.In:PowersK,ed.GeologicstudiesoftheCordilleranthrustbelt.RockyMountainAssociationofGeologistsGuidebook.1:61~74.
KlootwijkCT,ConaghanPJ,PowellCM.1985.TheHimalayanarc:large-scalecontinentalsubduction,oroclinalbending,andback-arcspreading.GeologischeRundschau,67:37~48.
LawtonDC,SprattDA,HoptinsJC.1994.TectonicwedgingbeneaththeRockyMountainforelandbasin,Alberta,Canada.Geology,22:519~522.
McClayKR.1992.Glossaryofthrusttectonicsterms.In:McClayKR,ed.Thrusttectonics.London:Chapman&Hall,419~433.
McDougallJW,KhanSH.1990.Strike-slipfaultinginaforelandfold-thrustbelt:theKalabaghFaultandwesternSaltRange,Pakistan.Tectonics,9:1061~1075.
PohnHA.2001.LateralrampsinthefoldingAppalachiansandinoverthrustbeltsworldwide:afundamentalelementofthrustbeltarchitecture.USGeologicalSurveyBulletin2163:http://pubs.usgs.gov/bulletin/b2163/html/b2163.html.
PhilippeY,DevilleE,MascleA.1998.Thin-skinnedinversiontectonicsatobliquebasinmargin:exampleofthewesternVercorsandChartreuseSubalpinemassifs(SEFrance).In:MascleA,ed.CenezoicForelandBasinsofWesternEurope,GSLSpecialPublications134:239~262.
PowellCM.1979.AspeculativetectonichistoryofPakistanandsurroundings:someconstraintsfromtheIndianOcean.In:FarahA,DejongKA,eds.GeodynamicsofPakistan.GeologicalSurveyofPakistan,1~24.
PriceRA.1986.ThesoutheasternCanadianCordillera:thrustfaulting,tectonicwedging,anddelaminationofthelithosphere.JournalofStructuralGeology,8:239~254.
RamosVA.1989.AndeanfoothillsstructuresinnorthernMagallanesbasin,Argentina.AAPGBulletin,73:887~903.
SandersonDA,SprattDA.1992.Trianglezoneanddisplacementtransferstructuresintheeasternfrontrangers,southernCanadianRockyMountains.AAPGBulletin,76:828~839.
SchreursG.2002,Analoguemodelingoftransferzonesinfoldandthrustbelts:a4-Danalysis.JournaloftheVirtualExplorer,7:43~49.
SneddenWT,SpangJH.1989.Geometricanalysisofdisplacementtransferbetweenthrustfaultsusingfault-bendandfault-propagationfoldmodels.GeologicalSocietyofAmericaAbstractswithPrograms,21(6):A67.
ShawJH,HookSC,SuppeJ.1994.Structuraltrendanalysisbyaxialsurfacemapping.Amer.Assoc.PetroleumGeol.Bull.,78:700~721.
ShawJH,BilotteF,BrennanPA.1999.Patternsofimbricatethrusting.GeologicalSocietyofAmericaBulletin,111:1140~1154.
ThomasWA,BayonaG.2002.PalinspasticrestorationoftheAnnistontransversezoneintheAppalachianthrustbelt,Alabama.JournalofStructuralGeology,24:797~826.
WilkersonMS,ApotriaT,FaridT.2002.Interpretingthegeologicalmapexpressionofcontractionalfault-related-foldterminations:lateral/obliquerampsversusdisplacementgradients.JournalofStructuralGeology,24:593~607.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心