唐山大地震后重建与恢复的反思:城市规划视角的启示
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摘要
中国唐山震后重建的案例,显示了计划经济时期的集中动员和举国支援下,迅速进行震后重建的社会主义国家经验。灾后援助,特别是重建是中国政府抵抗自然灾害最重视的环节,也是通常在灾害发生之后采取的应对措施。本文在唐山地震三十后,从城市规划视角对震后唐山恢复进行再审视,对传统的防灾减灾策略进行反思和总结,从而为当代中国城市安全建设提供借鉴和启示。发生在1976年的7.8级唐山大地震,震前完全没有任何防灾准备措施,造成了24万人死亡的巨大损失。震后虽然面临着数据和资料缺失的困境,在中央政府的直接干预和指挥下,地方党、政、军等力量的全面介入并提供了及时有效的灾后紧急响应措施。唐山震后规划虽然确定了"易地建设、分散发展"的重建规划思路,然而在迅速安置的要求下,后续建设还是不免落入原地重建的方式。在住房恢复方面,采取了"统一建设、统一分配"的模式,然而盲目提高建筑标准造成了时间和财力浪费,也引发了重建进度的拖延。在公共住房供给滞后的同时,大规模简易住房的兴建也给未来城市发展埋下了二次改造的隐患。唐山震后恢复的积极作用在于,为中国建筑防灾法规的完善和广泛推行提供了契机,也为八、九十年代制订和修编抗震标准积累了第一手资料。然而,这种"举倾国之力,助一城之建"的一腔热情进行城市物质空间重建与重置的带有特定时期的特点,当代中国城市防灾减灾更应从长远视角出发,促进城市经济、环境和社会的可持续发展。
The case of reconstruction of Tangshan City after the Tangshan Earthquake shows to the world the experience of national mobilization and support to the post-disaster recovery from a socialist country of planned-economy era.Post-disaster rescue,especially reconstruction,is a key point the Chinese government pay attention to and is also a corresponding measure they take after the outcome of disaster.This paper reflects and summarizes the conventional disaster prevention and mitigation strategies under a different view of urban planning 30 years after Tangshan Earthquake to give implications and revelations to the contemporary urban safety construction.The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake which was Ritz 7.8 Level hit the city before any prevention measures could be taken and took 240 thousand of lives away.Although facing lack of data and files,under the command of central government,local government,party and army's total intervention provided in-time and effective post-disaster emergency response measures.Though the recovery path was first "ex-situ construction,decentralized development",the actual recovery path fell into the old way of situ redevelopment.In housing restoration,a "unified construction,unified distribution" model was used which later cost more time and money and delayed the whole recovery progress.the construction of large-scale simple-housing which were to deal with public housing supply short,planted hidden dangers of secondary transformation in the future of urban development.An active role in post-disaster recovery after the Tangshan earthquake is in the point that it provided an opportunity for the improvement and widespread implementation of the Building Disaster Prevention and regulations,and the accumulation of first-hand information for the formulation and revision of the seismic standards in the 1980s and 1990s.However,this "Uses the power whole country,constructs a single city" mode has a unique characteristic of a certain period,while the contemporary urban disaster prevention and mitigation should be from a long-term perspective,and has the effective of promotion to the city's economic,environmental and social sustainable development.
The case of reconstruction of Tangshan City after the Tangshan Earthquake shows to the world the experience of national mobilization and support to the post-disaster recovery from a socialist country of planned-economy era.Post-disaster rescue,especially reconstruction,is a key point the Chinese government pay attention to and is also a corresponding measure they take after the outcome of disaster.This paper reflects and summarizes the conventional disaster prevention and mitigation strategies under a different view of urban planning 30 years after Tangshan Earthquake to give implications and revelations to the contemporary urban safety construction.The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake which was Ritz 7.8 Level hit the city before any prevention measures could be taken and took 240 thousand of lives away.Although facing lack of data and files,under the command of central government,local government,party and army's total intervention provided in-time and effective post-disaster emergency response measures.Though the recovery path was first "ex-situ construction,decentralized development",the actual recovery path fell into the old way of situ redevelopment.In housing restoration,a "unified construction,unified distribution" model was used which later cost more time and money and delayed the whole recovery progress.the construction of large-scale simple-housing which were to deal with public housing supply short,planted hidden dangers of secondary transformation in the future of urban development.An active role in post-disaster recovery after the Tangshan earthquake is in the point that it provided an opportunity for the improvement and widespread implementation of the Building Disaster Prevention and regulations,and the accumulation of first-hand information for the formulation and revision of the seismic standards in the 1980s and 1990s.However,this "Uses the power whole country,constructs a single city" mode has a unique characteristic of a certain period,while the contemporary urban disaster prevention and mitigation should be from a long-term perspective,and has the effective of promotion to the city's economic,environmental and social sustainable development.
引文
①建设部官方网站,2002.http://www.cin.gov.cn/stand/ml/07.htm.
②此次地震共造成15621人死亡,26783人受伤,338456间房屋倒塌。资料来源:陈寿樑，周勃主编．《中国抗震防灾》.吉林美术出版社,1992.
③参考资料同上。
④事实上,直到1989年山西、河北两省交界处的大同-阳原地震后,才首次接受世界银行好国外组织的援助。
[1]Novakowski,Nicolas.Land Use Planning in Earthquake-proneAreas[R].Online Report,2000.Retrieved on 26 May,2009.Http://www.toprak.org.tr/isd/isd_39.htm.
[2]Roger E.School,Editor.EERT Delegation to the People'sRepublic of China-An Information Exchange in EarthquakeEngineering and Practice[R].Earthquake Research EngineeringInstitute(EERI),1982.
[3]Ye Yaoxian.Urbanization and Earthquake Disaster Reduction[R].Fifth Annual IIASA-DPRI Forum,Integrated Disaster RiskManagement:Innovations in Science and Policy.InternationalAcademic Exchange Center,Beijing Normal University,Beijing,China,14～18 Sep 2005.
[4]陈寿樑，周勃．中国抗震防灾[M].长春:吉林美术出版社,1992:1-33.
[5]傅征祥,李革平.地震生命损失研究[M].北京:地震出版社,1993:20-28.
[6]河北省地震局.唐山抗震救灾决策纪实[M].北京:地震出版社,2000.
[7]胡明田,徐凤云.唐山地区路基路面震害.刘恢先主编.《唐山大地震震害》(三)卷,第十一章.北京:地震出版社,1986:76-198.
[8]刘恢先.唐山大地震震害(一)[M].北京:地震出版社,1985:5-13.
[9]沈世杰,姚传洪.给水排水工程设施震害[A]//刘恢先.唐山大地震震害(三)[M].北京:地震出版社,1986:434-467.
[10]唐山市委,市政府.唐山抗震救灾经验[R].唐山,2008.
[11]叶耀先,刘锡荟.唐山地震的工程经验和城市地震防灾[R].国家基本建设委会资料,北京,1979.
[12]叶耀先,张佑启,刘志刚,等.震后恢复与重建的技术与政策[R].建设部抗震办公室资助科研项目,中国建筑技术发展研究中心报告.北京,1993.
[13]叶耀先.强震后的恢复与重建决策[C]//第一届两岸地震学术讨论会论文集[M].地震出版社,北京:1992.
[14]于山,苏幼坡,刘天适,等.唐山大地震震后救援与恢复重建[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2003:7-20.
[15]袁桂基.唐山地区水利工程震害[A]//刘恢先.唐山大地震震害(三)卷[M].北京:地震出版社,1986:198-258.
②此次地震共造成15621人死亡,26783人受伤,338456间房屋倒塌。资料来源:陈寿樑，周勃主编．《中国抗震防灾》.吉林美术出版社,1992.
③参考资料同上。
④事实上,直到1989年山西、河北两省交界处的大同-阳原地震后,才首次接受世界银行好国外组织的援助。
[1]Novakowski,Nicolas.Land Use Planning in Earthquake-proneAreas[R].Online Report,2000.Retrieved on 26 May,2009.Http://www.toprak.org.tr/isd/isd_39.htm.
[2]Roger E.School,Editor.EERT Delegation to the People'sRepublic of China-An Information Exchange in EarthquakeEngineering and Practice[R].Earthquake Research EngineeringInstitute(EERI),1982.
[3]Ye Yaoxian.Urbanization and Earthquake Disaster Reduction[R].Fifth Annual IIASA-DPRI Forum,Integrated Disaster RiskManagement:Innovations in Science and Policy.InternationalAcademic Exchange Center,Beijing Normal University,Beijing,China,14～18 Sep 2005.
[4]陈寿樑，周勃．中国抗震防灾[M].长春:吉林美术出版社,1992:1-33.
[5]傅征祥,李革平.地震生命损失研究[M].北京:地震出版社,1993:20-28.
[6]河北省地震局.唐山抗震救灾决策纪实[M].北京:地震出版社,2000.
[7]胡明田,徐凤云.唐山地区路基路面震害.刘恢先主编.《唐山大地震震害》(三)卷,第十一章.北京:地震出版社,1986:76-198.
[8]刘恢先.唐山大地震震害(一)[M].北京:地震出版社,1985:5-13.
[9]沈世杰,姚传洪.给水排水工程设施震害[A]//刘恢先.唐山大地震震害(三)[M].北京:地震出版社,1986:434-467.
[10]唐山市委,市政府.唐山抗震救灾经验[R].唐山,2008.
[11]叶耀先,刘锡荟.唐山地震的工程经验和城市地震防灾[R].国家基本建设委会资料,北京,1979.
[12]叶耀先,张佑启,刘志刚,等.震后恢复与重建的技术与政策[R].建设部抗震办公室资助科研项目,中国建筑技术发展研究中心报告.北京,1993.
[13]叶耀先.强震后的恢复与重建决策[C]//第一届两岸地震学术讨论会论文集[M].地震出版社,北京:1992.
[14]于山,苏幼坡,刘天适,等.唐山大地震震后救援与恢复重建[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2003:7-20.
[15]袁桂基.唐山地区水利工程震害[A]//刘恢先.唐山大地震震害(三)卷[M].北京:地震出版社,1986:198-258.
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