大陆碰撞、高原生长和气候演化——2014年Crafoord奖获得者Peter Molnar教授成就解读
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摘要
2014年Crafoord奖授予美国科罗拉多大学Peter Molnar教授,以表彰他"对于理解全球大地构造、特别是大陆变形和造山带的结构和演化,以及构造运动对海洋-大气环流和气候影响方面的开创性贡献".Molnar教授及其合作者最早发现了青藏高原大型走滑断层和亚洲内部的非刚性变形,提出了印度-欧亚大陆碰撞控制亚洲新生代构造格架的新认识,并从遥感解译、地震波速变化和地震断层面解等提供了证据;他们还利用弹塑性变形的滑线场理论解释构造变形的空间分布和动力来源,揭示了岩石圈增厚和大陆逃逸共同存在的事实,为主导青藏高原30年研究的两大动力模型的提出,奠定了基础.Molnar教授认为,印度次大陆的岩石圈俯冲到亚洲地幔并对流剥离(拆沉)是喜马拉雅-青藏高原生长的动力机制;青藏高原在15~10 Ma已经达到了最大高度并开始垮塌和向外生长.海峡关闭使大洋环流改变控制了非洲干旱气候等.最近,他提出由于赤道太平洋西部陆地生长,改变了下垫面条件和沃克环流以及东风带的位置及强度,形成了拉尼娜大气环流形式,进而使高纬度地区第四纪冰川发育.Molnar教授的研究工作促进了我们对新生代全球构造运动、地震发生机理和气候演化及其关系的认识;他的思想和工作方法对我们的研究有指导意义.
引文
郭正堂.2010.22~8 Ma风尘沉积记录的季风演变历史.见:丁仲礼,等,编著.中国西部环境演化集成研究.北京:气象出版社.1-19
李吉均,文世宣,张青松,等.1979.青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式的探讨.中国科学,22:608-616
李忠海.2014.大陆俯冲-碰撞-折返的动力学数值模拟研究综述.中国科学:地球科学,44:817-841
贾承造,李本亮,雷永良,等.2013.环青藏高原盆山体系构造与中国中西部天然气大气区.中国科学:地球科学,43:1621-1631
嘉世旭,刘保金,徐朝繁,等.2014.龙门山中段及两侧地壳结构与汶川地震构造.中国科学:地球科学,44:497-509
梁美艳,王治祥,周森,等.2013.陇西地区甘肃群的物质来源及其构造和古气候指示.中国科学:地球科学,43:2007-2015
刘启民,赵俊猛,卢芳,等.2014.用接收函数方法反演青藏高原东北缘地壳结构.中国科学:地球科学,44:668-679
刘明哲,魏文寿.2006.中亚粉尘东输可能对全球降温起关键性作用.科学通报,51(增刊Ⅰ):1-6
刘志锋,刘青松.2013.陕西延安两个坡度不同土壤剖面磁学性质及其在古降雨量重建中的意义.中国科学:地球科学,43:2037-2048
鹿化煜,郭正堂.2013.晚新生代东亚气候变化:进展与问题.中国科学:地球科学,43:1907-1918
鹿化煜,胡挺,王先彦.2009.1100万年以来中国北方风尘堆积与古气候变化的周期及驱动因素分析.高校地质学报,15:149-158
马洁华,王会军.2014.一个基于耦合气候系统模式的气候预测系统的研制.中国科学:地球科学,44:1689-1700
乔彦松,郭正堂,郝青振,等.2006.中新世黄土-古土壤序列的粒度特征及其对成因的指示意义.中国科学D辑:地球科学,36:646-653
王国灿,曹凯,张克信,等.2011.青藏高原新生代构造隆升阶段的时空格局.中国科学:地球科学,41:332-349
吕红华,常远,王玮,等.2013.天山中新世早期快速剥露:磷灰石裂变径迹与(U-Th)/He低温热年代学证据.中国科学:地球科学,43:1964-1974
徐仁,陶君容,孙湘君.1973.希夏邦马峰高山栎化石层的发现及其在植物学和地质学上的意义.植物学报,15:103-119
张培震,邓启东,张国民,等.2003.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学D辑:地球科学,33(增刊Ⅰ):12-20
张培震,邓起东,张竹琪,等.2013.中国大陆的活动断裂、地震灾害及其动力过程.中国科学:地球科学,43:1607-1620
郑勇,葛粲,谢祖军,等.2013.芦山与汶川地震震区地壳上地幔结构及深部孕震环境.中国科学:地球科学,43:1027-1037
钟大赉,丁林.1996.青藏高原的隆起及其机制探讨.中国科学D辑:地球科学,26:289-295
An Z S,Wu G X,Li J P,et al.2015.Global monsoon dynamics and climate change.Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,43:2.1-2.49
Champagnac J D,Molnar P,Sue C,et al.2012.Tectonics,climate,and mountain topography.J Geophys Res,117:B02403
Chen J S,Huang B C,Sun L S.2010.New constraints to the onset of the India-Asia collision:Paleomagnetic reconnaissance on the LinzizongGroup in the Lhasa Block,China.Tectonophysics,489:189-209
Dayem K E,Molnar P,Battisti D S,et al.2010.Lessons learned from oxygen isotopes in modern precipitation applied to interpretation ofspeleothem records of paleoclimate from eastern Asia.Earth Planet Sci Lett,295:219-230
Gan W J,Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,et al.2007.Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements.J GeophysRes,112:B08416
Guo Z T,Ruddiman W F,Hao Q Z,et al.2002.Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China.Nature,416:159-163
Guo Z T,Sun B,Zhang Z S,et al.2008.A major reorganization of Asian climate by the early Miocene.Clim Past,4:153-174
Laskar J,Robutel P,Joutel F,et al.2004.A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth.Astron Astrophys,428:261-285
Lu H Y,Wang X Y,Li L P.2010.Aeolian sediment evidence that global cooling has driven late Cenozoic stepwise aridification in central Asia.In:Clift P D,Tada R,Zheng H,eds.Monsoon Evolution and Tectonics-Climate Linkage in Asia.Geol Soc London Spec Publ,342:29-44
Mao L G,Xiao A C,Wu L,et al.2014.Cenozoic tectonic and sedimentary evolution of southern Qaidam Basin,NE Tibetan Plateau and itsimplication for the rejuvenation of Eastern Kunlun Mountains.Sci China Earth Sci,57:2726-2739
Molnar P.1986a.The geologic history and structure of the Himalaya.Am Sci,74:144-154
Molnar P.1986b.The Structure of mountain ranges.Sci Am,254:70-79
Molnar P.2004.Late Cenozoic increase in accumulation rates of terrestrial sediment:How might climate change have affected erosion rates?Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,32:67-89
Molnar P.2005.Mio-Pliocene growth of the Tibetan Plateau and evolution of east Asian climate.Palaeontol Electron,8:2A
Molnar P,England P.1990.Late Cenozoic uplift of mountain ranges and global climatic change:Chicken or egg?Nature,346:29-34
Molnar P,Houseman G A.2013.Rayleigh-Taylor instability,lithospheric dynamics,surface topography at convergent mountain belts,and gravityanomalies.J Geophys Res,118:2544-2557
Molnar P,Lyon-Caen H.1989.Fault plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau and its margins.Geophys J Int,99:123-153
Molnar P,Stock J M.2009.Slowing of India’s convergence with Eurasia since 20 Ma and its implications for Tibetan mantle dynamics.Tectonics,28:TC3001
Molnar P,Tapponnier P.1975.Cenozoic tectonics of Asia:Effects of continental collision.Science,189:419-426
Molnar P,Tapponnier P.1978.Active tectonics of Tibet.J Geophys Res,83:5361-5375
Molnar P,Boos W R,Battisti D S.2010.Orographic controls on climate and paleoclimate of Asia:Thermal and mechanical roles for the TibetanPlateau.Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,38:77-102
Molnar P,Burchfiel B C,Zhao Z Y,et al.1987.The geologic evolution of northern Tibet:Results from an expedition to Ulugh Muztagh.Science,235:299-304
Molnar P,England P,Martinod J.1993.Mantle dynamics,the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the Indian monsoon.Rev Geophys,31:357-396
Molnar P,Houseman G A,England P C.2006.Palaeo-altimetry of Tibet.Nature,444:E4
Molnar P,Houseman G A,Conrad C P.1998.Rayleigh-Taylor instability and convective thinning of mechanically thickened lithosphere:Effectsof non-linear viscosity decreasing exponentially with depth and of horizontal shortening of the layer.Geophys J Int,133:568-584
Molnar P,Cane M A.2007.Early pliocene(pre-Ice Age)El Nino-like global climate:Which El Nino?Geosphere,3:337-365
Ou J M,Du A M,Thebaulte E,et al.2013.A high resolution lithospheric magnetic field model over China.Sci China Earth Sci,56:1759-1768
Philander S G,Fedorov A V.2003.Role of tropics in changing the response to Milankovich forcing some three million years agoPaleoceanography,18:1045
Raymo M E,Ruddiman W F.1992.Tectonic forcing of late Cenozoic climate.Nature,359:117-122
Scharer U,Xu R H,Allegre C J.1984.U-Pb geochronology of Gangdese(Transhimalaya)plutonism in the Lhasa-Xigaze region,Tibet.EarthPlanet Sci Lett,69:311-320
Smith A G,Hurley A M,Briden J C.1981.Phanerozoic Paleocontinential World Maps.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press
Sun J M,Xu Q H,Liu W M,et al.2014.Palynological evidence for the latest Oligocene-early Miocene paleoelevation estimate in the LunpolaBasin,central Tibet.Paleogeogr Paleoclimatol Paleoecol,399:21-30
Tapponnier P,Molnar P.1976.Slip-line field theory and large-scale continental tectonics.Nature,264:319-324
Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,et al.2001.Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibetan Plateau.Science,294:1671-1677
Tian J.2013.Coherent variations of the obliquity components in global ice volume and ocean carbon reservoir over the past 5 Ma.Sci ChinaEarth Sci,56:2160-2172
Wang C S,Zhao X X,Liu Z F,et al.2008.Constraints on the early uplift history of the Tibetan Plateau.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,105:4987-4992
Wang X F,Li R Y,Li X Z,et al.2014.Variations in leaf characteristics of three species of angiosperms with changing of altitude in QilianMountains and their inland high-altitude pattern.Sci China Earth Sci,57:662-670
Wu G,Liu Y M,He B,et al.2012.Thermal controls on the Asian Summer monsoon.Sci Rep,2:404
Xu Z Q,Wang Q,Arnaud P,et al.2013.Orogen-parallel ductile extension and extrusion of the Greater Himalaya in the late Oligocene andMiocene.Tectonics,32:191-215
Yin A.2006.Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry,exhumationhistory,and foreland sedimentation.Earth-Sci Rev,76:1-131
Zachos J C,Dickens G R,Zeebe R E.2008.An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics.Nature,451:279-283
Zhang P Z.2013.A review on active tectonics and deep crustal processes of the Western Sichuan region,eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonophysics,584,7-22
Zhang P Z,Molnar P,Downs W R.2001.Increased sedimentation rates and grain sizes 2-4 Myr ago due to the influence of climate changes onerosion rates.Nature,410:891-897
Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,Burgman R,et al.2004.Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau constrained from Global Positioningmeasurements.Geology,32:809-812
Zhang Y G,Pagani M,Liu Z H.2014.A 12-million-year temperature history of the tropical pacific ocean.Science,344:84-87
Zhao L,Zhao M,Lu G.2014.Upper mantle seismic anisotropy beneath a convergent boundary:SKS waveform modeling in central Tibet.SciChina Earth Sci,57:759-776
1)Mantle dynamics and the rise and fall of mountain belts.Crafoord Symposium in Geoscience.Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
李吉均,文世宣,张青松,等.1979.青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式的探讨.中国科学,22:608-616
李忠海.2014.大陆俯冲-碰撞-折返的动力学数值模拟研究综述.中国科学:地球科学,44:817-841
贾承造,李本亮,雷永良,等.2013.环青藏高原盆山体系构造与中国中西部天然气大气区.中国科学:地球科学,43:1621-1631
嘉世旭,刘保金,徐朝繁,等.2014.龙门山中段及两侧地壳结构与汶川地震构造.中国科学:地球科学,44:497-509
梁美艳,王治祥,周森,等.2013.陇西地区甘肃群的物质来源及其构造和古气候指示.中国科学:地球科学,43:2007-2015
刘启民,赵俊猛,卢芳,等.2014.用接收函数方法反演青藏高原东北缘地壳结构.中国科学:地球科学,44:668-679
刘明哲,魏文寿.2006.中亚粉尘东输可能对全球降温起关键性作用.科学通报,51(增刊Ⅰ):1-6
刘志锋,刘青松.2013.陕西延安两个坡度不同土壤剖面磁学性质及其在古降雨量重建中的意义.中国科学:地球科学,43:2037-2048
鹿化煜,郭正堂.2013.晚新生代东亚气候变化:进展与问题.中国科学:地球科学,43:1907-1918
鹿化煜,胡挺,王先彦.2009.1100万年以来中国北方风尘堆积与古气候变化的周期及驱动因素分析.高校地质学报,15:149-158
马洁华,王会军.2014.一个基于耦合气候系统模式的气候预测系统的研制.中国科学:地球科学,44:1689-1700
乔彦松,郭正堂,郝青振,等.2006.中新世黄土-古土壤序列的粒度特征及其对成因的指示意义.中国科学D辑:地球科学,36:646-653
王国灿,曹凯,张克信,等.2011.青藏高原新生代构造隆升阶段的时空格局.中国科学:地球科学,41:332-349
吕红华,常远,王玮,等.2013.天山中新世早期快速剥露:磷灰石裂变径迹与(U-Th)/He低温热年代学证据.中国科学:地球科学,43:1964-1974
徐仁,陶君容,孙湘君.1973.希夏邦马峰高山栎化石层的发现及其在植物学和地质学上的意义.植物学报,15:103-119
张培震,邓启东,张国民,等.2003.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学D辑:地球科学,33(增刊Ⅰ):12-20
张培震,邓起东,张竹琪,等.2013.中国大陆的活动断裂、地震灾害及其动力过程.中国科学:地球科学,43:1607-1620
郑勇,葛粲,谢祖军,等.2013.芦山与汶川地震震区地壳上地幔结构及深部孕震环境.中国科学:地球科学,43:1027-1037
钟大赉,丁林.1996.青藏高原的隆起及其机制探讨.中国科学D辑:地球科学,26:289-295
An Z S,Wu G X,Li J P,et al.2015.Global monsoon dynamics and climate change.Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,43:2.1-2.49
Champagnac J D,Molnar P,Sue C,et al.2012.Tectonics,climate,and mountain topography.J Geophys Res,117:B02403
Chen J S,Huang B C,Sun L S.2010.New constraints to the onset of the India-Asia collision:Paleomagnetic reconnaissance on the LinzizongGroup in the Lhasa Block,China.Tectonophysics,489:189-209
Dayem K E,Molnar P,Battisti D S,et al.2010.Lessons learned from oxygen isotopes in modern precipitation applied to interpretation ofspeleothem records of paleoclimate from eastern Asia.Earth Planet Sci Lett,295:219-230
Gan W J,Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,et al.2007.Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements.J GeophysRes,112:B08416
Guo Z T,Ruddiman W F,Hao Q Z,et al.2002.Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China.Nature,416:159-163
Guo Z T,Sun B,Zhang Z S,et al.2008.A major reorganization of Asian climate by the early Miocene.Clim Past,4:153-174
Laskar J,Robutel P,Joutel F,et al.2004.A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth.Astron Astrophys,428:261-285
Lu H Y,Wang X Y,Li L P.2010.Aeolian sediment evidence that global cooling has driven late Cenozoic stepwise aridification in central Asia.In:Clift P D,Tada R,Zheng H,eds.Monsoon Evolution and Tectonics-Climate Linkage in Asia.Geol Soc London Spec Publ,342:29-44
Mao L G,Xiao A C,Wu L,et al.2014.Cenozoic tectonic and sedimentary evolution of southern Qaidam Basin,NE Tibetan Plateau and itsimplication for the rejuvenation of Eastern Kunlun Mountains.Sci China Earth Sci,57:2726-2739
Molnar P.1986a.The geologic history and structure of the Himalaya.Am Sci,74:144-154
Molnar P.1986b.The Structure of mountain ranges.Sci Am,254:70-79
Molnar P.2004.Late Cenozoic increase in accumulation rates of terrestrial sediment:How might climate change have affected erosion rates?Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,32:67-89
Molnar P.2005.Mio-Pliocene growth of the Tibetan Plateau and evolution of east Asian climate.Palaeontol Electron,8:2A
Molnar P,England P.1990.Late Cenozoic uplift of mountain ranges and global climatic change:Chicken or egg?Nature,346:29-34
Molnar P,Houseman G A.2013.Rayleigh-Taylor instability,lithospheric dynamics,surface topography at convergent mountain belts,and gravityanomalies.J Geophys Res,118:2544-2557
Molnar P,Lyon-Caen H.1989.Fault plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau and its margins.Geophys J Int,99:123-153
Molnar P,Stock J M.2009.Slowing of India’s convergence with Eurasia since 20 Ma and its implications for Tibetan mantle dynamics.Tectonics,28:TC3001
Molnar P,Tapponnier P.1975.Cenozoic tectonics of Asia:Effects of continental collision.Science,189:419-426
Molnar P,Tapponnier P.1978.Active tectonics of Tibet.J Geophys Res,83:5361-5375
Molnar P,Boos W R,Battisti D S.2010.Orographic controls on climate and paleoclimate of Asia:Thermal and mechanical roles for the TibetanPlateau.Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,38:77-102
Molnar P,Burchfiel B C,Zhao Z Y,et al.1987.The geologic evolution of northern Tibet:Results from an expedition to Ulugh Muztagh.Science,235:299-304
Molnar P,England P,Martinod J.1993.Mantle dynamics,the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the Indian monsoon.Rev Geophys,31:357-396
Molnar P,Houseman G A,England P C.2006.Palaeo-altimetry of Tibet.Nature,444:E4
Molnar P,Houseman G A,Conrad C P.1998.Rayleigh-Taylor instability and convective thinning of mechanically thickened lithosphere:Effectsof non-linear viscosity decreasing exponentially with depth and of horizontal shortening of the layer.Geophys J Int,133:568-584
Molnar P,Cane M A.2007.Early pliocene(pre-Ice Age)El Nino-like global climate:Which El Nino?Geosphere,3:337-365
Ou J M,Du A M,Thebaulte E,et al.2013.A high resolution lithospheric magnetic field model over China.Sci China Earth Sci,56:1759-1768
Philander S G,Fedorov A V.2003.Role of tropics in changing the response to Milankovich forcing some three million years agoPaleoceanography,18:1045
Raymo M E,Ruddiman W F.1992.Tectonic forcing of late Cenozoic climate.Nature,359:117-122
Scharer U,Xu R H,Allegre C J.1984.U-Pb geochronology of Gangdese(Transhimalaya)plutonism in the Lhasa-Xigaze region,Tibet.EarthPlanet Sci Lett,69:311-320
Smith A G,Hurley A M,Briden J C.1981.Phanerozoic Paleocontinential World Maps.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press
Sun J M,Xu Q H,Liu W M,et al.2014.Palynological evidence for the latest Oligocene-early Miocene paleoelevation estimate in the LunpolaBasin,central Tibet.Paleogeogr Paleoclimatol Paleoecol,399:21-30
Tapponnier P,Molnar P.1976.Slip-line field theory and large-scale continental tectonics.Nature,264:319-324
Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,et al.2001.Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibetan Plateau.Science,294:1671-1677
Tian J.2013.Coherent variations of the obliquity components in global ice volume and ocean carbon reservoir over the past 5 Ma.Sci ChinaEarth Sci,56:2160-2172
Wang C S,Zhao X X,Liu Z F,et al.2008.Constraints on the early uplift history of the Tibetan Plateau.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,105:4987-4992
Wang X F,Li R Y,Li X Z,et al.2014.Variations in leaf characteristics of three species of angiosperms with changing of altitude in QilianMountains and their inland high-altitude pattern.Sci China Earth Sci,57:662-670
Wu G,Liu Y M,He B,et al.2012.Thermal controls on the Asian Summer monsoon.Sci Rep,2:404
Xu Z Q,Wang Q,Arnaud P,et al.2013.Orogen-parallel ductile extension and extrusion of the Greater Himalaya in the late Oligocene andMiocene.Tectonics,32:191-215
Yin A.2006.Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry,exhumationhistory,and foreland sedimentation.Earth-Sci Rev,76:1-131
Zachos J C,Dickens G R,Zeebe R E.2008.An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics.Nature,451:279-283
Zhang P Z.2013.A review on active tectonics and deep crustal processes of the Western Sichuan region,eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonophysics,584,7-22
Zhang P Z,Molnar P,Downs W R.2001.Increased sedimentation rates and grain sizes 2-4 Myr ago due to the influence of climate changes onerosion rates.Nature,410:891-897
Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,Burgman R,et al.2004.Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau constrained from Global Positioningmeasurements.Geology,32:809-812
Zhang Y G,Pagani M,Liu Z H.2014.A 12-million-year temperature history of the tropical pacific ocean.Science,344:84-87
Zhao L,Zhao M,Lu G.2014.Upper mantle seismic anisotropy beneath a convergent boundary:SKS waveform modeling in central Tibet.SciChina Earth Sci,57:759-776
1)Mantle dynamics and the rise and fall of mountain belts.Crafoord Symposium in Geoscience.Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
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