中国钻孔应变观测能力及在地震预报中的应用
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摘要
对钻孔应变观测在地震预报中的应用情况的分析结果表明,钻孔应变震前异常多数情况下分布在远离震源的区域上,而近震源区域却较少观测到显著的前兆。这种观测事实一方面可能反映了钻孔应变观测仪器数量有限和钻孔应变观测场地分布不均匀对分析结果的影响;另一方面也可能反映了震源区的力学性质,即震前震源区呈现应变高积累、小变形的特征。
The main states of borehole strain measurement,a variety of earthquake cases were analyzed.The results show that the borehole strain anomalies before earthquakes in most cases were located in the region far from the source,while near the source region significant precursor were rarely observed.This fact,on the one hand,may reflect the lack of the borehole strain sites and uneven distribution of them;the other hand,may reflect the mechanical properties of the focal region,that in a focal region before the rupture there are high strain accumulation and small deformation.
The main states of borehole strain measurement,a variety of earthquake cases were analyzed.The results show that the borehole strain anomalies before earthquakes in most cases were located in the region far from the source,while near the source region significant precursor were rarely observed.This fact,on the one hand,may reflect the lack of the borehole strain sites and uneven distribution of them;the other hand,may reflect the mechanical properties of the focal region,that in a focal region before the rupture there are high strain accumulation and small deformation.
引文
1 Johnston M J S,et al.Borehole dilatometer strain array-Pre-liminary results from Mojave Desert[J].Eos Trans.AGU,1982,63,430.
2 Linde AT,et al.Noise in near surface measurements of earthstrain[J].EOS Trans,AGU,1982,63:1 118.
3 Gladwin M T,et al.Borehole tensor strain measurements inCalifornia[J].J Geophy Res.,1987,92(B8):7 981-7 988.
4 Sacks I S,et al.Sacks-Evertson strainmeter,its installationin Japan and some preliminary results concerning strain steps[J].Pap.Meteorol,Geophys.,1971,22:195-208.
5 Linde A T,et al.A slowearthquake near San Juan Bautista,California,in December,1992[J].Nature,1996,383:65-68.
6欧阳祖熙.RDB型电容式地应变计[A].第一届全国地应力会议论文选编[C].北京:地震出版社,1977.(Ouy-ang Zuxi.RDB type electric capacity strainmeter[A].Select-ed papers of the first national conference on stress measure-ment[C].Beijing:Earthquake Press,1977)
7欧阳祖熙,张宗润,舒桂林.中国西部钻孔应变仪台网工作回顾与前瞻[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(23):4 058-4 062.(Ouyang Zuxi,Zhang Zongrun and Shu Guil-in.Review and outlook for west china borehole strainmeternetworks[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engi-neering,2004,23(23):4 058-4 062)
8苏恺之.钻孔应变仪的监测能力[J].地震,1991,(5):38-45.(Su Kaizhi.Earthquake-monitoring capability of bore-hole strainmeter[J].Earthquake,1991,(5):38-45)
9苏恺之,等.中国的三种体积式应变仪[J].内陆地震,1993,7(2):151-157.(Su Kaizhi,et al.Volume strainme-ters in china[J].Inland Earthquake,1993,7(2):151-157)
10池顺良.压容式钻孔应变仪的初步试验结果[J].地震学报,1982,(4):98-103.(Chi Sunliang.The preliminarytest results of capacitive pressure borehole strainmeter[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1982,(4):98-103)
11池顺良.一种浅孔安装的YRY-2型钻孔应变仪在中国华北地区8个台站试验观测的结果[J].地震学报,1993,15(2):224-231.(Chi Sunliang.The test results ofa kind of YRY-2 type borehole strainmeter which were in-stalled in the shallow hole at 8 station in northern China[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1993,15(2):224-231)
12蒋靖祥.新疆强震的钻孔应变临震前兆[J].内陆地震,1991,5(2):143-148.(Jiang Jingxiang.The short-time a-nomalies of borehole strain deformation before the earth-quake in Xingjiang region[J].Inland Earthquake,1991,5(2):143-148)
13蒋靖祥,赖爱京.基于新疆分量式钻孔应变异常类型的地震强度预测研究[J].内陆地震,2005,19(3):249-256.(Jiang Jingxiang and Lai Aijing.The prediction studyon earthquake intensity based on anomaly kinds of compo-nent-type borehole strain[J].Inland Earthquake,2005,19(3):249-256)
14蒋靖祥,徐衍刚.基于新疆分量式钻孔应变异常时间的地震强度预测研究[J].内陆地震,2008,22(1):6-13.(Jiang Jingxiang and Xu Yangang.Prediction study onseismic intensity based on anomalous dcilation of compo-nent-type borehole strain[J].Inland Earthquake,2008,22(1):1-13)
15蒋靖祥,尹光华,哈斯高娃.钻孔应变仪在地震前的记录及地震预测[J].地震研究,2000,23(4):410-417.(Jiang Jingxiang,Yin Guanghua and Hasi Gaowa.Record-ing in borehole strainmeter before earthquake and earth-quake prediction[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2000,23(4):410-417)
16蒋靖祥,等.新疆钻孔应变异常与强震活动[J].内陆地震,2003,17(2):126-133.(Jiang Jingxiang,et al.Bore-hole strain anomaly and strong earthquake activity in Xin-jiang[J].Inland Earthquake,2003,17(2):126-133)
17蒋靖祥,尹光华.乌什台两次地震钻孔应变异常的对比研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005,(3):91-95.(Jiang Jingxiang and Yin Guanghua.Comparison betweenborehole strain anomalies of two earthquakes recorded atWushi station[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2005,(3):91-95)
18蒋靖祥,尹光华,王在华.新疆乌什钻孔应变异常特征与强震关系初步研究[J].地震学报,2004,26(增):64-70.(Jiang Jingxiang,Yin Guanghua and Wang Zaihua.Study on relationship between features of strain anomaly ob-tained by borehole strainmeter at Wushi station in Xinjiangand strong earthquake:Taking JiashiMs6.8 earthquake asan example[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2004,26(sup-pl):64-70)
19尹亮,等.昆仑山口西Ms8.1地震前高台钻孔应变异常[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2002,(4):89-91.(YinLiang,et al.Borehole strain anomaly at Gaotai station be-fore earthquake ofMs8.1 in west to Kunlun mountain pass[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2002,(4):89-91)
20胡德军,杨国成.西昌小庙台昆仑山8.1级地震分量应变观测报告[J].地壳构造与地壳应力,2002,(1):18-20.(Hu Dejun and Yang Gaocheng.TheMs8.1 observa-tion resport of component type borehole strain at Xiaomiaostation in Xichang[J].Crustal Tectonic and Crustal Stress,2002,(1):18-20)
21田韬,卢永,杨军.昆仑山口西Ms8.1地震前远场应变异常研究[J].内陆地震,2004,18(2):101-105.(TianTao,Liu Yong and Yang Jun.Study of the strain anomalyabout the far field before the earthquake withMs8.1 in westKunlun mountain[J].Inland Earthquake,2004,18(2):101-105)
22朱航.昆仑山口西8.1级地震前四川攀枝花仁和台钻孔应变及水位的临震异常[J].四川地震,2002,(4):19-21.(Zhu Hang.Impending anomalies of borehole strainand groundwater level at Renhe observatory before the 2001Kunlunshan passMs8.1 earthquake[J].Earthquake Re-search in Sichuan,2002,(4):19-21)
23牛安福,等.昆仑山口西8.1级地震前祁连山地震带附近形变异常的演化特征[J].地震,2003,23(4):23(1):21-26.(Niu Anfu,et al.Evolutional characteristics ofground deformation observed along the Qilian Mt.Beforethe Kunlun MountainMs8.1 earthquake[J].Earthquake,2003,23(4):21-26)
24张晓青,顾永康.昆仑山8.1级青海省形变及地温前兆特征分析[J].高原地震,2002,14(1):70-75.(ZhangXiaoqing and Gu Yongkang.Study on deformation and deepwell geotemperature in Qinghai province before the westKunlun mountains earthquake withMs 8.1[J].EarthquakeResearch in Plateau,2002,14(1):70-75)
25杨建军,等.依据六合体应变异常所作两次地震短临预测意见的反思[J].国际地震动态,2008,(2):12-18.(Yang Jianjun,et al.Retrospection of two short-term pre-dictions by using volume strain anomalies observed at Liuheseismic station[J].Recent Developments in World Seismol-ogy,2008,(2):12-18)
26邱泽华,等.四分量钻孔应变台网汶川地震前的观测应变变化[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2009,(1):1-5.(Qiu Zehua,et al.Observed strain hanges from 4-compo-nent borehole strainmeter network before 2008 Wenchuanearthquake[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2009,(1):1-5)
27 Ouyang Zuxi,et al.Abnormal phenomena recorded by sev-eral earthquake precursor observation instruments before theMs8.0 Wenchuan,Sichuan earthquake[J].Acta GeologicaSinica,2009,83(4):834-844.
28 Roger Bilham.Coseismic strain and the transition to surfaceaftersliprecorded by Creep-meters near the 2004 Parkfieldepicenter[J].Seism.Res.Lett.Jan.,2005,76(1):49-57.
29 Johnston M J S,et al.Continuos borehole strain and porepressure in the near field of the 28 September 2004M6.0Parkfield Earthquake.California,earthquake:implicationsfor nucleation,fault response,earthquake prediction,andtremor[J].Bull.Seismol.soc.Am.,2006,96:56-72.
30 Amoruso A and Crescentini L.Limits on earthquake nucle-ation and other pre-seismic phenomena from continuousstrain in the near field of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2010,37,L10307,doi:10.1029/2010GL043308
2 Linde AT,et al.Noise in near surface measurements of earthstrain[J].EOS Trans,AGU,1982,63:1 118.
3 Gladwin M T,et al.Borehole tensor strain measurements inCalifornia[J].J Geophy Res.,1987,92(B8):7 981-7 988.
4 Sacks I S,et al.Sacks-Evertson strainmeter,its installationin Japan and some preliminary results concerning strain steps[J].Pap.Meteorol,Geophys.,1971,22:195-208.
5 Linde A T,et al.A slowearthquake near San Juan Bautista,California,in December,1992[J].Nature,1996,383:65-68.
6欧阳祖熙.RDB型电容式地应变计[A].第一届全国地应力会议论文选编[C].北京:地震出版社,1977.(Ouy-ang Zuxi.RDB type electric capacity strainmeter[A].Select-ed papers of the first national conference on stress measure-ment[C].Beijing:Earthquake Press,1977)
7欧阳祖熙,张宗润,舒桂林.中国西部钻孔应变仪台网工作回顾与前瞻[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(23):4 058-4 062.(Ouyang Zuxi,Zhang Zongrun and Shu Guil-in.Review and outlook for west china borehole strainmeternetworks[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engi-neering,2004,23(23):4 058-4 062)
8苏恺之.钻孔应变仪的监测能力[J].地震,1991,(5):38-45.(Su Kaizhi.Earthquake-monitoring capability of bore-hole strainmeter[J].Earthquake,1991,(5):38-45)
9苏恺之,等.中国的三种体积式应变仪[J].内陆地震,1993,7(2):151-157.(Su Kaizhi,et al.Volume strainme-ters in china[J].Inland Earthquake,1993,7(2):151-157)
10池顺良.压容式钻孔应变仪的初步试验结果[J].地震学报,1982,(4):98-103.(Chi Sunliang.The preliminarytest results of capacitive pressure borehole strainmeter[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1982,(4):98-103)
11池顺良.一种浅孔安装的YRY-2型钻孔应变仪在中国华北地区8个台站试验观测的结果[J].地震学报,1993,15(2):224-231.(Chi Sunliang.The test results ofa kind of YRY-2 type borehole strainmeter which were in-stalled in the shallow hole at 8 station in northern China[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1993,15(2):224-231)
12蒋靖祥.新疆强震的钻孔应变临震前兆[J].内陆地震,1991,5(2):143-148.(Jiang Jingxiang.The short-time a-nomalies of borehole strain deformation before the earth-quake in Xingjiang region[J].Inland Earthquake,1991,5(2):143-148)
13蒋靖祥,赖爱京.基于新疆分量式钻孔应变异常类型的地震强度预测研究[J].内陆地震,2005,19(3):249-256.(Jiang Jingxiang and Lai Aijing.The prediction studyon earthquake intensity based on anomaly kinds of compo-nent-type borehole strain[J].Inland Earthquake,2005,19(3):249-256)
14蒋靖祥,徐衍刚.基于新疆分量式钻孔应变异常时间的地震强度预测研究[J].内陆地震,2008,22(1):6-13.(Jiang Jingxiang and Xu Yangang.Prediction study onseismic intensity based on anomalous dcilation of compo-nent-type borehole strain[J].Inland Earthquake,2008,22(1):1-13)
15蒋靖祥,尹光华,哈斯高娃.钻孔应变仪在地震前的记录及地震预测[J].地震研究,2000,23(4):410-417.(Jiang Jingxiang,Yin Guanghua and Hasi Gaowa.Record-ing in borehole strainmeter before earthquake and earth-quake prediction[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2000,23(4):410-417)
16蒋靖祥,等.新疆钻孔应变异常与强震活动[J].内陆地震,2003,17(2):126-133.(Jiang Jingxiang,et al.Bore-hole strain anomaly and strong earthquake activity in Xin-jiang[J].Inland Earthquake,2003,17(2):126-133)
17蒋靖祥,尹光华.乌什台两次地震钻孔应变异常的对比研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005,(3):91-95.(Jiang Jingxiang and Yin Guanghua.Comparison betweenborehole strain anomalies of two earthquakes recorded atWushi station[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2005,(3):91-95)
18蒋靖祥,尹光华,王在华.新疆乌什钻孔应变异常特征与强震关系初步研究[J].地震学报,2004,26(增):64-70.(Jiang Jingxiang,Yin Guanghua and Wang Zaihua.Study on relationship between features of strain anomaly ob-tained by borehole strainmeter at Wushi station in Xinjiangand strong earthquake:Taking JiashiMs6.8 earthquake asan example[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2004,26(sup-pl):64-70)
19尹亮,等.昆仑山口西Ms8.1地震前高台钻孔应变异常[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2002,(4):89-91.(YinLiang,et al.Borehole strain anomaly at Gaotai station be-fore earthquake ofMs8.1 in west to Kunlun mountain pass[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2002,(4):89-91)
20胡德军,杨国成.西昌小庙台昆仑山8.1级地震分量应变观测报告[J].地壳构造与地壳应力,2002,(1):18-20.(Hu Dejun and Yang Gaocheng.TheMs8.1 observa-tion resport of component type borehole strain at Xiaomiaostation in Xichang[J].Crustal Tectonic and Crustal Stress,2002,(1):18-20)
21田韬,卢永,杨军.昆仑山口西Ms8.1地震前远场应变异常研究[J].内陆地震,2004,18(2):101-105.(TianTao,Liu Yong and Yang Jun.Study of the strain anomalyabout the far field before the earthquake withMs8.1 in westKunlun mountain[J].Inland Earthquake,2004,18(2):101-105)
22朱航.昆仑山口西8.1级地震前四川攀枝花仁和台钻孔应变及水位的临震异常[J].四川地震,2002,(4):19-21.(Zhu Hang.Impending anomalies of borehole strainand groundwater level at Renhe observatory before the 2001Kunlunshan passMs8.1 earthquake[J].Earthquake Re-search in Sichuan,2002,(4):19-21)
23牛安福,等.昆仑山口西8.1级地震前祁连山地震带附近形变异常的演化特征[J].地震,2003,23(4):23(1):21-26.(Niu Anfu,et al.Evolutional characteristics ofground deformation observed along the Qilian Mt.Beforethe Kunlun MountainMs8.1 earthquake[J].Earthquake,2003,23(4):21-26)
24张晓青,顾永康.昆仑山8.1级青海省形变及地温前兆特征分析[J].高原地震,2002,14(1):70-75.(ZhangXiaoqing and Gu Yongkang.Study on deformation and deepwell geotemperature in Qinghai province before the westKunlun mountains earthquake withMs 8.1[J].EarthquakeResearch in Plateau,2002,14(1):70-75)
25杨建军,等.依据六合体应变异常所作两次地震短临预测意见的反思[J].国际地震动态,2008,(2):12-18.(Yang Jianjun,et al.Retrospection of two short-term pre-dictions by using volume strain anomalies observed at Liuheseismic station[J].Recent Developments in World Seismol-ogy,2008,(2):12-18)
26邱泽华,等.四分量钻孔应变台网汶川地震前的观测应变变化[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2009,(1):1-5.(Qiu Zehua,et al.Observed strain hanges from 4-compo-nent borehole strainmeter network before 2008 Wenchuanearthquake[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2009,(1):1-5)
27 Ouyang Zuxi,et al.Abnormal phenomena recorded by sev-eral earthquake precursor observation instruments before theMs8.0 Wenchuan,Sichuan earthquake[J].Acta GeologicaSinica,2009,83(4):834-844.
28 Roger Bilham.Coseismic strain and the transition to surfaceaftersliprecorded by Creep-meters near the 2004 Parkfieldepicenter[J].Seism.Res.Lett.Jan.,2005,76(1):49-57.
29 Johnston M J S,et al.Continuos borehole strain and porepressure in the near field of the 28 September 2004M6.0Parkfield Earthquake.California,earthquake:implicationsfor nucleation,fault response,earthquake prediction,andtremor[J].Bull.Seismol.soc.Am.,2006,96:56-72.
30 Amoruso A and Crescentini L.Limits on earthquake nucle-ation and other pre-seismic phenomena from continuousstrain in the near field of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2010,37,L10307,doi:10.1029/2010GL043308
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