基于GPS单历元精密单点定位的2011东日本大地震形变特征研究(英文)
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摘要
地壳形变信息为Mw9.0东日本大地震研究提供了地震破裂和地震波传播等研究的强制性约束。本文采用GPS单历元精密单点定位(PPP)技术,给出了单历元PPP的定位流程,对日本的6个IGS站(MIZU、TSK2、USUD、MTKA、AIRA、KSMV)的30s采样率观测数据进行了处理,获得了厘米级单历元定位精度。采用最小二乘谱分析方法,分析了6个IGS站的位移时间序列,解算了Mw9.0主震和Mw7.9余震造成的影响以及大地震当天的累计形变。距离震中最近的MIZU站在主震发生后在N、E和U方向上分别产生了-1.202m、2.180m和-0.104m位移,在N、E和U方向的单天累计形变量分别为-1.117m、2.071m和-0.072m。距离Mw7.9余震最近的KSMV站在N、E和U方向的单天累计形变量分别为-0.032m、0.742m和-0.345m。其他站点都有明显的向东运动和下沉。地震造成的地面位移都指向震中,并且台站位移存在明显的弹性回跳。这也说明日本岛弧东北部地区的地壳运动和地震活动是沉入北美板块之下的太平洋板块反作用造成的逆冲过程。
Crustal deformation can provide constraints for studying earthquake rupture and shock wave transmission for the Mw9.0 eastern Japan great earthquake.Using the singleepoch precise point positioning(PPP) method and the appropriate positioning flow,we process GPS data from six IGS(International GNSS Service)sites(e.g.,MIZU,TSK2, USUD,MTKA,AIRA and KSMV)located in Japan and obtain the positioning results with centimeter scale precision.The displacement time series of the six sites are analyzed using the least squares spectral analysis method to estimate deformations caused by the Mw9.0 mainshock and the Mw7.9 aftershock,and the cumulative displacements after 1 day. Mainshock displacements at station MIZU,the nearest site to the mainshock in the North (N),East(E),and Up(U)directions,are-1.202 m,2.180 m and -0.104 m,respectively,and the cumulative deformations after 1 day are -1.117 m,2.071 m and -0.072 m,respectively. The displacements at station KSMV,the nearest site to the Mw 7.9 aftershock in the N,E and U directions,are -0.032 m,0.742 m and -0.345 m,respectively.The other sites obviously experienced eastern movements and subsidence.The deformation vectors indicate that the horizontal displacements caused by the earthquake point to the epicenter and rupture.Elastic bounds evidently took place at all sites.The results indicate that the crustal movements and earthquake were part of a megathrust caused by the Pacific Plate sinking under the North American Plate to the northeast of Japan island arc.
Crustal deformation can provide constraints for studying earthquake rupture and shock wave transmission for the Mw9.0 eastern Japan great earthquake.Using the singleepoch precise point positioning(PPP) method and the appropriate positioning flow,we process GPS data from six IGS(International GNSS Service)sites(e.g.,MIZU,TSK2, USUD,MTKA,AIRA and KSMV)located in Japan and obtain the positioning results with centimeter scale precision.The displacement time series of the six sites are analyzed using the least squares spectral analysis method to estimate deformations caused by the Mw9.0 mainshock and the Mw7.9 aftershock,and the cumulative displacements after 1 day. Mainshock displacements at station MIZU,the nearest site to the mainshock in the North (N),East(E),and Up(U)directions,are-1.202 m,2.180 m and -0.104 m,respectively,and the cumulative deformations after 1 day are -1.117 m,2.071 m and -0.072 m,respectively. The displacements at station KSMV,the nearest site to the Mw 7.9 aftershock in the N,E and U directions,are -0.032 m,0.742 m and -0.345 m,respectively.The other sites obviously experienced eastern movements and subsidence.The deformation vectors indicate that the horizontal displacements caused by the earthquake point to the epicenter and rupture.Elastic bounds evidently took place at all sites.The results indicate that the crustal movements and earthquake were part of a megathrust caused by the Pacific Plate sinking under the North American Plate to the northeast of Japan island arc.
引文
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Fang,R.X.,2010,High-rate GPS data non-difference precise processing and its application on seismology: PhD thesis,Wuhan University,Wuhan.
Griffiths,J.,and Ray,Jr.,2009,On the precision and accuracy of IGS orbits:Journal of Geodesy,83,277 - 287.doi:10.1007/s00190-008-0237-6.
Gu,G.H.,Wang,W.X.,Meng,G.J.,and Xu,Y R.,2009, Crustal movements before and after the Wenchuan earthquake as detected by GPS observations:Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,34(11), 1336-1339.
Guo,J.Y,Xu,P.L.,and Qv,G.Q.,2003,A three-dimensional method for checking the antenna phase center bias of GPS receiver:Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,28(4),448 - 451.
Guo,J.Y,Han,Y B.,and Hwang,C.W.,2008,Analysis on motion of Earth's center of mass observed with CHAMP mission:Science in China Series G:Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy,51(10),1597 - 1606.doi:10.1007/ s11433-008-0152-0.
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Hofmann-Wellenhof,B.,Lichtenegger,H.,and Collins,J., 1998,GPS:theory and practice,4~(th) ed:Springer-Verlag, Vienna.
Hopfield,H.S.,1969,Two-quartic tropospheric refractivity profile for correcting satellite data:Journal of Geophysical Research,74(18),4487 - 4499.
Huang,L.R.,Gao,Y L.,and Ren,L.S.,2006,On NEU (ENU) coordinate system:Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,26(1),97 - 99.
Kouba,J.,2003,Measuring seismic waves induced by large earthquakes with GPS:Stud.Geophys.Geod.,47(4),741 -755.doi:10.1023/A:1026390618355.
Larson,K.M.,Bodin,P.,and Gomberg,J.,2003,Using 1-Hz GPS data to measure deformations caused by the Denali Fault earthquake:Science,300,1421 - 1424. doi:10.1126/science.1084531.
Leick,A.,2004,GPS satellite surveying,3rd ed:John Wiley & Sons,Hoboken.
Miyazaki,S.,Larson,K.M.,Choi,K.,Hikima,K., Koketsu,K.,Bodin,P.,Haase,J.,Emore,G.,and Yamagiwa,A.,2004,Modeling the rupture process of the 2003 September 25 Tokachi-Oki(Hokkaido) earthquake using 1-Hz GPS data:Geophysical Research Letters,31, L21603.doi:10.1029/2004GL021457.
Meng,G.J.,Ren,J.W.,Jin,H.L.,and Li,P.,2007,Data processing methods of high rate GPS and its application to seismology:Recent Developments in World Seismology,(7),26 - 31.
Norio,O.,Ye,T.,Kajitani,Y.,Shi,P.,and Tatano,H., 2011,The 2011 eastern Japan great earthquake disaster: overview and comments:Int.J.Disaster Risk Sci.,2(1), 34 - 42.doi:10.1007/s 13753-011-0004-9.
Ohta,Y,Meilano,I.,Sagiya,T.,Kimata,F.,and Hirahara, K.,2006,Large surface wave of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake captured by the very long baseline kinematic analysis of 1-Hz GPS data:Earth Planets Space,58,153-157.
Pollitz,F.F.,Burgmann,R.,and Banerjec,P.,2011, Geodetic slip model of the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku earthquake:Geophysical Research Letters,38,L00G08. doi:10.1029/2011GL048632.
Ray,R.,1999,A global ocean tide model from T/P altimetry:GOT99.2:NASA Technical Memorandum. NASA/TM-1999-209478,NASA,GSFC,Greenbelt.
Saastamoinen,J.,1972,Atmospheric correction for the troposphere and stratosphere in radio ranging of satellites:Henriksen,S.W.,Mancini,A.,and Chovitz, B.H.,The Use of Artificial Satellites for Geodesy: Geophys.Monogr.Ser.AGU,15,247 - 251.
Scawthorn,C,and Porter,A.K.,2011,Aspects of the 11 March 2011 eastern Japan earthquake and tsunami:SPA Risk.
Simons,M.,Minson,S.E.,Sladen,A.,Ortega,F,Jiang,J., Owen,S.E.,Meng,L.,Ampuero,J.P.,Wei,S.,Chu,R., Helmberger,D.V.,Kanamori,H.,Hetland,E.,Moore, A.W.,and Webb,F.H.,2011,The 2011 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake:mosaicking the megathrust from seconds to centuries:Science,332,1421 - 1425. doi:10.1126/science.1206731.
Wang,G.Q.,Boore,D.M.,Tang,G.,and Zhou,X.,2007, Comparisons of ground motions from collocated and closely spaced one-sample-per-second Global Position System and accelerograph recordings of the 2003 M6.5 San Simeon,California earthquake in the Parkfield region:Bull.Seismol.Sco.Am.,97,76 - 90.
Vigny,C,Socquet,A.,Peyrat,S.,et al.,2011,The 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule Megathrust earthquake of central Chile,monitored by GPS:Science,332,1417 - 1421. doi:10.1126/science.1204132.
Ye,S.R.,2002,Theory and its realization of GPS precise point positioning using un-differenced phase observation: PhD Thesis,Wuhan University,Wuhan.
Yin,H.T.,Zhang,P.Z.,Gan,W.J.,Wang,M.,Liao,H., Li,X.J.,Li,J.,and Xiao,G.R.,2010,Near-field surface movement during the Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake measured by high-rate GPS:Chinese Science Bulletin, 55,2529-2534.doi:10.1007/sll434-010-4026-2.
Zang,S.X.,and Ning,J.Y.,2002,Interactiom between Philippine Sea Plate(PH) and Eurasia(EU) Plate and its influence on the movement eastern Asia:Chinese Journal of Geophysics,45(2),188 - 197.
Zumberge,J.F.,Heflin,M.B.,Jefferson,D.C,Watkins,M. M.,and Webb,F.H.,1997,Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks:Journal of Geophysical Research,102(B3), 5005 - 5017.doi:10.1029/96JB03860.
Chio,K.,Bilich,A.,Larson,K.M,and Axelrad,P.,2004, Modified sidereal filtering:implications for high-rate GPS positioning:Geophysical Research Letters,31, L22608.doi:10.1029/2004GL021621.
DeMets,C.,Gordon,R.G.,Argus,D.F.,and Stein,S., 1990,Current plate motions:Geophys.J.Int.,101,425 - 478.doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990.tb06579.x.
Diao,F.Q.,Xiong,X.,Ni,S.D.,Zheng,Y,and Ge,C, 2011,Slip model for the 2011 Mw 9.0 Sendai(Japan) earthquake and its Mw 7.9 aftershock derived from GPS data:Chinese Science Bulletin,56(27),2941 - 2947. doi:10.1007/s 11434-011 -4643-4.
Fang,R.X.,2010,High-rate GPS data non-difference precise processing and its application on seismology: PhD thesis,Wuhan University,Wuhan.
Griffiths,J.,and Ray,Jr.,2009,On the precision and accuracy of IGS orbits:Journal of Geodesy,83,277 - 287.doi:10.1007/s00190-008-0237-6.
Gu,G.H.,Wang,W.X.,Meng,G.J.,and Xu,Y R.,2009, Crustal movements before and after the Wenchuan earthquake as detected by GPS observations:Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,34(11), 1336-1339.
Guo,J.Y,Xu,P.L.,and Qv,G.Q.,2003,A three-dimensional method for checking the antenna phase center bias of GPS receiver:Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,28(4),448 - 451.
Guo,J.Y,Han,Y B.,and Hwang,C.W.,2008,Analysis on motion of Earth's center of mass observed with CHAMP mission:Science in China Series G:Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy,51(10),1597 - 1606.doi:10.1007/ s11433-008-0152-0.
Guo,J.Y,Han,Y B.,and Chang,X.T.,2009,A new method of ionospheric-free hybrid differential positioning based on a double-antenna CAPS receiver:Science in China Series G:Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy,52(3), 368 - 375.doi:10.1007/s 11433-009-0054-9.
Hofmann-Wellenhof,B.,Lichtenegger,H.,and Collins,J., 1998,GPS:theory and practice,4~(th) ed:Springer-Verlag, Vienna.
Hopfield,H.S.,1969,Two-quartic tropospheric refractivity profile for correcting satellite data:Journal of Geophysical Research,74(18),4487 - 4499.
Huang,L.R.,Gao,Y L.,and Ren,L.S.,2006,On NEU (ENU) coordinate system:Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,26(1),97 - 99.
Kouba,J.,2003,Measuring seismic waves induced by large earthquakes with GPS:Stud.Geophys.Geod.,47(4),741 -755.doi:10.1023/A:1026390618355.
Larson,K.M.,Bodin,P.,and Gomberg,J.,2003,Using 1-Hz GPS data to measure deformations caused by the Denali Fault earthquake:Science,300,1421 - 1424. doi:10.1126/science.1084531.
Leick,A.,2004,GPS satellite surveying,3rd ed:John Wiley & Sons,Hoboken.
Miyazaki,S.,Larson,K.M.,Choi,K.,Hikima,K., Koketsu,K.,Bodin,P.,Haase,J.,Emore,G.,and Yamagiwa,A.,2004,Modeling the rupture process of the 2003 September 25 Tokachi-Oki(Hokkaido) earthquake using 1-Hz GPS data:Geophysical Research Letters,31, L21603.doi:10.1029/2004GL021457.
Meng,G.J.,Ren,J.W.,Jin,H.L.,and Li,P.,2007,Data processing methods of high rate GPS and its application to seismology:Recent Developments in World Seismology,(7),26 - 31.
Norio,O.,Ye,T.,Kajitani,Y.,Shi,P.,and Tatano,H., 2011,The 2011 eastern Japan great earthquake disaster: overview and comments:Int.J.Disaster Risk Sci.,2(1), 34 - 42.doi:10.1007/s 13753-011-0004-9.
Ohta,Y,Meilano,I.,Sagiya,T.,Kimata,F.,and Hirahara, K.,2006,Large surface wave of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake captured by the very long baseline kinematic analysis of 1-Hz GPS data:Earth Planets Space,58,153-157.
Pollitz,F.F.,Burgmann,R.,and Banerjec,P.,2011, Geodetic slip model of the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku earthquake:Geophysical Research Letters,38,L00G08. doi:10.1029/2011GL048632.
Ray,R.,1999,A global ocean tide model from T/P altimetry:GOT99.2:NASA Technical Memorandum. NASA/TM-1999-209478,NASA,GSFC,Greenbelt.
Saastamoinen,J.,1972,Atmospheric correction for the troposphere and stratosphere in radio ranging of satellites:Henriksen,S.W.,Mancini,A.,and Chovitz, B.H.,The Use of Artificial Satellites for Geodesy: Geophys.Monogr.Ser.AGU,15,247 - 251.
Scawthorn,C,and Porter,A.K.,2011,Aspects of the 11 March 2011 eastern Japan earthquake and tsunami:SPA Risk.
Simons,M.,Minson,S.E.,Sladen,A.,Ortega,F,Jiang,J., Owen,S.E.,Meng,L.,Ampuero,J.P.,Wei,S.,Chu,R., Helmberger,D.V.,Kanamori,H.,Hetland,E.,Moore, A.W.,and Webb,F.H.,2011,The 2011 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake:mosaicking the megathrust from seconds to centuries:Science,332,1421 - 1425. doi:10.1126/science.1206731.
Wang,G.Q.,Boore,D.M.,Tang,G.,and Zhou,X.,2007, Comparisons of ground motions from collocated and closely spaced one-sample-per-second Global Position System and accelerograph recordings of the 2003 M6.5 San Simeon,California earthquake in the Parkfield region:Bull.Seismol.Sco.Am.,97,76 - 90.
Vigny,C,Socquet,A.,Peyrat,S.,et al.,2011,The 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule Megathrust earthquake of central Chile,monitored by GPS:Science,332,1417 - 1421. doi:10.1126/science.1204132.
Ye,S.R.,2002,Theory and its realization of GPS precise point positioning using un-differenced phase observation: PhD Thesis,Wuhan University,Wuhan.
Yin,H.T.,Zhang,P.Z.,Gan,W.J.,Wang,M.,Liao,H., Li,X.J.,Li,J.,and Xiao,G.R.,2010,Near-field surface movement during the Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake measured by high-rate GPS:Chinese Science Bulletin, 55,2529-2534.doi:10.1007/sll434-010-4026-2.
Zang,S.X.,and Ning,J.Y.,2002,Interactiom between Philippine Sea Plate(PH) and Eurasia(EU) Plate and its influence on the movement eastern Asia:Chinese Journal of Geophysics,45(2),188 - 197.
Zumberge,J.F.,Heflin,M.B.,Jefferson,D.C,Watkins,M. M.,and Webb,F.H.,1997,Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks:Journal of Geophysical Research,102(B3), 5005 - 5017.doi:10.1029/96JB03860.
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