青海4·14玉树地震地质作用对地质环境影响分析
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摘要
青海省玉树县Ms7.1级地震不仅造成了玉树县及其周边一定范围内的房屋变形破坏,而且还引发了地质灾害、地貌景观损毁、含水层结构破坏及地下水流场发生变化、地表破裂、岩土体物性指标改变等地质环境破坏现象。野外调查分析表明:(1)玉树地震地质环境破坏现象的表现形式可分为包括崩塌、滑坡、泥石流和潜在不稳定斜坡等地质灾害,地震地表破裂,山体松动拉裂和振动压密裂缝等地裂缝,地震液化以及文物、地貌景观破坏;(2)从地质灾害空间分布特征着手,包括崩塌分布特征,滑坡分布特征,泥石流分布特征和潜在不稳定斜坡分布特征,分析论述玉树4.14地震地质作用对地质环境的影响程度,统计数据表明玉树4.14地震地质作用对地质环境的影响范围与发震断裂地表断裂长度及发震断裂上、下盘关系密切;(3)以地震断裂地表破裂结构面为线性参照物,结合地震地质作用对地质环境破坏表现形式在空间上的分布特征及密度将地质环境破坏程度划分为严重区,较严重区和一般区三级,借以寻求拟定相应有效的地震地质作用下地震灾区地质灾害应急排(调)查及治理工作范围和技术思想;(4)玉树地震活动带沿线古地震滑坡发育,且多呈抛撒状。通过对玉树地震地质作用对地质环境影响的综合分析,对制定抗震救灾工作方案及抗震加固措施具有重要参考意义。
On April 14,2010(4.14),a Ms 7.1 earthquake happened in Yushu county,Qinghai province.It not only damaged many buildings in Yushu county and buildings in a certain scope of perimeter area,but also induced a series of geological environmental issues.These issues include triggering geological hazard,destroying geomorphol-ogy landscape,breaking formation of water-bearing stratum,changing the groundwater flow field,surface rupture,and changing the physical properties of rock-soil.A great deal of field investigations show that: firstly,the geological en-vironmental issues should be represented as collapses,landslides,debris flow and potentially unstable slopes,earth-quake surface ruptures,mountains cracks,and shaking compaction,earthquake liquefaction,and damages to cultural relics and geomorphologic landscapes;Secondly,this paper shows the features of geologic hazards distribution inclu-ding the spatial features of collapses,landslides,debris flows and potential unstable slopes,in order to analyze how the earthquake geologic influences on the geologic environment.And statistics show that the influence scopes of the4.14 earthquakes upon geologic environments has a close relationship with the length of the surface ruptures and the position of hanging wall and footwall;Thirdly,Taking structure surface of earthquake rupture as a reference,the de-stroying geologic environment can be divided into three parts: more serious area,serious area and general area.Such classification combines the features of geologic hazards distribution,for the purpose of making out correspondingly effective measurements and thoughts for administrating and investigating geologic hazards after earthquakes;Fourth-ly,there are many paleoearthquakes distributed along the earthquake fault zone.And most of them were thrown a-bout.Thereby,through the comprehensive analyses of the effects of Yushu earthquake upon the geologic environ-ment,relevant effective emergent measurements for inspection and examination are accordingly made in considera-tion of geological function induced by earthquake.As well as the administrative regions and technique ideas for earthquake stricken area are contoured and formulated.
On April 14,2010(4.14),a Ms 7.1 earthquake happened in Yushu county,Qinghai province.It not only damaged many buildings in Yushu county and buildings in a certain scope of perimeter area,but also induced a series of geological environmental issues.These issues include triggering geological hazard,destroying geomorphol-ogy landscape,breaking formation of water-bearing stratum,changing the groundwater flow field,surface rupture,and changing the physical properties of rock-soil.A great deal of field investigations show that: firstly,the geological en-vironmental issues should be represented as collapses,landslides,debris flow and potentially unstable slopes,earth-quake surface ruptures,mountains cracks,and shaking compaction,earthquake liquefaction,and damages to cultural relics and geomorphologic landscapes;Secondly,this paper shows the features of geologic hazards distribution inclu-ding the spatial features of collapses,landslides,debris flows and potential unstable slopes,in order to analyze how the earthquake geologic influences on the geologic environment.And statistics show that the influence scopes of the4.14 earthquakes upon geologic environments has a close relationship with the length of the surface ruptures and the position of hanging wall and footwall;Thirdly,Taking structure surface of earthquake rupture as a reference,the de-stroying geologic environment can be divided into three parts: more serious area,serious area and general area.Such classification combines the features of geologic hazards distribution,for the purpose of making out correspondingly effective measurements and thoughts for administrating and investigating geologic hazards after earthquakes;Fourth-ly,there are many paleoearthquakes distributed along the earthquake fault zone.And most of them were thrown a-bout.Thereby,through the comprehensive analyses of the effects of Yushu earthquake upon the geologic environ-ment,relevant effective emergent measurements for inspection and examination are accordingly made in considera-tion of geological function induced by earthquake.As well as the administrative regions and technique ideas for earthquake stricken area are contoured and formulated.
引文
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[6]Keefer DK.Landslides caused by earthquakes.Geological Societyof America Bulletin,1984,95,406～421.
[7]祁生文,许强,刘春玲,等.汶川地震极重灾区地质背景及次生斜坡灾害空间发育规律[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):39～49.Qi Shengwen,Xu Qiang,Liu Chunling,et al.Slope instabilities inthe severest disaster areas of 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake,Journalof Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):39～49.
[8]黄润秋,裴向军,李天赋.汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡基本特征及形成机理分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,5(6):730～741.Huang Runqiu,Pei Xiangjun,Li Tianfu.Basic characteristic andformation mechanism of the largest scale landslide at dagungbao oc-curred during the Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of EngineeringGeology,2008,16(6):730～741.
[9]殷跃平,张永双,马寅生,等.青海玉树Ms7.1级地震地质灾害主要特征[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(3):289～296.Yin Yueping,Zhang Yongshuang,Ma Yinsheng,et al.Research onmajor characteristics of geohazards induced by the Yushu Ms7.1earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(3):289～296.
[10]黄润秋,李为乐.汶川大地震触发地质灾害的断层效应分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):19～28.Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Fault effect analysis of geo-hazard trig-gered by Wen Chuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,17(1):19～28.
[11]许强,黄润秋.5.12汶川大地震诱发大型崩滑灾害动力特征初探[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):722～729.Xu Qiang,Huang Runqiu.Kinetics characteristics of large land-slides triggered by May 12th Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of En-gineering Geology,2008,16(6):722～729.
[12]李小林,龙作元,高忠咏,等.青海地质环境-青藏高原隆升——青海水文地质工程地质环境地质工作[M].北京:地质出版社,2009.Li Xiaolin,Long Zuoyuan,Gao Zhengyong,et al.Qinghai Geolog-ical Environment-Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Uplift and QinghaiHydrogeololgy Engineering Geology and Environmental Geology.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2009.
[13]樊杰.玉树地震灾害后恢复重建——资源环境承载力评价[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.Fan Jie.Recovery Construction for the Aftershock of YushuEarthquake—Estimates for Bearing Capacity of Earth Environ-ment.Beijing:Science Press,2010.
[14]俞言祥,高孟潭.台湾集集地震长地震动的上盘效应[J].地震学报,2001,23(6):615～621.Yu Yanxiang,Gao Mengtan.Effects of the hangingwall and foot-wall on peak acceleration during the Chi-Chi earthquake,Taiwan.Acta Seismologica Sinica,2001,23(6):615～621.
[15]张永双,马寅生,胡道功,等.玉树地震地表破裂调查与灾后重建避让选址研究[J].地质学报,2010,84(5):593～605.Zhang Yongshuang,Ma Yinsheng,Hu Daogong,et al.Investiga-tion and research on the surface rupture of the Yushu earthquakeand reconstruction site selection.Acta Geologica Sinica,2010,84(5):593～605.
[2]陈立春,王虎,冉勇康,等.玉树Ms7.1级地震地表破裂与历史大地震[J].科学通报,2010,55(13):1200～1205.Chen Lichun,Wang Hu,Ran Yongkang,et al.The Ms7.1 Yushuearthquake surface ruptures and historical earthquakes.ChineseSci.Bull.,2010,55(13):1200～1205.
[3]周荣军,闻学泽,蔡长星,等.甘孜—玉树断裂带的近代地震与未来地震趋势估计[J].地震地质,1997,19:115～124.Zhou Rongjun,Wen Xueze,Chai Changxing,et al.Recent earth-quakes and assessment of seismic tendency on the Ganzi-Yushufault zone.Seismology and Geology,1997,19:115～124.
[4]闻学泽,徐锡伟,郑荣章,等.甘孜—玉树断裂的平均滑动速率与近代大地震破裂.中国科学(D辑),2003,33:200～208.Wen Xueze,Xu Xiwei,Zhen Rongzhang,et al.Average slip velocityand recent earthquake rupture on Ganzi-Yushu fault zone.Sciencein China(Series D),2003,33:200～208.
[5]刘吉夫,史培军,范一大,等.2010年4月14日青海玉树地震灾害特点与启示[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2010,46(5):630～633.Liu Jifu,Shi Peijun,Fan Yida,et al.Features and revelation of theApril 14,2010 Yushu earthquake in Qinghai province.Journal ofBeijing Normal University(Natural Science),2010,46(5):630～633.
[6]Keefer DK.Landslides caused by earthquakes.Geological Societyof America Bulletin,1984,95,406～421.
[7]祁生文,许强,刘春玲,等.汶川地震极重灾区地质背景及次生斜坡灾害空间发育规律[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):39～49.Qi Shengwen,Xu Qiang,Liu Chunling,et al.Slope instabilities inthe severest disaster areas of 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake,Journalof Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):39～49.
[8]黄润秋,裴向军,李天赋.汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡基本特征及形成机理分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,5(6):730～741.Huang Runqiu,Pei Xiangjun,Li Tianfu.Basic characteristic andformation mechanism of the largest scale landslide at dagungbao oc-curred during the Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of EngineeringGeology,2008,16(6):730～741.
[9]殷跃平,张永双,马寅生,等.青海玉树Ms7.1级地震地质灾害主要特征[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(3):289～296.Yin Yueping,Zhang Yongshuang,Ma Yinsheng,et al.Research onmajor characteristics of geohazards induced by the Yushu Ms7.1earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(3):289～296.
[10]黄润秋,李为乐.汶川大地震触发地质灾害的断层效应分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):19～28.Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Fault effect analysis of geo-hazard trig-gered by Wen Chuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,17(1):19～28.
[11]许强,黄润秋.5.12汶川大地震诱发大型崩滑灾害动力特征初探[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):722～729.Xu Qiang,Huang Runqiu.Kinetics characteristics of large land-slides triggered by May 12th Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of En-gineering Geology,2008,16(6):722～729.
[12]李小林,龙作元,高忠咏,等.青海地质环境-青藏高原隆升——青海水文地质工程地质环境地质工作[M].北京:地质出版社,2009.Li Xiaolin,Long Zuoyuan,Gao Zhengyong,et al.Qinghai Geolog-ical Environment-Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Uplift and QinghaiHydrogeololgy Engineering Geology and Environmental Geology.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2009.
[13]樊杰.玉树地震灾害后恢复重建——资源环境承载力评价[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.Fan Jie.Recovery Construction for the Aftershock of YushuEarthquake—Estimates for Bearing Capacity of Earth Environ-ment.Beijing:Science Press,2010.
[14]俞言祥,高孟潭.台湾集集地震长地震动的上盘效应[J].地震学报,2001,23(6):615～621.Yu Yanxiang,Gao Mengtan.Effects of the hangingwall and foot-wall on peak acceleration during the Chi-Chi earthquake,Taiwan.Acta Seismologica Sinica,2001,23(6):615～621.
[15]张永双,马寅生,胡道功,等.玉树地震地表破裂调查与灾后重建避让选址研究[J].地质学报,2010,84(5):593～605.Zhang Yongshuang,Ma Yinsheng,Hu Daogong,et al.Investiga-tion and research on the surface rupture of the Yushu earthquakeand reconstruction site selection.Acta Geologica Sinica,2010,84(5):593～605.
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