汶川地震映秀-北川地表破裂带虹口乡段精细填图、位移特征和地震构造分析
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摘要
同震地表破裂带是地震破裂最直观的表现。地表破裂带的精细填图对理解地震破裂过程及发震机理有着重要意义。我们对5.12汶川地震映秀-北川同震破裂带南部的虹口乡区段开展了较为精细的填图工作,该区段地表破裂带的平面几何和同震位移特征沿走向均显示出公里尺度的横向变化和复杂性。根据同震破裂不连续性特征可把地表破裂分为4段,自南向北依次为深溪沟段、庙坝段、高原新村段和八角庙段。其中,深溪沟段和八角庙段同震垂直位错较大,达5～6m;庙坝段同震垂直位移量普遍较低,1～2m或更低;在高原新村附近,地表破裂带分为近平行的南北两支,北支以右旋走滑为主,南支以南东盘逆冲抬升为主,这与与映秀-北川同震破裂总体北西盘抬升的性质相反。本文对高原新村附近的反向陡坎进行了深入的探讨,并综合前人的研究结果,认为是破裂在从深部往上扩展的过程中,在浅表部位顺着发育在虹口东南部的大鱼洞-龙溪飞来峰后缘的具南东倾向的断面继承而成。与北川沙坝附近的反向陡坎一样,说明老断裂带构造几何特征对单次地震破裂的扩展有牵引作用。最后,讨论了八角庙有切割关系的两组断层擦痕的地震学和地质学意义,指出可能指示了映秀-北川断裂面上局部区段震前的初始应力水平较低。
Surface rupture is most straightforward demonstration of earthquake rupture features.Detailed and exhaustive mapping of surface rupture zones is important for understanding better earthquake mechanism and dynamic rupture processes.In this paper,we document our effort in fine-scale mapping of the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake surface rupture on the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault near Hongkou.Surface rupture in this short stretch shows clearly large alongstrike variations in both map-view geometry and coseismic slips.Based on the discontinuities in slip and geometry, the rupture can be divided into four sections,from southwest to northeast: the Shenxi Gou,the Miaoba,the Gaoyuan and the Bajiao Miao sections,respectively.The vertical offsets are larger in the Shenxi Gou and the Bajiao Miao sections,reaching locally 5～6m in maxima,and generally lower in the Miaoba section,1～2m or less.Near the Gaoyuan village,the surface rupture consists of two sub-parallel branches.The northern branch shows mostly rightlateral slip with minor SE side-up thrusting,and the southern one mostly SE side-up thrusting.The sense of vertical throw is thus opposite to the general NW side-up thrusting of the Wenchuan rupture.We propose that it is due to the inheritance at shallow depth of the SE-dipping fault of the klippen system in the south.Together with the locally reversed fault plane near the Shaba village,Beichuan,it demonstrates that the structures of old fault zones in guiding earthquake ruptures in the up-dip propagation of earthquake rupture.We also discuss the cutting relationship of slickenside striations of two different plunges and their geological and seismological implications,by pointing out that the curved striations may indicate the low initial shear stress at some localities on the Yinxiu-Beichuan fault before the Wenchuan earthquake.
Surface rupture is most straightforward demonstration of earthquake rupture features.Detailed and exhaustive mapping of surface rupture zones is important for understanding better earthquake mechanism and dynamic rupture processes.In this paper,we document our effort in fine-scale mapping of the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake surface rupture on the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault near Hongkou.Surface rupture in this short stretch shows clearly large alongstrike variations in both map-view geometry and coseismic slips.Based on the discontinuities in slip and geometry, the rupture can be divided into four sections,from southwest to northeast: the Shenxi Gou,the Miaoba,the Gaoyuan and the Bajiao Miao sections,respectively.The vertical offsets are larger in the Shenxi Gou and the Bajiao Miao sections,reaching locally 5～6m in maxima,and generally lower in the Miaoba section,1～2m or less.Near the Gaoyuan village,the surface rupture consists of two sub-parallel branches.The northern branch shows mostly rightlateral slip with minor SE side-up thrusting,and the southern one mostly SE side-up thrusting.The sense of vertical throw is thus opposite to the general NW side-up thrusting of the Wenchuan rupture.We propose that it is due to the inheritance at shallow depth of the SE-dipping fault of the klippen system in the south.Together with the locally reversed fault plane near the Shaba village,Beichuan,it demonstrates that the structures of old fault zones in guiding earthquake ruptures in the up-dip propagation of earthquake rupture.We also discuss the cutting relationship of slickenside striations of two different plunges and their geological and seismological implications,by pointing out that the curved striations may indicate the low initial shear stress at some localities on the Yinxiu-Beichuan fault before the Wenchuan earthquake.
引文
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2 刘静,张智慧,文力等.汶川8级大地震同震破裂的特殊性及构造意义--多条平行断裂同时活动的反序型逆冲地震事件.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1707-1722Liu Jing,Zhang Zhihui,Wen Li et al.The M_S8． 0 Wenchuan arthquake co-seismic rupture and its tectonic implications--An out-of-sequence thrusting event with slip partitioned on multiple faults.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82 (12) :1707-1722
3 李海兵,付小方,Woerd Van Der J等.汶川地震(M_S8． 0) 地表破 裂带及其同震右旋斜向逆冲作用.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1623-1643Li Haibing,Fu Xiaofang,Woerd Van Der J et al.Co-seismic surface rupture and dextral-slip oblique thrusting of the M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82 (12) :1623-1643
4 李海兵,王宗秀,付小方等.2008年5月12日汶川地震(M_S8． 0) 地表破裂带的分布特征.中国地质,2008,35(5) :803-813Li Haibing,Wang Zongxiu,Fu Xiaofang et al.The surface rupture zone distribution of the Wenchuan earthquake(M_S8． 0) happened on May 12th,2008． Chinese Geology,2008． 35(5) :803-813
5 马保起,张世民,田勤俭等.汶川8． 0级地震地表破裂带.第四纪研究,2008,28(4) :513-517Ma Baoqi,Zhang Shimin,Tian Qinjian et al.The surface rupture of Wenchuan earthquake (M_S8． 0) .Quaternary Sciences,2008,28(4) :513-517
6 徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川M_S8． 0地震地表破裂及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3) :597-629Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqing et al.The M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology and Geology,2008,30 (3) :597-629
7 Liu-Zeng J,Zhang Z,Wen L et al.Co-seismic ruptures of the 12May,2008,M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan:East-west crustal shortening on oblique,parallel thrusts along the eastern edge of Tibet.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2009,286 (3-4) :355-370
8 李海兵,司家亮,付小方等.2008年汶川地震同震滑移特征、最大滑移量及构造意义.第四纪研究,2009,29(3) :387-402Li Haibing,Si Jialiang,Fu Xiaofang et al.Co-seismic rupture and maximum displacement of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquakes and its tectonic implications.Quaternary Sciences,2009,29 (3) :387-402
9 Wesnousky S G.Displacement and geometrical characteristics of earthquake surface ruptures:Issues and implications for seismichazard analysis and the process of earthquake rupture.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2008,98 (4) :1609-1632
10 Wells D L,Coppersmith K J.New empirical relationships among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupture area,and surface displacement.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1994,84(4) :974-1002
11 Yeats R S,Sieh K E,Allen C R.The Geology of Earthquakes.New York:Oxford University Press,1997
12 李勇,黄润秋,Densmore A L等.龙门山小鱼洞断裂在汶川地震中的地表破裂及地质意义.第四纪研究,2009,29(3) :502-512Li Yong,Huang Runqiu,Densmore A L et al.Surface rupture of Xiaoyudong fault caused by Wenchuan earthquake and its geological significance.Quaternary Sciences,2009,29 (3) :502-512
13 张智慧,文力,刘静等.5． 12汶川大地震地表破裂带小鱼洞北西向破裂的精细填图.地质通报,2010(出版中)Zhang Zhihui,Wen Li,Liu Jing et al.Detailed mapping of N-W trending Xiaoyudong co-seismic rupture of 5． 12 Wenchuan earthquake.Geological Bulletin of China,2010 (in press)
14 董顺利,李勇,陈龙生等.汶川M_S8． 0地震的地表破裂过程--以都江堰八角庙村断层擦痕剖面为例.第四纪研究, 2009,29 (3) :439-448Dong Shunli,Li Yong,Chen Longsheng et al.Surface rupturing of Wenchuan M_S8． 0 earthquake based on fault scratch at Bajiaomiao,Dujiangyan.Quaternary Sciences,2009,29 (3) :439-448
15 Lin A,Ren Z,Jia D et al.Co-seismic thrusting rupture and slip distribution produced by the 2008 M_w7． 9 Wenchuan earthquake,China.Tectonophysics,2009,(3-4) :203-215,doi:10． 1016/j.recto.2009． 02． 014
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